Hiro Nonogaki Seed Biology, Fall 2006 HORT363/CSS363. Seed Biology HORT363/CSS 363. Fall Syllabus prepared by

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1 Seed Biology HORT363/CSS 363 Fall 2006 RATIVE SE NTEG E D I B IOLOGY Syllabus prepared by Hiro Nonogaki, Associate Professor Department of Horticulture Oregon State University Corvallis, OR hiro.nonogaki@oregonstate.edu 1

2 Course Overview and Objectives This course focuses on the biology of plant seeds. The intent of this course is to learn the phenomena and the principles of seed formation and development, dormancy, germination, and early seedling establishment. It is important to understand these mechanisms and the strategies of seed survival and plant propagation from a multidisciplinary scientific viewpoint. To achieve these objectives, the course covers ecological, physiological, biochemical and molecular biological, and genetic aspects of seeds. The application of seed biology principles in hybrid seed production will also be introduced in this class. Some lectures will include demonstrations of experimental materials and techniques. The course begins by introducing the mechanisms of flower development, flowering and fertilization that are indispensable steps to initiate seed formation and development. Seed development is divided into three different stages, early, mid and late embryogenesis. The specific events in each stage will be explained. Recent advances in research on the mechanisms of seed dormancy and germination will be introduced. Lectures will also cover some of the basic concepts in plant biology, such as signal transduction, cell walls, cell membranes and symbiosis. The Expected Student Learning Outcomes: Students completing this class are expected to be able to: a) Explain flower structures and the function of plant reproductive organs and tissues b) Describe the major events in the angiosperm reproductive process c) Link the fertilization events to the formation of different structures in mature seeds d) Analyze multiple types of seed dormancy e) Comprehend the general molecular mechanisms of seed germination and postgermination Evaluation Students will be evaluated by a mid term (50%) and a final (50%) exam.. Flower Tomato Anther Megagametogenesis stigma gynoecium style ovule anther stamen filament petal sepal (n) seeds 8 nuclei 7 cells Megagametogenesis Endosperm DEMO 2 Underground Granaries Protein Electrophoresis Removal of germinated seeds Sunning to avoid germination Endosperm Embryo Wet seeds Carrot seed nip to prevent germination Crushed to feed the larvae Based on Moggridge, 1873; Sykes, 1835; Kozlowski, 1972 Hydrophobicity Plot Lipid Layer Gap Detection Crude extracts (10,000 g) FR-enriched light Oleosin (AAL92479) Lipid GAP Supernatant Soluble proteins Precipitate Insoluble proteins LEA protein (P13939) Examples of slide presentations for Seed Biology HORT363/CSS363 2

3 Contents I. SEED DEVELOPMENT 1. FLOWERING i) Control of Flowering ii) Flower Development 2. FERTILIZATION i) Pollination ii) Double Fertilization iii) Male Sterility iv) Self-incompatibility 3. EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS i) Embryogenesis ii) Endosperm Development 4. MID EMBRYOGENESIS i) Seed Reserves Carbohydrates ii) Seed Reserves Lipids iii) Seed Reserves Proteins 5. LATE EMBRYOGENESIS Desiccation Tolerance 6. MATURE SEEDS i) Seed Morphology ii) Seed Dispersal II. SEED DORMANCY 1. TYPES OF DORMANCY Types of Dormancy 2. CONTROL OF DORMANCY i) Plant Hormones ii) Phytochrome III. SEED GERMINATION IV. SEED VIABILITY 1. IMBIBITION i) Water Uptake ii) Oxygen Uptake 2. GERMINATIVE EVENTS i) Embryo Growth ii) Endosperm Weakening 3. POST-GERMINATIVE EVENTS i) Reserve Mobilization ii) Seedling Establishment 1. LONGEVITY Longevity 2. DETERIORATION MECHANISMS Deterioration Mechanisms 3

4 Class Schedule (T, R: 2:00-3:20 pm) Week Date Lecture Title 1 9/26 T 1 Introduction and Course Overview 9/28 R 2 Control of Flowering/ Flower Development /3 T 3 Pollination/Double Fertilization 10/5 R 4 Male Sterility/Self Incompatibility 10/10 T 5 (Demo 1) A Model Plant Arabidopsis 10/12 R 6 Embryogenesis/Endosperm Development 10/17 T 7 Seed Reserves Carbohydrates/Lipids 10/19 R 8 Seed Reserves Protein/Desiccation Tolerance 10/24 T 9 (Demo 2) Protein, DNA and RNA Electrophoresis 10/26 R 10 Seed Morphology/SeedDispersal 10/31 T 11 Review 11/02 R Mid Term 11/07 T 12 (Demo 3) Seed Anatomy 11/09 R 13 Types of Dormancy/Plant Hormones/Phytochrome 11/14 T 14 Water Uptake/Oxygen Uptake/Embryo Growth 8 11/16 R 15 Endosperm Weakening/Reserve Mobilization/Seedling Establishment /21 T 16 Seed Longevity/Deterioration Mechanisms 11/23 R Thanksgiving 11/28 T 17 (Demo 4) Seed Testing 11/30 R 18 Review 12/08 F Final Exam (7:30-9:30 am)* *The date and time of final exam are subjected to change 4

5 Books for further learning Bewley, J.D. and Black, M Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. Ed 2. New York, Plenum Press. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. Rockville, Maryland, American Society of Plant Biologists. Esau, K Anatomy of Seed Plants. Ed 2. New York, John Wiley & Sons. Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. and Eichhorn, S.E Biology of Plants. New York, Freeman/Worth. Young, J.A. and Young, C.G Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland, Dioscorides Press. Useful websites for further learning FLOWERING <Florigen> (Botany Online, University of Hamburg) <Photoperiodism> Plant_Growth/External_Factors_&_growth/photoperiodism/ (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Botany) <Electronmicroscopy> (Iowa State University, Materials Science and Engineering Dept.) <ABC Model> (Meyerowitz Lab, California Institute of Technology) <Arabidopsis Genome Project> (Multinational Coordinated Arabidopsis thaliana Genome Research Project, National Science Foundation) <Arabidopsis Information> (TAIR, The Arabidopsis Information Resource) <Arabidopsis Seeds> (ABRC, Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center, Ohio State University) <Arabidopsis Knockout Plants> (SIGnAL, Salk Institute Genomic Analysis Laboratory, National Science Foundation) 5

6 FERTILIZATION <Meiosis> (The Biology Project, University of Arizona) <Yucca & Moth> (WAYNE'S WORD, Volume 9 [Number 2] Summer 2000) <Ginkgo biloba> (THE GINKGO PAGES) <Double Fertilization> (Computer Teaching Tips, Eastern Michigan University) <Passiflora> (BWG Digital Library, Texas A &M University) <Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)> (Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine) <Cytoplasmic Male Sterility> (Plsc431/631, Intermediate Genetics, North Dakota State University) <Cytoplasmic MaleSterility> (Indian Agricultural Resources Seeds) <Self-incompatibility> (Kimball's Biology Pages) EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS <Virtual Scanning Electron Microscopy> (Molecular Expressions [Dr. Michael W. Davidson], Florida State University) <Embryonic Stem Cells> (Embryonic Stem Cell Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison) <Pea Embryo Development> (Dr. Trevor Wang, John Innes Center, UK) <Microtubules> 6

7 (Structural Biochemistry Group, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology) <Apomixis> (Bellagio Apomixis Conference, Purdue University) <Parthenocarpy> (Iowa State University) MID EMBRYOGENESIS <Amylopectin Model> (Water structure and behavior, Dr. Martin Chaplin, Southern Bank University, UK) <Peptide Bond> (Peptides and Proteins, Synthesis, A condensation reaction) LATE EMBRYOGENESIS <BLAST Search> (NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information) <Terminator Seeds> (Terminator Technology) LONGEVITY <Longevity Gene Indy > (Lord of the [Ancient] Flies) ELECTROPHORESIS <Amino Acids> (School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia) <Protein Gel Electrophoresis> (Electrophoresis Simulation Site, Rochester Institute of Technology) OTHER LINKS <Seed Proteomics> 7

8 <International Society of Seed Science [ISSS]> <Seed Biology at Ohio State University> <Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis> *Accommodations are collaborative efforts between students, faculty and Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD). Students with accommodations approved through SSD are responsible for contacting the faculty member in charge of the course prior to or during the first week of the term to discuss accommodations. Students who believe they are eligible for accommodations but who have not yet obtained approval through SSD should contact SSD immediately at *Academic honesty in this class will be maintained following the regulation found in the Office of Student Conduct website This undergraduate course is part of the educational activities in the Integrative Seed Biology Program funded by National Science Foundation. 8