Tree Nutrition, Insecticides and Issues with Gibberellins: Several Answerable yet Unanswered Questions. Dan Cress Regenetics NWSOMA 2016 Meeting

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1 Tree Nutrition, Insecticides and Issues with Gibberellins: Several Answerable yet Unanswered Questions Dan Cress Regenetics NWSOMA 2016 Meeting

2 What the heck is this seedlot?

3 What do we know? What don t we know? What questions should we ask? How do we address those questions?

4 Internet: Search for High-Resolution Bill Murray Image The expected result (yet surprisingly blurry)

5 Internet: Search for High-Resolution Bill Murray Image The expected result (yet surprisingly blurry) An unexpected result (on a thigh?)

6 Explore That Path: Run New Search for Face Tattoo Expected Result

7 Explore That Path: Run New Search for Face Tattoo Expected Result Oh Yeah Result

8 Best to not search for Breeding Orchard Stimulation from your office computer! About 1,030,000 results (>4,600 being videos)???

9 So, what questions should we pursue and how should we go about it? Are there things that we re yet to have considered?

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14 Better Lives Through Chemistry

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16 Trees Being Stimulated 6 Years from Grafting

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18 Crop Size vs. Cone and Seed Size

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20 Size of Endosperm, Cotyledons, etc.

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22 Example of a Custom Blend Used in 2016: S + 0.7B = $16.82 / 50# bag

23 P = 13 ppm Ca = 100 ppm Mg = 20 ppm P = 95 ppm Ca = 2,000 ppm Mg = 300 ppm

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29 Questions to address (both now and later) Different needs by species and/or age? Any interactions with stimulation treatments? Need to increase ph? Watch base saturation? What practices are used with loblolly, radiata, etc.? What s the ideal time to sample and to fertilize? 50 years of breeding/testing yet few orchard studies! How do we optimize orchard production? Alternatives to waiting for grad students?

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33 PROC GLM ANOVA and CONTRASTS for HEIGHT and TREATMENT Orchard A Parameter Estimate Standard Error Pr > t Dependent Variable % CGM by Ramet Imajet: mid vs top Treeage: mid vs top PROC GLM ANOVA and CONTRASTS for METHODS Orchard A Imajet vs Treeage avr over ht Parameter Estimate Standard Error Pr > t Imajet avr over ht vs Control Dependent Variable Treeage avr % CGM over ht by vs Ramet Control Imajet: plug vs dowel, mid Treeage: plug vs dowel, mid Imajet vs Treeage avr over methods except open Imajet avr over methods except open vs Control Treeage avr over methods vs Control

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35 Tree Top Mid-Crown Injection Sites

36 Mid-Crown Tree Tops Sampling Dates: November 2015 January 2016 March 2016 May 2016 Foliage 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each Females 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each (no samples) (no samples) 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each Foliage 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each 136 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each Females 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each (no samples) (no samples) 6 Old 3 Ramets Each 7 Young 3 Ramets Each Total Samples:

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39 Imidacloprid Concentration (ELISA Results) 3 Hypothetical Outcomes Kill Threshold November-15 January-16 March-16 May-16

40 Questions to Address (both now and later) Were any of the imidacloprid concentrations high enough? How did the concentrations vary over time? Differences by tree size? Differences among clones? Differences among ramets within clones? Did any levels degrade over time? How wide might the treatment window be? How are the logistics compared to aerial application(s)? What are the costs and labor requirements? What insects are/aren t controlled? Are there options for treating other tree and insect species? Who will address such questions? How soon?

41 (Cialis)

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43 Holes to Drill (6" Apart) Tree Size ml ProCone / Tree ml ProCone / Hole GA Cost/Tree ($320/pint) DBH (inches) Circumference (in) Basal Area (cm 2 ) Low Dosage (0.018 ml/cm 2 ) High Dosage (0.036 ml/cm 2 ) Low Dosage High Dosage Low Dosage High Dosage $0.25 $ $0.56 $ $0.99 $ $1.54 $ $2.22 $ $3.02 $ $3.95 $ $5.00 $ $6.17 $ $7.47 $ $8.89 $ $10.43 $ $12.09 $ , $13.88 $ , $15.80 $ , $17.83 $ , $19.99 $39.98

44 APPLICATION TIMING Treatments during shoot elongation tend to promote pollen cones and treatments after shoot elongation tend to promote seed cones. For injections into branches or into the main stem, single applications are effective. For Picea species, ProCone should be injected when new shoots are 70 to 90% elongated. For Pinus, a single early injection near the end of shoot elongation may promote pollen cones; later injections may be required for seed cones. More than one injection date may be necessary...

45 generally not much known about timing of GA injections favoring either male or female production, except possibly for western hemlock

46 Percent of Maximum Bud Counts Standard Protocol for Hemlock in BC Standard Protocol at Some Orchards Standard Protocol at Other Orchards 100% 90% Females Males 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Control GA 1 Time at 100% GA 2 Times at 50% GA 3 Times at 33% No GA GA 1 Time at 100% GA 2 Times at 50% GA 3 Times at 33% No Girdle Girdled

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48 GA Injection Date Girdling Date None At Pollen Bud Swell At Vegetative Budburst Determined by Logistics None (control) S.O.P. at some sites S.O.P at some sites At Pollen Bud Swell At Vegetative Budburst S.O.P. at some sites S.O.P at some sites Determined by Logistics (simultaneous treatments)

49 Four Clones 12 Years from Grafting Four Clones 8 Years from Grafting Four Clones 4 Years from Grafting Vegetative Buds Branch Elongation Swollen Burst 1" 2" 4" 8" Clone A 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone B 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone C 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone D 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone E 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone F 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone G 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone H 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone I 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone J 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone K 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets Clone L 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets 3 ramets

50 Questions to Address (both now and later) Should we confirm/refine the earlier findings about timing and rates? The label recommendations are generic and somewhat counter-intuitive. Can we in fact skew the male/female bud ratios? Can we generate less pollen from low-ranked clones and keep the overall pollen cloud adequately dense? Urea (46-0-0) and ammonium sulphate (21-0-0) are NH 4+. Calcium nitrate ( ) is NO 3-. How does this affect male and females bud initiation? Fertilize at with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 at 300# N/Acre vs. 200#/Acre? A diminishing return doesn t imply poor returns. What are the actual costs / benefits? Are there options for treating other species? Who will address these/other questions? How soon?

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