Read Chapter 5. Groups Used as Agents for Biological Control of Weeds

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1 Read Chapter 5 Groups Used as Agents for Biological Control of Weeds

2 Classical Biocontrol of Weeds Requires Agents with Narrow Host Ranges 1. Insects 2. Mites 3. Nematodes 4. Fungi

3 Coleoptera Families used in weed biocontrol to date (red = families of greatest importance) Chrysomelidae Curculionidae Cerambycidae Apionidae Bruchidae (now part of Curculionidae) Buprestidae Anthribidae

4 Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Agasicles hygrophila- for alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides

5 Agasicles hygrophila (Chrysomelidae) Eggs and larvae Weed stand in invaded habitat

6 Longitarsus jacobaeae for control of tansy ragwort in the western United States Larvae of L. jacobaeae feeds inside plant roots

7 Tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea, is an invader of western grasslands

8 Appearance of tansy ragweed (Senecio jacobaea) infestations before biological control introductions

9 Appearance of same area after control of tansy ragweed (Senecio jacobaea) with biological control introductions

10 Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Chrysolina quadrigemina, introduced to OR and CA in 1940s for control of St. Johnswort, Hypericum perforatum

11 Chrysolina quadrigemina, Chrysomelidae Larva of C. quadrigemina (top) and its host plant, Hypericum perforatum

12 Effect of Chrysolina quadrigemina on St. Johnswort, Hypericum perforatum Native grasslands of CA invaded by H. perforatum, as seen in the 1950s Above, yellow flowers of H. perforatum BEFORE project Right, restored grassland after BC of weed

13 Chrysomelidae: Apthona species Apthona laceratosa Apthona cyparissiae Used in western US for leafy spurge, Euphorbia escula

14 Leafy spurge (Euphorbia escula) Apthona larvae feed on roots Apthona larva

15 Before: 1991 After: 1998 Control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia escula) by Apthona spp. beetles in the western United States

16 Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Neochetina larva in stem of waterhyacinth Neochetina eichhornia, a control agent for waterhyacinth

17 Waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes The world s worst water weed

18 Healthy stand of waterhyacinth

19 Stand of waterhyacinth damaged by Neochetina weevils

20 Curculionidae: Oxyops vitiosa Released in Florida against invasive tree in Everglades

21 Curculionidae:Rhinocyllus conicus Carduus nutans R. conicus Released US against nodding thistle, Carduus nutans

22 Rhinocyllus conicus- a thistle seed head feeder 1. eggs 3. pupae 2. larva Lifecylce of R. conicus: -Eggs laid in thistle receptacle -Larvae fed on seed embryos -Pupae form in seed head

23 Rhinocyllus conicus has had nontarget effects on native thistles such as Platte thistle in Nebraska Habitat of Platte thistle is the sandhills of Nebraska, which are outside the range of the target non native thistles

24 Curculionidae: Cyrtobagous salvinae Released in many countries for control of giant salvinia

25 Salvinia molesta, a South America floating fern spread by the aquarium trade Green mat is S. molesta on lake in Australia Add photos of more species

26 After Successful Biological Control same location as two slides previous, after the introduction of C. salviniae Green mat is S. molesta on lake in Australia Add photos of more species

27 Lepidoptera Families used in weed biocontrol to date (red = families of greatest importance) Pyralidae Noctuidae Tortricidae Gelechiidae Arctiidae Gracillariidae Fifteen other families

28 Pyralidae: Cactoblastis cactorum An Opuntia feeder, released both against invasive spp. (e.g., Australia, S. Afr.) and in the Caribbean against native Opuntia

29 Arctiidae:Tyria jacobaeae Tyria jacobaeae was introduced to Oregon and played a minor role in control of tansy ragwort

30 Hemiptera (including Homoptera) Families used in weed biocontrol to date (red = families of greatest importance) Dactylopiidae Tingidae Coreidae Five other families

31 Dactylopiidae: Dactylopius sp. Cochineal insects are cactus specialists and have been used to control invasive Opuntia spp. in many locations

32 Cochineal insects are cactus specialists

33 Diptera Families used in weed biocontrol to date (red = families of greatest importance) Tephritidae Cecidomyiidae Four other families

34 Diptera: Tephritidae, Urophora affinis Note banding on wing and long ovipositor Introduced into the western United States as part of complex for control of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa

35 Tephritidae, Urophora affinis larvae Note banding on wing and long ovipositor Larvae develop in seed head of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa

36 Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, skeletonweed gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti Adult fly Galls on target weed, sketonweed, Chondrilla juncea

37 1. Thysanoptera 2. Hymenoptera 3. Orthoptera 4. Acarina (mites) Other orders

38 Thysanoptera: Alligator weed thrips, Amynothrips andersoni (Phlaeothripidae) Note banding on wing and long ovipositor

39 Arundo scale (Rhizaspidiotus donacis) has been released against the invasive giant Arundo reed

40 The Arundo gall wasp, Tetramesa romana, Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae

41 Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae Galls of a gall-making wasp, Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, on Acacia longifolia in South Africa

42 Acarina: Tetranychidae-gorse spider mite Tetranychus lintearius, introduced to NZ for control of gorse, Ulex europaeus

43 Tetranychidae-gorse spider mite Note banding on wing and long ovipositor See yellow color of affect plants

44 Eriophyid mite (Eriophyes chondrillae), a gall forming mite on skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) Mite gall on target weed Micrograph of mite Gall mite introduced in Australia against skeletonweed, Chondrilla juncea

45 Weed biocontrol via specialized plant pathogens 1. Rusts 2. Smuts

46 Puccinia chondrillina, a rust fungus on a seedling of skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) Red dots on foliage are rust bodies

47 Rubus fruticosus, an introduced horticultural blackberry, has become a major environmental weed in Australia and the target of biological control via a rust fungus introduction

48 Virulent strains of the rust fungi Phragmidium violaceum were sought and introduced to Australia Rust lesions on leaf

49 Eruptions on leaf of the blackberry rust fungi Phragmidium violaceum and its teleospores (inset)

50 Non-selective Suppression of Whole Plant Communities has been Sought by Use of Generalist Herbivores 1. Fish

51 Many generalist herbivorous fish have been introduced ostensibly for control of nuisance weeds Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

52 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) have been released to suppress both native plants and invaders such as Hydrilla verticillata

53 But is weed control the real motive? Happy anglers with big grass carp

54 Introductions like this are irresponsible Although some say the flavor of the flesh of the grass carp has a strong algal flavor, the market for the fish as food is high in some areas. Grass carp are known to compete for food with invertebrates such as crayfish, and other fish species, and causes significant changes in phytoplankton, invertebrate communities, interfere with reproduction of other fish, modify habitat by destroying vegetation and water quality, and much more. Grass carp can grow to be about 4 ft. and pounds (from US Fish and Wildlife website)

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