Biological Control of Noxious Weeds on Federal Installations in Colorado

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Biological Control of Noxious Weeds on Federal Installations in Colorado"

Transcription

1 Biological Control of Noxious Weeds on Federal Installations in Colorado Air Force Academy Buckley Airbase Ft. Carson Military Post Monument Fire Center Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site By G. J. Michels, Jr., D. A. Owings, Mustafa Mirik Johnny Bible, Lana Castleberry, Shana Camarata Sarah Bruno, Ryan Bouton, Bob Villarreal, Elise McCown Texas Agricultural Experiment Station 231 Experiment Station Road Bushland, Texas 7912 Consolidated 23 Progress Report

2 Cover Photo: A young hawk at Buckley Airbase sits surrounded by field bindweed. A Photoshop-enhanced digital photograph. G. J. Michels, Jr. 2

3 Table of Contents Introduction... 6 General Notes for All Sites... 7 Air Force Academy... 9 Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle perimeters Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle density Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle height Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle seedheads per plant Ice Lake Road II Canada thistle perimeters Ice Lake II Canada thistle density Ice Lake Road II Canada thistle height Monument Creek spotted knapweed perimeters Monument Creek spotted knapweed density and height Monument Creek spotted knapweed seedheads/plant FERL leafy spurge perimeters FERL leafy spurge density FERL leafy spurge height Douglas School leafy spurge perimeters Douglas School leafy spurge density Douglas School leafy spurge height Deadman s Trail leafy spurge perimeters Deadman s Trail leafy spurge density Deadman s Trail leafy spurge height Ice Lake Road I musk thistle area and percentage change Releases and New Sites Established in Highway 83 diffuse knapweed perimeter Highway 83 diffuse knapweed density Highway 83 diffuse knapweed height Kettle Lake Canada thistle perimeter Kettle Lake Canada thistle density Kettle Lake Canada thistle height Monument Trail Road spotted knapweed perimeter Monument Trail Road spotted knapweed density Monument Trail Road spotted knapweed height NPWR spotted knapweed perimeter NPWR spotted knapweed density NPWR spotted knapweed height Parade Loop Canada thistle perimeter Parade Loop Canada thistle density Parade Loop Canada thistle height Water Treatment Plant spotted knapweed perimeter Water Treatment Plant spotted knapweed density Water Treatment Plant spotted knapweed height Water Treatment Plant diffuse knapweed perimeter Water Treatment Plant diffuse knapweed density

4 Water Treatment Plant diffuse knapweed height Community Center Drive Site 1 yellow toadflax perimeter Community Center Drive Site 1 yellow toadflax density Community Center Drive Site 1 yellow toadflax height Community Center Drive Site 2 yellow toadflax perimeter Community Center Drive Site 2 yellow toadflax density Community Center Drive Site 2 yellow toadflax height Community Center Drive Combined Sites 1 and 2 yellow toadflax perimeters Buckley Airbase Buckley Airbase leafy spurge perimeter Buckley Airbase leafy spurge height Williams Lake leafy spurge perimeter Williams Lake leafy spurge density Williams Lake leafy spurge height Williams Lake Dam Canada thistle perimeter Williams Lake Dam Canada thistle density Williams Lake Dam Canada thistle height Aspen Southeast Dalmatian toadflax perimeter Aspen Southwest Dalmatian toadflax density Aspen Southwest Dalmatian toadflax height Williams Lake Southwest Canada thistle perimeter Williams Lake Southwest Canada thistle density Williams Lake Southwest Canada thistle height Ft. Carson Military Post ARA Canada thistle infestation perimeters ARA Canada thistle density ARA Canada thistle height ARA Canada thistle seedheads per plant Highway 115 Canada and Musk thistle perimeters Highway 115 Musk thistle parameters Highway 115 Canada thistle density Highway 115 Canada thistle height Duck Pond Canada thistle perimeters Duck Pond Canada thistle density Duck Pond Canada thistle height Duck Pond Canada thistle seedheads per plant Reservoir Canada thistle perimeters Reservoir Canada thistle density Reservoir Canada thistle height Reservoir Canada thistle seedheads per plant Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed perimeters Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed density Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed height Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed seedheads/plant HazMat site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed perimeters HazMat site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed density

5 HazMat site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed height HazMat Site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed seedheads per plant Turkey Creek spotted knapweed infestation perimeters... 9 Turkey Creek spotted knapweed density Turkey Creek spotted knapweed height Turkey Creek spotted knapweed seedheads per plant Wildlife Refuge musk thistle perimeters Wildlife Refuge musk thistle density Wildlife Refuge musk thistle height Wildlife Refuge musk thistle seedheads per plantmonument Fire Center Monument Fire Center Monument Fire Center overall leafy spurge perimeters Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 1 and 2 perimeter Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 1 and 2 density Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 1 and 2 height Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 3 perimeter Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 3 density Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 3 height Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 4-6 perimeter Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 4-6 density Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 4-6 height Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 7-9 perimeter Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 7-9 density Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 7-9 height Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 1 perimeter Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 1 height Monument Fire Center leafy spurge density and height Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax perimeters all sites. Initial site lower right hand corner. 114 Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 1 perimeter Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 1 density Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 1 height Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 2 perimeter Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 2 density Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 2 height Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 3 and 4 perimeters Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Sites 3 and 4 density Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Sites 3 and 4 height Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax perimeters initial site Rocky Flats spotted knapweed perimeter Rocky Flats spotted knapweed density Rocky Flats spotted knapweed height Knapweed Seedhead Dissections, All Sites

6 Introduction The program goal is to reduce or eliminate infestations of federal- and state-listed noxious weeds, and control the spread of these weeds through the use of approved biological control agents. The biological control program consisted of releasing candidate insect and mite species, colonizing these species, and redistributing the biocontrol agents from established sites to new infestations. Each weed infestation is mapped and plant parameters such as plant density, height, number of flower or seed heads, and damage are recorded. In previous years, annual progress reports were generated for each federal installation participating in the program. In 23, because of the breadth of the program, and interest in the overall progress of the program at all sites, the report has been consolidated into one document. The program concluded its seventh year in 23. Beginning at Ft. Carson in 1996, the program expanded to include the Air Force Academy and Monument Fire Center in 1998, Rocky Flats in 21, and Buckley Airbase in 23. Since that time, 18 species of insect and mite biocontrol agents have been released against eight noxious weed species. Biocontrol agents have been recovered at 3 over sites at the five locations now in the program. We continue to introduce biocontrol agents as new locations or sites are available and as new biocontrol agents become available. For instance, Buckley Airbase in Aurora, CO, joined the program in 23, and a program on Canada thistle, Dalmatian toadflax, field bindweed, and leafy spurge began there in the summer of 23; mapping weed infestations and making releases of biocontrol agents. At the Air Force Academy, eight new sites were mapped and releases made in the summer of 23 after a plant survey conducted by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program in 22 identified new areas where noxious weed biocontrol would be of value. Locations and Figure 1. Gearing up at Buckley for mapping noxious weeds. Elise McCown, Johnny Bible, Bob Villarreal, and Debi Owings set up a GPS unit and quadrate. July 23. 6

7 Figure 2. Two student workers from Colorado, Sarah Bruno and Ryan Bouton, assisted with the project in the summer of 23. noxious weed species addressed continues to expand. In 24 we expect to begin a program at Warren Airbase in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and to begin biocontrol efforts on salt cedar at Ft. Carson, Pinon Canyon, and the Pueblo Arsenal. In this consolidated report, the locations are listed alphabetically, beginning with the Air Force Academy and ending with Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site. The format is arranged to provide a written narrative of each site within a location, followed by tabular material with historic site data and plant parameters, and then maps and graphs. The first map presents the historic weed infestation perimeters, followed by a graph illustrating the historic extent of the infestation and the percentage change in the infestation over time. These figures are followed by maps illustrating the weed infestation density for 23, an historic graph of weed density, a map of plant height followed by a graph indicating historic plant height at the site, and finally, for certain weeds, a graph of historic seedheads per plant. For all tables, maps, and graphs, infestation perimeters are in m 2, plant densities are in plants per 1/2m 2, and plant height is in cm. Error bars in the graphs represent the 95% confidence interval (p=.5). Where the top error bar for a given year does not overlap the bottom error bar for another year, or vice, versa, the difference is significant. We welcome comments on this consolidated report, and look forward to continuing this valuable program. General Notes for All Sites 7

8 In 23, Colorado again suffered from severe drought and record high temperatures at many of our sites. There is some concern that these climatic conditions may give false indications of the actual noxious weed control, especially where dramatic decreases in plant density are observed when compared to the data from 22. Obviously this is not a problem that can be discerned until the drought lessens, and more normal precipitation returns to the area. However, at most sites, there are indications that good weed control is underway, and biocontrol agents are present and causing damage. Assessing the biological control taking place at a given site may seem confusing if one looks at just one or two parameters. For instance, the perimeter map for an infestation may show a significant increase in the area of the infestation, or plant height may have increased significantly from 22 to 23. However, all parameters need to be looked at in light of each other. As the biocontrol agents do their job, the best indication of control is plant density per 1/2m 2. As a weed infestation begins to break down into smaller and smaller pockets of weeds, it is obvious that height or seedheads per plant could increase because the weeds that remain have more resources available than when crowded together in a dense infestation. The infestation perimeter may increase as seeds spread or rhizomatous growth invades other areas. However, this is not an indication that the biocontrol agents will not attack these areas in the future. The seed bank, seeds already in the soil that have not yet germinated, is also a factor to consider. This phenomenon can result in an area that was devoid of a weed species in a previous year showing new or higher weed densities in a subsequent year. However, where biocontrol agents are present, these new areas should be attacked and controlled over time. One of the reasons for including the 95% confidence intervals in the graphs, in addition to tracking the year-to-year change at a site, is to give an indication of the plant population parameters not readily illustrated by single mean data points. Sites parameters with narrow confidence intervals indicate a more uniform distribution; those with broad confidence intervals indicate a more variable weed distribution. Therefore, at a given site, a high plant density with a narrow confidence interval would indicate a uniform distribution while high density with a broad confidence interval would indicate that there is a wide range of densities observed in the infestation. It would be expected that as a weed infestation begins to collapse, there would be a more clumped weed distribution, and sampling would encompass areas of high and low weed density. As the collapse continues, one would expect more consistently low plant density parameters across the site and a correspondingly narrow confidence interval. A good example of these types of results is found in the Air Force Academy leafy spurge site at Deadman s Trail. The plant density graph shows a wide confidence interval in 2 and 21, indicating a wide range of plant densities across the site in those years. In 22, the plant density declined, but not significantly over the previous two years, however the confidence interval is contract. In 23, leafy spurge density declined significantly and the confidence interval was quite narrow, indicating plant density per unit area becoming uniformly low. On the other hand, at this same site, plant height increased between 22 and 23, although not significantly. This increase is probably due to the clumping effect as the density declines, and the remaining plants, although fewer in number, have more resources to draw upon. Also, it should be kept in mind that we sample plant density, height and seed head numbers out of the remaining infestation. Therefore, the plant parameters are those observed in the existing infestation, not the density for the entire original area. If samples were taken from the entire original area of infestation, all density data would be significantly lower. 8

9 Air Force Academy Sites, weeds addressed, biocontrol agents released and other notes are contained in Table 1 and historic infestation and plant parameters are contained in Table 2. As noted in the introduction and general notes, severe drought probably had an effect on plant densities in 23. Canada thistle infestations at Ice Lake Road I showed reductions of 82% over those recorded in 22, and a 91% reduction since the project started in 21. Similar results were recorded at Ice Lake Road II, with 78 and 86% reduction in Canada thistle density since 22 and inception (2), respectively. Larinus planus, Cassida rubiginosa, and Trichosirocalus horridus have been recovered from these sites. T. horridus is not thought to have a significant impact on Canada thistle and the beetle may be transient from musk thistle that also occurs at these sites. Spotted knapweed infestations at Monument Creek were almost non-existent in 23. The average density was 1.5 plants per 1/2m 2. Larinus minutus is the probable biocontrol agent active at this site. Apthona sp. beetles at all leafy spurge sites have been doing a remarkable job. A 64% reduction in leafy spurge area was noted at Douglas School, and at Deadman s Trail, a 78% reduction in leafy spurge area was noted. The overall reduction since inception at Deadman s Trail is a bit misleading. The original mapped area was 46 m 2, however this expanded to 1,148 m 2 in 21. Therefore the actual reduction in the leafy spurge area is much greater than the reduction since inception statistic indicates. Plants per 1/2m 2 at Deadman s Trail have dropped Figure 2. Deadman s Trail leafy spurge site in 23. All that remains of the once extensive infestation is a small pocket of plants in the right center part of the photo. 9

10 Figure 3. FERL leafy spurge site in 23. Significant reduction is noticeable in the foreground, and the weed infestation in the background was under attack by Apthona sp. beetles. from an average of 59 to 9. The FERL sites also show a reduction in leafy spurge area (71%), even thought density rose slightly. Generally, leafy spurge is coming under control in a number of areas at the Air Force Academy. As Apthona beetle numbers increase, we will continue to redistribute them to other sites in the area. 1

11 Table 1. Noxious weed biological control sites, target weeds, species released and recoveries at Air Force Academy, 23. Location Target Site Species released Species New New weed recovered releases site Air Force Academy Canada thistle Ice Lake Road 1 Trichosirocalus horridus X Air Force Academy Canada thistle Ice Lake Road 1 Urophora cardui X Air Force Academy Canada thistle Ice Lake Road 2 Cassida rubiginosa X Air Force Academy Canada thistle Ice Lake Road 2 Larinus planus X Air Force Academy Canada thistle Ice Lake Road 2 Urophora cardui X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge Deadman's Trail Apthona czwalinae X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge Deadman's Trail Apthona lacertosa X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge Deadman's Trail Apthona nigriscutis X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge Douglas School Apthona czwalinae X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge Douglas School Apthona lacertosa X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge Douglas School Apthona nigriscutis X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge FERL Apthona czwalinae X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge FERL Apthona lacertosa X Air Force Academy Leafy spurge FERL Apthona nigriscutis X Air Force Academy Yellow toadflax Comm Center Drive X Air Force Academy Canada thistle Highway 83 Urophora cardui X X Air Force Academy Canada thistle Kettle Lake X Air Force Academy Spotted knapweed Monument Creek Road X Air Force Academy Spotted knapweed NPWR X Air Force Academy Canada thistle Parade Loop X X Air Force Academy Diffuse knapweed Water Treatment Plant X Air Force Academy Spotted knapweed Water Treatment Plant X Air Force Academy Spotted knapweed Monument Creek Larinus minutus X Air Force Academy Spotted knapweed Monument Creek Metzneria paucipunctella

12 Table 2. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters, Air Force Academy, Colorado, Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Canada thistle - Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle - Ice Lake Road II Canada thistle - Kettle Lake 23 1, na na na na Spotted knapweed - Parade Loop I na na na na Spotted knapweed - Parade Loop II na na na na Diffuse knapweed - Water treatment plant 23 1, na na na na Diffuse knapweed - Highway na na na na Diffuse knapweed - Water treatment plant na na na na

13 Table 2 cont. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters, Air Force Academy, Colorado, Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Spotted knapweed - Monument Creek Road Spotted knapweed - Non-potable Water Reservoir na na na na Leafy spurge - Douglas School Leafy spurge - Dead Man's Trail , , Leafy spurge - FERL 2 1, ,

14 Table 2 cont. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters, Air Force Academy, Colorado, Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Leafy spurge FERL Ditch Leafy spurge - FERL Training 2 1, , Musk thistle - Ice Lake Road I 2 1, Yellow toadflax - Community Center Dr na na na na na na na na n - number of samples or observations. na - not applicable, data represent first year of sampling. 14

15 Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle perimeters Infestation (m2) 1,2 1, Canada Thistle, Ice Lake Road I Square Meters Percentage Change Percentage Change

16 Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle density Canada thistle Density / ½m Ice Lake Road I Density

17 Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle height Canada thistle Height (cm) Ice Lake Road I Height

18 8 Canada thistle Seedheads/plant Ice Lake Road I Seedheads Ice Lake Road I Canada thistle seedheads per plant. 18

19 Ice Lake Road II Canada thistle perimeters. Infestation (m2) Square Meters Percentage Change Canada Thistle, Ice Lake Road II Percentage Change 19

20 Ice Lake II Canada thistle density 23. Canada thistle Density / ½m Ice Lake Road II Density

21 Ice Lake Road II Canada thistle height Canada thistle Height (cm) Ice Lake Road II Height

22 Monument Creek spotted knapweed perimeters. Infestation (m2) 1, Square Meters Percentage Change Spotted Knapweed Monument Creek Percentage Change 22

23 14 12 Spotted knapweed / ½m Monument Creek Density Monument Creek spotted knapweed density and height. 6 Spotted knapweed Height (cm) Monument Creek Height

24 35 Spotted knapweed Seedheads/plant Monument Creek Seedheads Monument Creek spotted knapweed seedheads/plant. 24

25 FERL leafy spurge perimeters. Infestation (m2) 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, Square Meters Percentage Change Leafy Spurge FERL Percentage Change

26 FERL leafy spurge density 23. Leafy spurge Density / ½m FERL Density

27 FERL leafy spurge height Leafy spurge Height (cm) FERL Height

28 Douglas School leafy spurge perimeters Infestation (m2) Square Meters Percentage Change Leafy Spurge Douglas School Percentage Change

29 Douglas School leafy spurge density Leafy spurge Density / ½m Douglas School Density

30 Douglas School leafy spurge height 23. Leafy spurge Height (cm) Douglas School Height

31 Deadman s Trail leafy spurge perimeters. 1,4 2 1,2 15 Infestation (m2) 1, Leafy Spurge Dead Man's Trail Square Meters Percentage Change Percentage Change

32 Deadman s Trail leafy spurge density 23. Leafy spurge Density / ½m Deadman's Trail Density

33 Deadman s Trail leafy spurge height Leafy spurge Height (cm) Deadman's Trail Height

34 1,2 1, Square Meters Percentage Change -1 Infestation (m2) Musk Thistle Ice Lake Road I Percentage Change Ice Lake Road I musk thistle area and percentage change. 34

35 Releases and New Sites Established in 23 New releases in 23 included Urophora cardui on Canada thistle at both Ice Lake Road sites and the Parade Loop, which is a new site (see below). In 23, seven new sites were established. Infestation perimeter, density and height maps are presented below. The sites are as follows: 1. Highway 83 Diffuse knapweed 2. Kettle Lake Canada thistle site near the South Gate entrance 3. Monument Trail Road Spotted knapweed. This is not the original Monument Creek site. 4. NPWR (Non-Potable Water Treatment) Spotted knapweed. 5. Parade Loop Spotted knapweed, two disjunct infestations. 6. Water Treatment Plant Combined infestations of spotted and diffuse knapweed. Separate maps are included below. 7. Community Center Drive Yellow toadflax. A very important survey of the Air Force Academy was conducted by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program in 22. This survey has helped very much in identifying these new sites. We will begin redistribution and new releases into these sites in 24, along with our typical yearly mapping of perimeters and plant parameters. A table indicating noxious weed acreages at the Air Force Academy and at the Farish Outdoor Recreation Area is shown below. This table was taken from the Colorado Natural Heritage Program s survey and indicates that yellow toadflax (butter and eggs) and Canada thistle are the two most important weed species at the Air Force Academy, and yellow toadflax is the most important weed at Farish. Therefore, it is important that a program begin as soon as possible to release biocontrol agents for yellow toadflax control in 24. We have had very good results controlling Dalmatian toadflax at Rocky Flats, and will have several good insect nurseries at Rocky Flats and Buckley Airbase in the near future. An aggressive redistribution program among these three sites will be very advantageous. A weevil, Mecinus janthinus and Brachypterolus pulicarius, a Nititulid beetle are both available in Colorado and attack yellow toadflax. Gymnetron antirhini Paykull and G. netum Germar, two other weevil species are know to occur in Washington State and Canada. Both may be good candidates for release at Air Force Academy. According to Agricultural Canada: The yellow toadflax population of G. antirrhini adds 2-25% to the 65-7% seed reduction of Brachypterolus pulicarius. Presumably the gall sequesters resources from other parts of the plant as the 8-17 seeds galled per oviposition does not account for all the seed reduction. Peter Harris and Andre Gassman 23 35

36 We will, therefore, work to develop yellow toadflax releases at both Air Force Academy and Farish in 24. U.S. Air Force Academy and Farish Outdoor Recreation Area CNHP Weed Survey, 22 U.S. Air Force Academy Scientific Name Common Name Acres per Weed Species Linaria vulgaris butter-and-eggs Cirsium arvense Canada thistle Centaurea diffusa diffuse knapweed Eleagnus angustifolia Russian olive Dipsacus fullonum Fuller's teasel Carduus nutans musk thistle Centaurea maculosa spotted knapweed 4.68 Cardaria draba white top 3.58 Euphorbia esula leafy spurge 1.9 Total Acres of Weeds Documented at AFA* Farish Outdoor Recreation Area Scientific Name Common Name Acres per Weed Species Linaria vulgaris butter-and-eggs 5.25 Carduus nutans musk thistle.85 Cirsium arvense Canada thistle.23 Total Acres of Weeds Documented at Farish* 6.22 GRAND TOTAL (AFA AND FARISH)* *Overlaps were removed in locations with multiple weed species to generate acreage of weeds. Other species, such as bindweed, are not included in gross area calculations.

37 Highway 83 diffuse knapweed perimeter 23. Highway 83 diffuse knapweed density 23. Highway 83 diffuse knapweed height

38 Kettle Lake Canada thistle perimeter 23. Kettle Lake Canada thistle density 23. Kettle Lake Canada thistle height

39 Monument Trail Road spotted knapweed perimeter 23. Monument Trail Road spotted knapweed density 23. Monument Trail Road spotted knapweed height

40 NPWR spotted knapweed perimeter 23. NPWR spotted knapweed density 23. NPWR spotted knapweed height 23. 4

41 \ Parade Loop Canada thistle perimeter 23. Parade Loop Canada thistle density 23. Parade Loop Canada thistle height

42 Water Treatment Plant spotted knapweed perimeter 23. Water Treatment Plant spotted knapweed density 23. Water Treatment Plant spotted knapweed height

43 Water Treatment Plant diffuse knapweed perimeter 24. Water Treatment Plant diffuse knapweed density 23. Water Treatment Plant diffuse knapweed height

44 Community Center Drive Site 1 yellow toadflax perimeter 23. Community Center Drive Site 1 yellow toadflax density 23. Community Center Drive Site 1 yellow toadflax height

45 Community Center Drive Site 2 yellow toadflax perimeter 23. Community Center Drive Site 2 yellow toadflax density 23. Community Center Drive Site 2 yellow toadflax height

46 Community Center Drive Combined Sites 1 and 2 yellow toadflax perimeters

47 Buckley Airbase Buckley Airbase was a new project site in 23. Noxious weeds addressed are Canada thistle, Dalmatian toadflax, field bindweed, and leafy spurge. The target weeds, sites and biocontrol agents released are found in Table 3. Site parameters recorded for 23 are found in Table 4. Releases of Cassida rubiginosa and Urophora cardui for Canada thistle control were made at the Williams Lake Southwest site. Five thousand Apthona sp. were released on leafy spurge at the Williams Lake dam, and the bindweed mite, Aceria malherbae, was released at multiple sites on the base. A release of 3 Ceutorhynchus litura was made in Canada thistle at the Williams Lake Southwest site. All sites except the field bindweed releases were mapped and plant parameters recorded. Field bindweed is a major noxious weed problem, being addressed with the bindweed mite, Aceria malherbae. Figure 3. General field bindweed infestation at Buckley Airbase. A. malherbae was found to be infesting field bindweed prior to our releases; therefore our efforts were directed at enhancing the total number of infestations of the mite. Although the large Dalmatian toadflax site was mapped along South Aspen Way, the season was too far advanced to make releases of toadflax biocontrol agents. Releases will be made in

48 Plans for 24 include mapping all weed infestations to record changes in perimeter, density, plant height, and seedheads/plant where appropriate. Where biocontrol agents are found to be established, we will redistribute them to additional infestations if sufficient numbers are found. Field bindweed is probably the most significant noxious weed at Buckley Airbase in regard to the extent of the infestation. It would be beneficial for future control to mow selected bindweed mite infested field bindweed patches in early summer to spread the mites to new foliage. Redistribution of the mite will be very easy. In 24, certain field bindweed areas will be marked as demonstration sites to illustrate the effectiveness of the mites on field bindweed over time. Figure 4. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station personnel map leafy spurge infestations at Williams Lake prior to a release of Apthona sp. leaf-feeding beetles. A good release of Apthona sp. leaf-feeding beetles was made at Williams Lake on leafy spurge in July 23. The leafy spurge infestation is extensive and dense. The beetles are very aggressive and prolific, and we expect to see significant damage in 24. Active leaf feeding was observed in 23, and we are confident that the beetles have established. 48

49 Figure 5. Apthona sp. leaf-feeding beetle release at Williams Lake, July 24. Above, container lid indicating release instructions, below, beetles exiting the shipping container. 49

50 Table 3. Noxious weed biological control sites, target weeds, species released and recoveries at Buckley Airbase, 23. Location Target Site Species released Species New New weed recovered releases site Buckley Airbase Canada thistle Williams Lake Southwest Cassida rubiginosa X X Buckley Airbase Canada thistle Williams Lake Southwest Urophora cardui X X Buckley Airbase Dalmatian toadflax South Aspen Way X Buckley Airbase Field Bindweed Multiple sites Aceria malherbae X X Buckley Airbase Leafy Spurge Leafy spurge Site I X Buckley Airbase Leafy Spurge Williams Lake Dam Apthona sp. X X Table 4. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters, Buckley Airbase, Colorado, 23. Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Dalmatian toadflax - Aspen Way Southeast 23 32, na na na Leafy spurge - Buckley Air Force na na na Canada thistle - William's Lake Dam Site na na na Leafy spurge - William's Lake 23 4, na na na Canada thistle - William's Lake Southwest na na na n - number of samples or observations. na - not applicable, data represent first year of sampling.

51 Buckley Airbase leafy spurge perimeter 23. Buckley Airbase leafy spurge density 23. Buckley Airbase leafy spurge height 23.

52 Williams Lake leafy spurge perimeter 23. Williams Lake leafy spurge density 23. Williams Lake leafy spurge height

53 Williams Lake Dam Canada thistle perimeter 23. Williams Lake Dam Canada thistle density 23. Williams Lake Dam Canada thistle height

54 Aspen Southeast Dalmatian toadflax perimeter 23. Aspen Southwest Dalmatian toadflax density 23. Aspen Southwest Dalmatian toadflax height

55 Williams Lake Southwest Canada thistle perimeter 23. Williams Lake Southwest Canada thistle density 23. Williams Lake Southwest Canada thistle height

56 Ft. Carson Military Post Sites, noxious weeds addressed, biocontrol agents released and recovered are listed in Table 5. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters are listed in Table 6. New releases made in 23 included Cassida rubiginosa on Canada thistle at the ARA site, Aceria malherbae (the bindweed mite) at various sites on base, including ARA, and Range Control. Bangasternus fausti, Larinus obtusus (two new knapweed-feeding weevils) and Larinus minutus were released at the Fueling Site (old Cantonment I). Figure 6. Bangasternus fausti release at the spotted knapweed Fueling Site. New recoveries included the bindweed mite at ARA, HazMat (old Cantonment II), at Turkey Creek Ranch, and the Turkey Creek knapweed site. Larinus planus was recovered on Canada thistle at ARA on July 7 th. This is the first recovery of L. planus at Ft. Carson. One adult beetle was recovered. Trichosirocalus horridus was recovered on Canada thistle at ARA, although this is thought to be an adventitious recovery since T. horridus was not released at this site. In addition to these recoveries, sweep net samples from ARA also included insect species that were unknown to us and sent to the USDA Systematics Laboratory in Beltsville, MD for identification and potential biocontrol activity. The results are as follows: Recovered from Canada thistle: Curculio pellitus Curculionidae not of biocontrol importance Gymnetron tetrum Curculionidae biocontrol agent on mullein Corythucha distincta Tingidae feeds on Platte thistle, Hawthorn lace bug? Terellia ruficauda Tephritidae may feed on Canada thistle 56

57 Euaresta bellula Tephritidae feeds on ragweed and bur sage Gymnocarena diffusa Tephritidae unknown Entiminae Curculionidae unknown (subfamily id only) Recovered from musk thistle: Onychobaris sp. Curculionidae unknown (genus id only) Recovered from wavyleaf thistle: Orius tristicolor Anthicidae unknown, probably predaceous pirate bud Brachypterolus pulicarius Curculionidae known biocontrol agent on toadflax As with other sites in the program, the continuing drought is a problem that needs to be kept in mind when reductions in noxious weed densities and perimeters are examined in 23. Although the drought has most likely influenced our results this year, reduction in weed densities was ongoing prior to the drought, and we are confident that noxious weed control is taking place. A general reduction in Canada thistle density was recorded at ARA. Some reduction is drought related, and may also be due to an endemic rust infection. However, feeding damage by Cassida rubiginosa is evident, and Larinus planus was recovered this year. The area infested Figure 7. Elise McCown and Debi Owings making a release of Cassida rubiginosa at ARA. dropped by 45% and the density by 52%. The Canada thistle infestation at the Duckpond site has also declined in size and plant density from 23 to 23, however there was small increase in total size of the infestation from the inception of the program. A key reason for this increase is that the pond was drained in 57

58 22, and Canada thistle has spread into what was formerly the pond itself rather than being confined to the banks. As with the other two Canada thistle sites, densities at the Reservoir site have also decreased. A 55% reduction in the infestation has been recorded from the inception of the program, with a 31% and 25% change in size and density, respectively, from 22 to 23. The musk thistle infestation at the Wildlife Refuge site is steadily declining. There was a significant increase in the area infested with musk thistle, but density declined by 9% from 22 to 23, from an average of almost three plants per m 2 in 22 to.27 plants/m 2 in 23. Rhinocyllus conicus and T. horridus are active at the site, and the indication is that the site is being significantly impacted by these insects. Figure 8. Dram atic changes in the Turkey Creek spotted knapweed site. Top, site on 7/25/3, bottom, site on 8/3/. Note extensive increase in grasses and forbs. 58

59 Spotted knapweed infestation at the two sites located in the Cantonment area; Fueling Site (old Cantonment I), and HazMat Site (old Cantonment II), had variable results. Area and density at the Fueling Site dropped from 22 to 23; however the results were not spectacular. Additional releases of L. minutus and releases of two new species - L. obtusus and B. fausti were made to improve the biocontrol intensity at this site. The HazMat site is a mixed bag from a casual perusal of the results. Over time, this site has had a number of changes, including new roads being established that have changed the area of the infestation, and possibly impacted the biocontrol agents. In addition, some areas where releases were made in 22 and 23 were mowed shortly after releases. However, we believe that biocontrol is working. If we can get consistent year-to-year maps of the area, we believe that it will indicate that a general decline in spotted knapweed has taken place. Cyphocleonus achates is active at the site. At the present time, the year-to-year change in the area of the infestation is rather inaccurate. Since the program inception, spotted knapweed infestations at Turkey Creek have been reduced by 97%. In 23 we recorded a rebound in plant density, but this is negligible when compared to the size of the infestation which dropped from its high of 3,681 m 2 in 21 to 328m 2 in 23. Native grasses, yellow clover, sunflower and other forbs have replaced spotted knapweed throughout the site. Figure 8 illustrates the dramatic change in the vegetative composition of the site in the last four years. The top photo was taken on 7/25/23, and the bottom on 8/3/2. CABI Subcontract. The project entered into a subcontract with CABI in Switzerland in 23 for research on eriophyiid mites, specifically Aceria anthocoptes, in Europe that are candidates for importation and release on Canada thistle. These mites are similar to the bindweed mite, and are very host specific. At the present time, the final report for 23 is unavailable; however an excerpt from their September 23 report that deals with Aceria anthocoptes is included below: 6.1 Aceria anthocoptes (Acari: Eriophyiidae) Surveys and collection: To date, Aceria anthocoptes has been recorded at 51Cirsium arvense sites in Serbia. Two populations near Belgrade have been selected for biological and host range studies. In these sites, the presence of A. anthocoptes is being monitored and fluctuations in mite populations recorded. Surveys and studies of the eriophyiid fauna on other Carduinae species have continued. The population density of A. anthocoptes decreases during the flowering period of its host plant. A predatory mite, Amblydomella rhenana (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), was identified as a primary predator of Aceria in the field and seems to be an important factor in the decrease of Aceria populations. In July and August, it was observed also that Aceria populations move down from flowering shoots to young shoots arising from rhizomatous buds. Deutogyne females were recorded from early August onwards. Female populations increased slightly during the second half of August and early September. Preliminary host acceptance tests: Tests were carried out with a population of A.anthocoptes discovered near Belgrade and designated BG1. Five A. anthocoptes adults were transferred onto each of seven plant species in five replicates: Cirsium arvense (control), C. vulgare, Carduus acanthoides, Carduus picnocephalus, Onopordum acanthium, Centaurea diffusa and Centaurea maculosa. The tests were conducted between August 2 and September 2. Cirsium arvense and C. vulgare are suitable host plants for the development of A.anthocoptes. Over 2 adults have been recorded on all exposed plants as well as and many eggs and nymphs. All other plant species 59

60 were free of Aceria attack. Additional host acceptance test with available plants will be continued during September. Test with Aceria from phytoplasma-infected plants: Between May 3 and June 1, some 15 Aceria adults were collected from phytoplasma-infected C. arvense and transferred onto each of 15 healthy young growing C. arvense. On September 5, plant samples of C. arvense infested with Aceria adults collected from phytoplasma-infected plants were sent to Prof. Asunte Bertaccini (Bolognia, Italy) for PCR analysis for the presence of phytoplasma. In addition 15 A. anthocoptes adults were collected from phytoplasma-infected C. arvense, preserved in 8% ethanol and also sent for PCR analysis. 6.2 Chlorosis of Cirsium arvense Nine samples of the Canada thistle chlorosis have been collected in Northern Germany, four in Switzerland and one in France. Surveys and collection will continue until October. It is suspected that the infection by the bacteria may have been handicapped locally by the exceptionally long and severe summer drought. The isolation of the CT chlorosis has started and will be continued until the end of October when all samples will be shipped to AAFC Saskatoon. 6

61 Table 5. Noxious weed biological control sites, target weeds, species released and recoveries at Ft. Carson, 23. Location Target Site Species released Species New New weed recovered releases site Ft. Carson Canada thistle ARA Ceutorhynchus litura Ft. Carson Canada thistle ARA Cassida rubiginosa X Ft. Carson Canada thistle ARA Larinus planus X Ft. Carson Canada thistle ARA Trichosirocalus horridus X 1 Ft. Carson Canada thistle ARA Urophora cardui Ft. Carson Canada thistle Duckpond Aceria malherbae X Ft. Carson Canada thistle Duckpond Ceutorhynchus litura Ft. Carson Canada thistle Duckpond Larinus planus Ft. Carson Canada thistle Duckpond Urophora cardui X Ft. Carson Canada thistle Highway 115 Urophora cardui Ft. Carson Canada thistle Reservoir Ceutorhynchus litura Ft. Carson Canada thistle Reservoir Cassida rubiginosa Ft. Carson Canada thistle Reservoir Larinus planus Ft. Carson Canada thistle Reservoir Urophora cardui X Ft. Carson Field Bindweed ARA Aceria malherbae X X Ft. Carson Field Bindweed Multiple sites Aceria malherbae X X Ft. Carson Field Bindweed Range Control Aceria malherbae X X Ft. Carson Musk thistle Highway 115 Trichosirocalus horridus X Ft. Carson Musk thistle Wildlife Refuge Trichosirocalus horridus X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Fuel Site Agapeta zoegana Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Fuel Site Bangasternus fausti X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Fuel Site Cyphocleonus achates Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Fuel Site Larinus minutus X X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Fuel Site Larinus obtusus X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Fuel Site Metzneria paucipunctella

62 Table 5 cont. Location Target Site Species released Species New New weed recovered releases site Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Fuel Site Urophora affinis X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed HazMat Bangasternus fausti Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed HazMat Cyphocleonus achates X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed HazMat Larinus minutus X X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed HazMat Larinus obtusus X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed HazMat Metzneria paucipunctella Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed HazMat Sphenoptera jugoslavica Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed HazMat Urophora affinis X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Turkey Creek Agapeta zoegana Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Turkey Creek Cyphocleonus achates X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Turkey Creek Larinus minutus X Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Turkey Creek Metzneria paucipunctella Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Turkey Creek Sphenoptera jugoslavica Ft. Carson Spotted knapweed Turkey Creek Urophora affinis X 1 Adventitious recovery, T. horridus was not released at this site.

63 Table 6. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters at Ft. Carson, Colorado Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Canada thistle - ARA , , , , Musk thistle - HWY , , , , , , Canada Thistle - Duckpond , , , , , Musk Thistle - Reservoir

64 Table 6 cont. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters at Ft. Carson, Colorado Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Canada thistle - Reservoir , , , , Musk thistle - Wildlife , , , , Spotted knapweed - Cantonment , , , , Spotted knapweed - Cantonment , , , ,

65 Table 6 cont. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters at Ft. Carson, Colorado Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Spotted knapweed - Turkey Creek , , , ,

66 ARA Canada thistle infestation perimeters. Infestation (m2) 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Square Meters Percentage Change Canada Thistle ARA Year Percentage Change

67 ARA Canada thistle density Canada thistle/½ m ARA Density

68 ARA Canada thistle height Canada thistle Height (cm) ARA Height

69 35 Canada thistle Seedheads/Plant ARA Seedheads ARA Canada thistle seedheads per plant. 69

70 Highway 115 Canada and Musk thistle perimeters. Infestation (m2) 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Musk Thistle Highway 115 Square Meters Percentage Change Year Percentage Change 7

71 12 1 Hwy115Rt11 Musk Density Musk thistle / ½m Highway 115 Musk thistle parameters. Musk thistle Height (cm) Hwy115Rt11 Musk Height

72 Highway 115 Canada thistle density Canada thistle / ½m Hwy115Rt11 Canada Thistle Density

73 Highway 115 Canada thistle height 23. Canada thistle Height (cm) Hwy115Rt11 Canada Thistle Height

74 Duck Pond Canada thistle perimeters. Infestation (m2) 45, 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Square Meters Percentage Change Canada Thistle Duckpond Year Percentage Change 74

75 Duck Pond Canada thistle density Canada thistle / ½m Duck pond Density

76 Duck Pond Canada thistle height Canada thistle Height (cm) Duck pond Height

77 3 Canada thistle Seedheads/Plant Duck pond Canada thistle Seedheads Duck Pond Canada thistle seedheads per plant. 77

78 Reservoir Canada thistle perimeters. Infestation (m2) 1, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Square Meters Percentage Change Canada Thistle Reservoir Year Percentage Change 78

79 Reservoir Canada thistle density Canada thistle / ½m Reservoir Density

80 Reservoir Canada thistle height Canada thistle Height (cm) Reservoir Height

81 25 Canada thistle Seedheads/Plant Reservoir Seedheads Reservoir Canada thistle seedheads per plant. 81

82 Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed perimeters. Infestation (m2) 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Square Meters Percentage Change Spotted Knapweed Fueling Site (Cantonment I ) Year Percentage Change 82

83 Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed density 23 Spotted Knapweed Density/½m Cantonment I Density

84 Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed height 23. Spotted Knapweed Height (cm) Cantonment I height

85 18 Spotted Knapweed Seedheads / Plant Cantonment I Seedheads Fueling Site (Cantonment I) spotted knapweed seedheads/plant. 85

86 HazMat site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed perimeters. Infestation (m2) 1, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Square Meters Percentage Change Spotted Knapweed HazMat Site (Cantonment II ) Year Percentage Change 86

87 HazMat site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed density 23. Spotted Knapweed Density/½m Cantonment II Density

88 HazMat site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed height Spotted Knapweed Height (cm) Cantonment II Height

89 Spotted Knapweed Seedheads / Plant Cantonment II Seedheads HazMat Site (Cantonment II) spotted knapweed seedheads per plant. 89

90 Turkey Creek spotted knapweed infestation perimeters Infestation (m2) 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Square Meters Percentage Change Spotted Knapweed Turkey Creek Year Percentage Change 9

91 Turkey Creek spotted knapweed density 23. Spotted Knapweed Density/½m Turkey Creek Density

92 Turkey Creek spotted knapweed height 23. Spotted Knapweed Height (cm) Turkey Creek Height

93 1 Spotted Knapweed Seedheads / Plant Turkey Creek Seedheads Turkey Creek spotted knapweed seedheads per plant. 93

94 Wildlife Refuge musk thistle perimeters. 12, 5 1, Square Meters Percentage Change 4 Infestation (m2) 8, 6, 4, 2, Musk Thistle Wildlife Refuge Percentage Change Year -1 94

95 Wildlife Refuge musk thistle density Musk thistle / ½m Wildlife Density

96 Wildlife Refuge musk thistle height Musk thistle Height (cm) Wildlife Height

97 12 Musk thistle Seedheads/Plant Wildlife Seedheads Wildlife Refuge musk thistle seedheads per plant 97

98 Monument Fire Center Our work at Monument Fire Center has focused on control of leafy spurge, primarily at one site (Tables 7 and 8). Control through Apthona beetles has been very good, with a 9% reduction in the leafy spurge infestation since 21. Density is also on the decline. The site is becoming fractionated, as illustrated by the accompanying maps, and we will continue to monitor the decline in the coming years. As a source of funding for the overall project, Monument Fire Center has not participated in the last two years. Although we will continue to monitor the existing leafy spurge site, no new activity is expected. Table 7. Noxious weed biological control sites, target weeds, species released and recoveries at Monument Fire Center, 23. Location Target Site Species released Species New New weed recovered releases site Monument Fire Center Leafy spurge Apthona czwalinae X Monument Fire Center Leafy spurge Apthona lacertosa X Monument Fire Center Leafy spurge Apthona nigriscutis X Table 8. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters, Monument Fire Center, Colorado, Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change % Change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height to date Leafy spurge - Monument Fire Center 21 4, , n - number of samples or observations. 98

99 Monument Fire Center overall leafy spurge perimeters. Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 1 and 2 perimeter

100 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 1 and 2 density 23. Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 1 and 2 height 23. 1

101 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 3 perimeter 23. Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 3 density

102 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 3 height

103 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 4-6 perimeter 23. Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 4-6 density

104 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 4-6 height

105 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 7-9 perimeter 23. Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 7-9 density

106 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Sites 7-9 height

107 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 1 perimeter 23. Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 1 density

108 Monument Fire Center leafy spurge Site 1 height

109 5 45 Leafy spurge / ½m Monument Fire Center Density Leafy spurge Height (cm) Monument Fire Center Height Monument Fire Center leafy spurge density and height. 19

110 Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site Noxious weed biocontrol at Rocky Flats is progressing very well. Targeted weeds, releases and recoveries are contained in Table 9. Historic noxious weed plant parameters are contained in Table 1. A Dalmatian toadflax site located in the southeast part of the buffer zone has been significantly reduced, and new sites have been mapped (see maps below). Additional releases of Mecinus janthinus, a weevil species we previously released and recovered, were made in 23 on Dalmatian toadflax at the new sites. Drought may have influenced the results of observed Dalmatian toadflax decline; however the site in the southeast buffer zone was in decline in 22 also. The bindweed mite is prolific in many areas of the installation. Redistribution, either through harvesting and distributing mite-infested vines, or mowing is a high priority. The bindweed mite establishment at Rocky Flats is the most vigorous of any of our locations along the Front Range. We expect that significant reduction in field bindweed will be observed in the future. Cassida rubiginosa was recovered on Canada thistle at Lindsey Ranch, and Urophora cardui was released on Canada thistle at the same site. There was some Cassida feeding damage noted on plants at Lindsey Ranch, and there was also evidence of rust infection. The Canada thistle at this site looked weak and not very vigorous. It will be important to continue to monitor the site for signs of significant insect activity. Unfortunately, mapping data for Lindsey Ranch was lost in 23. Trichosirocalus horridus was recovered from musk thistle in the north buffer. This infestation seems to be somewhat under control, with T. horridus and R. conicus both evident and causing considerable damage. The weed infestation should be observed over time, and redistributions could be made to new sites to continue to spread the weevils across the installation. In the northwest buffer zone, Sphenoptera jugoslavica has been released on diffuse knapweed, but not be recovered to date. Larinus minutus has been recovered in the same area and appears to be active. In 24, we will closely track the Dalmatian toadflax infestation and biocontrol effort. We are closely monitoring density and insect activity at the new sites. Redistribution of bindweed mites is an easily accomplished project and is important to reduce the incidence of the weed. Knapweed and Canada thistle programs will continue as the have in the past, will annual mapping and density estimates and tracking insect infestations. 11

111 Figure 9. Release of Urophora cardui at Rocky Flats, 2. Above, collecting parasite-free adults from emergence cage. Below, close-up of aspirator holding adult flies. 111

112 Table 9. Noxious weed biological control sites, target weeds, species released and recoveries at Rocky Flats, 23. Location Target Site Species released Species New New weed recovered release site Rocky Flats Canada thistle Lindsey Ranch Cassida rubiginosa X Rocky Flats Canada thistle Lindsey Ranch Urophora cardui X Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Southeast Buffer Zone Mecinus janthinus X X X 1 Rocky Flats Knapweed, D. Northwest Buffer Zone Larinus minutus X Rocky Flats Knapweed, D. Northwest Buffer Zone Sphenoptera jugoslavica Rocky Flats Field Bindweed Lindsey Ranch Aceria malherbae X Rocky Flats Field Bindweed North Buffer Aceria malherbae X Rocky Flats Field Bindweed Northwest Buffer Zone Aceria malherbae X Rocky Flats Field Bindweed Southeast Buffer Zone Aceria malherbae X Rocky Flats Musk thistle North Buffer Trichosirocalus horridus X 1 Two new sites were mapped in the Southwest Buffer Zone in addition to the original site which had no toadflax.

113 Table 1. Historic noxious weed infestation parameters, Rock Flats, Colorado, Year Area (m 2 ) n Density (1/2m 2 ) Height (cm) Seedheads Head size Year to year % change avg. max. avg. max. per plant mm area (m 2 ) avg. density avg. height Musk Thistle Original Dalmatian Toadflax Site Site I Site II Site III&IV % Change to date Diffuse knapweed Site I 7 Site II

114 Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax perimeters all sites. Initial site lower right hand corner. Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 1 perimeter 23.

115 Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 1 density 23. Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 1 height

116 Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 2 perimeter 23. Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 2 density

117 Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 2 height 23. Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Site 3 and 4 perimeters

118 Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Sites 3 and 4 density 23. Rocky Flats Dalmatian toadflax Sites 3 and 4 height

Status of Biological Control Agents Used for Managing Invasive Plants in Colorado

Status of Biological Control Agents Used for Managing Invasive Plants in Colorado Status of Biological Control Agents Used for Managing Invasive Plants in Colorado Compiled by Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State Extension August 22, 2009 Draft Diffuse and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa,

More information

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPOTTED KNAPWEED AND CANADA THISTLE AT THE FORT CARSON MILITARY RESERVATION, FT. CARSON, COLORADO 2001 PROGRESS REPORT

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPOTTED KNAPWEED AND CANADA THISTLE AT THE FORT CARSON MILITARY RESERVATION, FT. CARSON, COLORADO 2001 PROGRESS REPORT Biological Control of Noxious Weeds at the Fort Carson Military Reservation, Fort Carson, Colorado. d 2001 Progress Report BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPOTTED KNAPWEED AND CANADA THISTLE AT THE FORT CARSON MILITARY

More information

Appendix C Treatment Options by Target Species

Appendix C Treatment Options by Target Species Treatment Options by Target Species This page intentionally left blank Table 1 below summarizes commonly used species-specific integrated control measures that would be applied to known noxious weed species

More information

Many of the pictures in this field guide came from Jerry Caldwell and Morgan Mendenhall. Thank you for the use of your excellent pictures.

Many of the pictures in this field guide came from Jerry Caldwell and Morgan Mendenhall. Thank you for the use of your excellent pictures. Special Thanks: Many of the pictures in this field guide came from Jerry Caldwell and Morgan Mendenhall. Thank you for the use of your excellent pictures. Also to: Morgan Mendenhall for editing this field

More information

Current Status of Biological Weed Control Agents in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington

Current Status of Biological Weed Control Agents in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Current Status of Biological Control Agents in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Bindweed, field (Convolvulus arvensis) Broom, French (Genista monspessulana) Broom, Scotch (Cytisus scoparius) Gorse (Ulex europaeus)

More information

Biocontrol of Rangeland Weeds TRA Pest Management Workshop, Feb 20, 11:15 am. Outline. Pest Management Workshop 2013 Bean, Rangeland Pest Control

Biocontrol of Rangeland Weeds TRA Pest Management Workshop, Feb 20, 11:15 am. Outline. Pest Management Workshop 2013 Bean, Rangeland Pest Control Biocontrol of Rangeland Weeds TRA Pest Management Workshop, Feb 20, 11:15 am Dan Bean Colorado Department of Agriculture Palisade Insectary dan.bean@state.co.us Who are we? Palisade Insectary Began in

More information

Integrated Weed Control 2018 Catalog

Integrated Weed Control 2018 Catalog Integrated Weed Control 2018 Catalog Effective Strategies for Weed Management: Biological Products and Consulting Services 888-319-1632 iwc@integratedweedcontrol.com The beauty of biocontrol is that it

More information

Musk thistle and Canada thistle

Musk thistle and Canada thistle Musk thistle and Canada thistle Musk thistle, Carduus nutans Identification & origins Eurasian origin Sometimes called the nodding thistle : long slender stems bear heavy flowers Flowers are broader at

More information

Biological control of Weeds

Biological control of Weeds Weeds Oregon department of Agriculture Noxious Weed control program Eric m. coombs ecoombs@oda.state.or.us weeds What is classical biological control? The purposeful introduction of selected natural enemies

More information

leeanne mila El dorado county department agriculture

leeanne mila El dorado county department agriculture leeanne mila El dorado county department Of agriculture } highly aggressive displace natives and desirable plants } decrease wildlife habitat forming monocultures } Reduce recreational values and uses

More information

WEED WATCH LEEANNE MILA EL DORADO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WEED WATCH LEEANNE MILA EL DORADO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEED WATCH LEEANNE MILA EL DORADO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE YELLOW STARTHISTLE WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT INVASIVE WEEDS? HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE DISPLACE NATIVES AND DESIRABLE PLANTS DECREASE WILDLIFE HABITAT

More information

A Review of Some Biological Control Programs for Invasive Plants

A Review of Some Biological Control Programs for Invasive Plants A Review of Some Biological Control Programs for Invasive Plants A Presentation by W.D. McIlveen Biological Control Review Native 2348 species/subspecies Biological Control Review Native 2348 species/subspecies

More information

These insects prey on Toadflax

These insects prey on Toadflax 1 4 2 These insects prey on Toadflax 3 5 6 1. Brachypterolus pulicarius 2. Calophasia lunula 3. Eteobalea serratella 4. Gymnetron antirrhini 5. Gymnetron linariae 6. Mecinus janthinus Some are beneficial...

More information

Biological Control of Weeds 101

Biological Control of Weeds 101 Biological Control of Weeds 101 Mark Schwarzländer & Carol Randall Part 1 Great Falls, MT 12 January 2012 Invasive plants & noxious weeds Exotic plant species (for rangeland weeds most commonly form Eurasia)

More information

Noxious Weeds in Rangeland thinking back.

Noxious Weeds in Rangeland thinking back. Noxious Weeds in Rangeland thinking back. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) Fred Rinder, Deputy Agricultural Commissioner Weed and Vertebrate Management Fresno County Photo: Fred Rinder Fresno County

More information

Integrated Weed Control Project - Biological Control -

Integrated Weed Control Project - Biological Control - Integrated Weed Control Project - Biological Control - Jennifer Andreas Integrated Weed Control Project Director jennifer.andreas@kingcounty.gov (206) 205-3135 Garlic Mustard Garlic mustard - Alliaria

More information

Biocontrol News and Views for Wyoming INSIDE WYO-BIO. Mapping the Weeds of the Past, Present and Future... 2

Biocontrol News and Views for Wyoming INSIDE WYO-BIO. Mapping the Weeds of the Past, Present and Future... 2 Biocontrol News and Views for Wyoming The goal of WYOBIO is to update people interested in biocontrol in Wyoming on some of the latest developments in the state. In this edition, you ll find some articles

More information

Galerucella pusilla (Duftsschmid) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Galerucella pusilla (Duftsschmid) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Galerucella pusilla (Duftsschmid) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) BEETLE DESCRIPTION AND LIFE CYCLE Adults, 2±4 mm long, and larvae very closely resemble G. calmariensis. Refer to G. calmariensis photos for

More information

Native Species? In US prior to European settlement

Native Species? In US prior to European settlement INVASIVE SPECIES Native Species? An organism that is a part of the balance of nature that has developed over hundreds or thousands of years in a particular region or ecosystem. In US prior to European

More information

Field Guide to the Biological Control of Weeds in British Columbia

Field Guide to the Biological Control of Weeds in British Columbia Field Guide to the Biological Control of Weeds in British Columbia Land Management Handbook NUMBER ISSN 0229 1622 1994 27 Province of British Columbia Ministry of Forests Field Guide to the Biological

More information

Investigating Use of Biocontrol Agents to Control Spotted Knapweed

Investigating Use of Biocontrol Agents to Control Spotted Knapweed Investigating Use of Biocontrol Agents to Control Spotted Knapweed Target Grade Level: 5 th Created and Adapted by: Rachel Loehman UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA GK-12 PROGRAM 1 Investigating Use of Biocontrol

More information

Noxious Weed Survey of the U.S. Air Force Academy and Farish Outdoor Recreation Area- 2007

Noxious Weed Survey of the U.S. Air Force Academy and Farish Outdoor Recreation Area- 2007 Noxious Weed Survey of the U.S. Air Force Academy and Farish Outdoor Recreation Area- April 30, 2008 Prepared For: U.S. Air Force Academy epartment of Natural Resources Prepared By: avid G. Anderson and

More information

Many of the pictures in this field guide came from Jerry Caldwell and Morgan Mendenhall. Thank you for the use of your excellent pictures.

Many of the pictures in this field guide came from Jerry Caldwell and Morgan Mendenhall. Thank you for the use of your excellent pictures. Special Thanks: Many of the pictures in this field guide came from Jerry Caldwell and Morgan Mendenhall. Thank you for the use of your excellent pictures. Also to: Morgan Mendenhall for editing this field

More information

9 How Many and What Kind of

9 How Many and What Kind of Biological J.H. MyersControl of Diffuse Knapweed 9 How Many and What Kind of Agents for the Biological Control of Weeds: a Case Study with Diffuse Knapweed JUDITH H. MYERS Departments of Zoology and Agroecology,

More information

Some are beneficial... biological noxious weed control can be elusive and long term

Some are beneficial... biological noxious weed control can be elusive and long term Some are beneficial... biological noxious weed control can be elusive and long term The flower-feeding beetle Brachypterolus pulicarius was brought to North America by accident in 1919, probably in a shipment

More information

The 2012 Drought. Common Weed Complaints in Musk Thistle 1/18/2014. Webster County Diversified Agriculture Conference Marshfield, MO

The 2012 Drought. Common Weed Complaints in Musk Thistle 1/18/2014. Webster County Diversified Agriculture Conference Marshfield, MO The 2012 Drought 6 th worst drought in history Hottest year in history Sarah Kenyon University of Missouri Extension Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu The 2012 Drought Other Causes

More information

B A C K C O U N T R Y. Bio-Control of Diffuse Knapweed

B A C K C O U N T R Y. Bio-Control of Diffuse Knapweed Highlands Ranch Community Association B A C K C O U N T R Y W I L D E R N E S S A R E A Bio-Control of Diffuse Knapweed The Highlands Ranch Community Association Highlands Ranch is a 22,000 acre master

More information

Battle Tactics from Camp Ripley, The War on Invasive Species

Battle Tactics from Camp Ripley, The War on Invasive Species Battle Tactics from Camp Ripley, The War on Invasive Species Kayla Malone maka0811@stcloudstate.edu Camp Ripley, MN Camp Ripley is a 53,000-acre regional training facility for our military, federal, state,

More information

Mapping for Successful Management. Kayla Malone Chaffee County Noxious Weed Department Supervisor

Mapping for Successful Management. Kayla Malone Chaffee County Noxious Weed Department Supervisor Mapping for Successful Management Kayla Malone Chaffee County Noxious Weed Department Supervisor Outline Mapping and CDA guidelines EDDMapS Point, line, or polygon? Plant life cycles Examples of implementation

More information

A SUMMARY OF THE STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAJOR NOZIOUS WEED SPECIES IN IDAHO, MONTANA, AND NORTH DAKOTA. Edward Monnig

A SUMMARY OF THE STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAJOR NOZIOUS WEED SPECIES IN IDAHO, MONTANA, AND NORTH DAKOTA. Edward Monnig A SUMMARY OF THE STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAJOR NOZIOUS WEED SPECIES IN IDAHO, MONTANA, AND NORTH DAKOTA Edward Monnig USDA Forest Service Northern Regional Office Cooperative Forestry and Pest

More information

The Weed Battle. Sage Fitch, Salt Lake County Weed Specialist

The Weed Battle. Sage Fitch, Salt Lake County Weed Specialist The Weed Battle Noxious and Invasive Weed Management by The Salt Lake County Weed Program and The Bonneville CWMA Sage Fitch, Salt Lake County Weed Specialist Our program & our partners Who are we and

More information

Spotted and. DiffuseKnapweed. Noxious Weeds of Nebraska. Biology Identification Distribution Control

Spotted and. DiffuseKnapweed. Noxious Weeds of Nebraska. Biology Identification Distribution Control Spotted and University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension EC173 (Revised Januay 2010) Noxious Weeds of Nebraska DiffuseKnapweed Roch E. Gaussoin, Extension Turfgrass Specialist Stevan Z. Knezevic, Extension

More information

Appendix C Species-specific Ecology and Proposed Treatments, Including Herbicide Rates

Appendix C Species-specific Ecology and Proposed Treatments, Including Herbicide Rates Appendix C Species-specific Ecology and Proposed Treatments, Including Herbicide Rates The following table displays species-specific ecology and integrated pest management treatments for invasive plants

More information

Assessing Long-term Impact of Leafy Spurge Biological Control Agents: Conclusions from a 6-year study

Assessing Long-term Impact of Leafy Spurge Biological Control Agents: Conclusions from a 6-year study Report for Project USDAAPHIS5179 #58-5436-1-221 Assessing Long-term Impact of Leafy Spurge Biological Control Agents: Conclusions from a 6-year study Principal Investigators: Dr. David Kazmer Dr. Ronald

More information

Integrated weed management What is your management goal?

Integrated weed management What is your management goal? Biological Control of Weeds 101 Mark chwarzländer & Carol Randall Part 1 Great Falls, M 12 January 2012 Invasive plants & noxious weeds xotic plant species (for rangeland weeds most commonly form urasia)

More information

Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba)

Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba) Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba) Hoary cress, also known as White top, is a member of the Mustard family. It was probably introduced from Europe as a contaminant in alfalfa seed. It is a creeping perennial,

More information

Montana s Noxious Weeds: Weeds 101

Montana s Noxious Weeds: Weeds 101 Montana s Noxious Weeds: Weeds 101 MODULE 1 Module 1: Introduction Weedy vs. Noxious A weed is: A plant growing where it isn t wanted. Whereas a noxious weed is: A plant growing where it isn t wanted and

More information

Read Chapter 5. Groups Used as Agents for Biological Control of Weeds

Read Chapter 5. Groups Used as Agents for Biological Control of Weeds Read Chapter 5 Groups Used as Agents for Biological Control of Weeds Classical Biocontrol of Weeds Requires Agents with Narrow Host Ranges 1. Insects 2. Mites 3. Nematodes 4. Fungi Coleoptera Families

More information

Montana s Noxious Weeds: Integrated Weed Management

Montana s Noxious Weeds: Integrated Weed Management Montana s Noxious Weeds: Integrated Weed Management MODULE 5 Integrated Weed Management Begin with the end in mind... Kill the weed Yes, but not the whole story Healthy plant community that meets management

More information

Successful biological control of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa by the weevil

Successful biological control of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa by the weevil Successful biological control of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa by the weevil Larinus minutus: support for the enemy release and the silver bullet hypotheses 1 1 1 Judith H. Myers Depts. of Zoology

More information

The Minnesota Noxious Weed Lists By Category. Holly Nelson Isanti County Noxious and Invasive Weed Unit

The Minnesota Noxious Weed Lists By Category. Holly Nelson Isanti County Noxious and Invasive Weed Unit The Minnesota Noxious Weed Lists By Category Holly Nelson Isanti County Noxious and Invasive Weed Unit MINNESOTA STATE STATUES MN STATUES 18.75-18.91 NOXIOUS WEED LAW 18.80 INSPECTORS Subdivision 2 Local

More information

Weed Identification and Control. Jim Wanstall NMDA State Noxious Weed Coordinator

Weed Identification and Control. Jim Wanstall NMDA State Noxious Weed Coordinator Weed Identification and Control Jim Wanstall NMDA State Noxious Weed Coordinator What Is A Weed? A weed is any plant that interferes with the management objectives for a particular site. An invasive weed

More information

The Demographic Performance of the Capitulum Weevil, Larinus latus, on Onopordum Thistles in its Native and Introduced Ranges

The Demographic Performance of the Capitulum Weevil, Larinus latus, on Onopordum Thistles in its Native and Introduced Ranges Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. pp. 739-745 (2000) 739 The Demographic

More information

MINERAL COUNTY WEED DISTRICT

MINERAL COUNTY WEED DISTRICT MINERAL COUNTY WEED DISTRICT P.O. Box 730 Superior, MT 59872 (406) 822-3547 FAX (406) 822-3840 6 Year Integrated Weed Management Plan Plan # Please complete the following form. Incomplete or inaccurate

More information

Spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinnii) University of Wisconsin Weed-Factsheet

Spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinnii) University of Wisconsin Weed-Factsheet Spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinnii) University of Wisconsin Weed-Factsheet 7-16-07 Mark J. Renz Extension Weed Scientist, Agronomy Department University of Wisconsin-Madison INTRODUCTION Spotted

More information

2017 Science Olympiad. Mentor Invitational. Division C. Invasive Species

2017 Science Olympiad. Mentor Invitational. Division C. Invasive Species 2017 Science Olympiad Mentor Invitational Division C Invasive Species STATION 1 1. Where is this invasive species native to? 2. Name five (5) identifying features of this adult. a. d. b. e. c. 3. What

More information

GROUND DISTURBANCE AND REVEGETATION GUIDELINES

GROUND DISTURBANCE AND REVEGETATION GUIDELINES GROUND DISTURBANCE AND REVEGETATION GUIDELINES Ravalli County Weed District 329 Airport Road Stevensville, Montana 59870 406-777-5842 kmorris@rc.mt.gov To comply with the MONTANA S COUNTY WEED CONTROL

More information

Host-specificity testing on Leipothrix dipsacivagus (Acari: Eriophyidae), a candidate for biological control of Dipsacus spp.

Host-specificity testing on Leipothrix dipsacivagus (Acari: Eriophyidae), a candidate for biological control of Dipsacus spp. Host-specificity testing on Leipothrix dipsacivagus (Acari: Eriophyidae), a candidate for biological control of Dipsacus spp. A. Stoeva, 1 B.G. Rector 2 and V. Harizanova 1 Summary Leipothrix dipsacivagus

More information

Spotted Knapweed Eradication Project, Spruce Gulch, Colorado 2010 Progress report

Spotted Knapweed Eradication Project, Spruce Gulch, Colorado 2010 Progress report Spotted Knapweed Eradication Project, Spruce Gulch, Colorado 2010 Progress report T.R. Seastedt, PhD. and D.K. Knochel, Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder The difficult we do immediately; the impossible

More information

Sublette County. Weed Awareness Newsletter. Let Sublette County Weed and Pest help you control your noxious weeds and pests!!

Sublette County. Weed Awareness Newsletter. Let Sublette County Weed and Pest help you control your noxious weeds and pests!! Sublette County Weed Awareness Newsletter 2012 Let Sublette County Weed and Pest help you control your noxious weeds and pests!! COST SHARE PROGRAM Pesticides purchased by a Sublette County resident, from

More information

Nolan Notah GIS Field Supervisor -Conservation Legacy -Southwest Conservation Corps -Ancestral Lands

Nolan Notah GIS Field Supervisor -Conservation Legacy -Southwest Conservation Corps -Ancestral Lands Nolan Notah GIS Field Supervisor -Conservation Legacy -Southwest Conservation Corps -Ancestral Lands Southwest Conservation Corps enters its third season integrating spatial data collection into its programs.

More information

Lincoln Smith, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California

Lincoln Smith, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California New Developments in the Biological Control of Invasive Weeds Lincoln Smith, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California The application of classical biological control to help manage weeds in

More information

Grade: K to 2 Length: one hour Subjects: life science Topics: weed identification. Preparation

Grade: K to 2 Length: one hour Subjects: life science Topics: weed identification. Preparation Grade: K to 2 Length: one hour Subjects: life science Topics: weed identification Objectives Exercises in this lesson help students achieve the following objectives: Identify weeds in a field setting Observe

More information

MAPPING WEEDS ON ANCESTRAL LANDS: A COLLABORATIVE PILOT PROGRAM ENGAGING NAVAJO AND HOPI YOUNG ADULTS

MAPPING WEEDS ON ANCESTRAL LANDS: A COLLABORATIVE PILOT PROGRAM ENGAGING NAVAJO AND HOPI YOUNG ADULTS MAPPING WEEDS ON ANCESTRAL LANDS: A COLLABORATIVE PILOT PROGRAM ENGAGING NAVAJO AND HOPI YOUNG ADULTS Natalie Pyrooz June 28, 2016 Presented at the 13 th Biennial Conference of Science and Management on

More information

Read Ch 12 Weed Biological control

Read Ch 12 Weed Biological control Read Ch 12 Weed Biological control 1. How do insects affect plants? (see pp#4) 2. How is weed biocontrol affected by components of the biotic community? 3. How do weed and insect biocontrol differ? Feature

More information

Walk with Weeds- Noxious Weed s Backyard or Yours?

Walk with Weeds- Noxious Weed s Backyard or Yours? Walk with Weeds- Noxious Weed s Backyard or Yours? Created by: Kim Schumacher Subject: Science, Language Arts Time Required: 30-minutes (1 class period) Date: Grade Level: 3 rd & 4 th Standards: Reading:

More information

What s New in Weed Biocontrol in California. Michael J. Pitcairn California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento

What s New in Weed Biocontrol in California. Michael J. Pitcairn California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento What s New in Weed Biocontrol in California Michael J. Pitcairn California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento Classical Weed Biological Control A method of weed control where natural enemies

More information

Annual Report. Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Activities on Lands in Inyo and Mono Counties

Annual Report. Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Activities on Lands in Inyo and Mono Counties 2008 Annual Report Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Activities on Lands in Inyo and Mono Counties Inyo and Mono Counties Agricultural Commissioner s Office 207 W South Street Bishop, CA 93514 760.873.7860

More information

Implementing Effective Noxious Range Weed Control On Rangeland s

Implementing Effective Noxious Range Weed Control On Rangeland s 158 RANGELANDS 17(5), October 1995 Implementing Effective Noxious Range Weed Control On Rangeland s Joe Antognini, Paul C. Quimby, Jr., Charles E. Turner, and James A. Young After decades of declining

More information

Sarah Kenyon University of Missouri Extension Agronomy Specialist

Sarah Kenyon University of Missouri Extension Agronomy Specialist Sarah Kenyon University of Missouri Extension Agronomy Specialist 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu Identify Pest Resources Extension Office Weed ID App Internet USDA Plants Database o http://plants.usda.gov

More information

PAYETTE COUNTY CWMA END OF YEAR REPORT

PAYETTE COUNTY CWMA END OF YEAR REPORT PAYETTE COUNTY CWMA END OF YEAR REPORT 2009 Payette County CWMA has brought together landowners and various agencies that are responsible for weed management within the CWMA, develop common management

More information

Garlic Mustard Biocontrol An Update. Jeanie Katovich, Esther Gerber, Hariet Hinz, Luke Skinner, David Ragsdale and Roger Becker

Garlic Mustard Biocontrol An Update. Jeanie Katovich, Esther Gerber, Hariet Hinz, Luke Skinner, David Ragsdale and Roger Becker Garlic Mustard Biocontrol An Update Jeanie Katovich, Esther Gerber, Hariet Hinz, Luke Skinner, David Ragsdale and Roger Becker Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis McCornack C. scrobicollis Life Cycle Summer Adult

More information

Part I Introduction to Spotted Knapweed

Part I Introduction to Spotted Knapweed Response to Invasion: Managing Spotted Knapweed by Anastasia P. Maines Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO Part I Introduction to Spotted Knapweed

More information

% control June 2005 Aminopyralid Aminopyralid Aminopyralid Picloram

% control June 2005 Aminopyralid Aminopyralid Aminopyralid Picloram Canada thistle control by aminopyralid in North Dakota. Luke W. Samuel and Rodney G. Lym. (Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105). Aminopyralid is a member of the

More information

JEFFERSON COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL BOARD 380 Jefferson Street, Port Townsend Ext. 205

JEFFERSON COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL BOARD 380 Jefferson Street, Port Townsend Ext. 205 JEFFERSON COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL BOARD 380 Jefferson Street, Port Townsend 98368 360 379-5610 Ext. 205 noxiousweeds@co.jefferson.wa.us BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Meadow Knapweed (Centaurea jacea x

More information

Biocontrol of Garlic Mustard and Buckthorn, an Update

Biocontrol of Garlic Mustard and Buckthorn, an Update Biocontrol of Garlic Mustard and Buckthorn, an Update Jeanie Katovich, Esther Gerber, Hariet Hinz, Luke Skinner, David Ragsdale Roger Becker, Laura Van Riper and Andre Gassman Where is garlic mustard a

More information

Biological control and precipitation effects on spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe): empirical and modeling results

Biological control and precipitation effects on spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe): empirical and modeling results Biological control and precipitation effects on spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe): empirical and modeling results ANASTASIA MAINES, DAVID KNOCHEL, 1 AND TIMOTHY SEASTEDT Institute of Arctic and Alpine

More information

Weeds: the Great Biodiaspora. Weeds: the Great Biodiaspora

Weeds: the Great Biodiaspora. Weeds: the Great Biodiaspora Weed: A plant species (or any organism) not in its normal geographic distribution, spread by human activities, and usually with some negative impact to humans and/or native flora/vegetation/fauna What

More information

ADOPTED REGULATION OF THE STATE QUARANTINE OFFICER. LCB File No. R Effective September 24, 2003

ADOPTED REGULATION OF THE STATE QUARANTINE OFFICER. LCB File No. R Effective September 24, 2003 ADOPTED REGULATION OF THE STATE QUARANTINE OFFICER LCB File No. R003-03 Effective September 24, 2003 EXPLANATION Matter in italics is new; matter in brackets [omitted material] is material to be omitted.

More information

Fickeisen Plains Cactus (Pediocactus peeblesianus ssp. fickeiseniae)

Fickeisen Plains Cactus (Pediocactus peeblesianus ssp. fickeiseniae) Fickeisen Plains Cactus (Pediocactus peeblesianus ssp. fickeiseniae) Monitoring Report Salt Trail Canyon Monitoring Site 2006-2008 Daniela Roth Navajo Natural Heritage Program Department of Fish & Wildlife

More information

2010 Annual Report. Invasive Weed Control and Eradication Activities in Inyo and Mono Counties

2010 Annual Report. Invasive Weed Control and Eradication Activities in Inyo and Mono Counties 2010 Annual Report Invasive Weed Control and Eradication Activities in Inyo and Mono Counties Inyo and Mono Counties Agricultural Commissioner s Office 207 W South Street Bishop, CA 93514 760.873.7860

More information

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS IN THE FYNBOS: AN OVERVIEW

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS IN THE FYNBOS: AN OVERVIEW BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS IN THE FYNBOS: AN OVERVIEW Fiona Impson University of Cape Town & Plant Protection Research Institute With thanks to; Tony Gordon, John Hoffmann, Carien Kleinjan,

More information

Changing soils to manage plant

Changing soils to manage plant Changing soils to manage plant communities Andrew Kulmatiski Assistant Professor University of Alaska Anchorage The problem Ray of hope Future directions http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/ 1981 13 mill. acres

More information

Wheat Rice Corn The parts are often very small Diagnostic microscope Magnifies to 45 x Compound microscope Magnifies to 400 x

Wheat Rice Corn The parts are often very small Diagnostic microscope Magnifies to 45 x Compound microscope Magnifies to 400 x Turf and Weed Grasses Identification and Management World consumption Wheat, Corn & Rice 206 Turf Pest Control Pest Management Workshop February 19, 2013 Wheat Corn Rice Grasses are monocots 644 genera

More information

Carbon Assimilation and Its Variation among Plant Communities

Carbon Assimilation and Its Variation among Plant Communities Carbon Assimilation and Its Variation among Plant Communities Introduction By, Susan Boersma, Andrew Wiersma Institution: Calvin College Faculty Advisor: David Dornbos Currently, global warming remains

More information

AGFACTS. Scotch, Illyrian and stemless thistles (Onopordum spp.) INTRODUCTION. There are four Onopordum species thistles present in Australia.

AGFACTS. Scotch, Illyrian and stemless thistles (Onopordum spp.) INTRODUCTION. There are four Onopordum species thistles present in Australia. AGFACTS AGFACTS AGFACTS www.dpi.nsw.gov.au Scotch, Illyrian and stemless thistles (Onopordum spp.) Agfact P7.6.55, second edition, February 2005 Jim Dellow, Weeds Agronomist, Orange Agricultural Institute

More information

Two shoot miners as potential biological control agents for garlic mustard: should both be released?

Two shoot miners as potential biological control agents for garlic mustard: should both be released? Two shoot miners as potential biological control agents for garlic mustard: should both be released? E. Gerber, 1 H.L. Hinz, 1 B. Blossey 2 and S. Bacher 3 Summary Two shoot-mining weevils, Ceutorhynchus

More information

Rocky Mountain Field Institute 2015 Annual Report Waldo Canyon Fire Restoration December 17, 2015

Rocky Mountain Field Institute 2015 Annual Report Waldo Canyon Fire Restoration December 17, 2015 December 17, 2015 815 South 25 th St, Suite 101 Colorado Springs, CO 80904 www.rmfi.org Dedicated to the conservation and stewardship of public lands in the Pikes Peak Region 2 Background In the summer

More information

Banana t hri p s i n t he We s t I ndi e s

Banana t hri p s i n t he We s t I ndi e s Thrips are tiny (1-2 mm), slender insects with typical long fringes on the margins of their narrow wings. Adults may cause major damage by puncturing the fruit epidermis to suck out the contents. The fruit

More information

Do Native Plant Mixtures Reduce Invasions Along Roadsides in Wisconsin? Joslyn Mink MS Candidate University of Wisconsin-Madison

Do Native Plant Mixtures Reduce Invasions Along Roadsides in Wisconsin? Joslyn Mink MS Candidate University of Wisconsin-Madison Do Native Plant Mixtures Reduce Invasions Along Roadsides in Wisconsin? Joslyn Mink MS Candidate University of Wisconsin-Madison Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) Invasive plants perceived to

More information

Agapanthus Gall Midge update (Hayley Jones, Andrew Salisbury, Ian Waghorn & Gerard Clover) all images RHS

Agapanthus Gall Midge update (Hayley Jones, Andrew Salisbury, Ian Waghorn & Gerard Clover) all images RHS Agapanthus Gall Midge update 20.10.2015 (Hayley Jones, Andrew Salisbury, Ian Waghorn & Gerard Clover) all images RHS Background The agapanthus gall midge is an undescribed pest affecting Agapanthus that

More information

Lost Rivers CWMA 2009 End-of-Year Report

Lost Rivers CWMA 2009 End-of-Year Report Lost Rivers CWMA 2009 End-of-Year Report EOY Lost Rivers CWMA 2009.doc Page 1 of 13 Part I: Introduction The Lost Rivers Cooperative Weed Management Area covers approximately 2.1 million acres of the Big

More information

Biology and Biological Control

Biology and Biological Control United States Department of Agriculture TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biology and Biological Control of Knapweeds Rachel Winston, Mark Schwarzländer, Carol Bell Randall, and Richard Reardon Forest

More information

Nebraska s Noxious Weeds

Nebraska s Noxious Weeds Nebraska s Noxious Weeds 1. Canada Thistle - 1873 2. Musk Thistle - 1962 3. Leafy Spurge - 1962 4. Plumeless Thistle - 1975 5. Spotted Knapweed - 1992 6. Diffuse Knapweed - 1992 7. Purple Loosestrife January

More information

15 Non-Native Plants at Lake Mead National Recreation Area

15 Non-Native Plants at Lake Mead National Recreation Area 15 Non-Native Plants at Lake Mead National Recreation Area To report weed locations use non-native plant survey form and/or contact: Carrie Norman Exotic Plant Manager carrie_norman@nps.gov 702-293-8734

More information

The Biological Control of Spotted Knapweed in the Southeastern United States

The Biological Control of Spotted Knapweed in the Southeastern United States University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2012 The Biological Control of Spotted Knapweed in the Southeastern United States Carey R. Minteer University of Arkansas,

More information

LCB File No. T ADOPTED TEMPORARY REGULATION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

LCB File No. T ADOPTED TEMPORARY REGULATION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Chapter 555 of NAC LCB File No. T009-05 ADOPTED TEMPORARY REGULATION OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Filed with the Secretary of State on March 24, 2005 CLASSIFICATION OF WEEDS NAC 555.010 Designation

More information

2011 Annual Report on Invasive Weed Control and Eradication Activities in Inyo and Mono Counties

2011 Annual Report on Invasive Weed Control and Eradication Activities in Inyo and Mono Counties 2011 Annual Report on Invasive Weed Control and Eradication Activities in Inyo and Mono Counties Inyo and Mono Counties Agricultural Commissioner s Office 207 W South Street Bishop, CA 93514 760.873.7860

More information

Section 6.1, Preparation for the Initial Close-Out Inspection, describes the tasks the Permittee(s) must complete prior to the Close-Out Inspection.

Section 6.1, Preparation for the Initial Close-Out Inspection, describes the tasks the Permittee(s) must complete prior to the Close-Out Inspection. Overview of Section 6 6.0 Section 6 addresses Steps 15 through 20, Project Acceptance and Close-out in the GESC Permit Process: Step 15. Prepare the site for the Initial Close-Out Inspection and schedule

More information

Classical biocontrol of weeds: Its definitions, selection of effective agents, and administrative-political problems 1

Classical biocontrol of weeds: Its definitions, selection of effective agents, and administrative-political problems 1 Reprinted with permission from: The Canadian Entomologist. 1991. 123:827-849. Published and copyrighted by: Entomological Society of Canada. Email: entsoc.can@sympatico.ca Classical biocontrol of weeds:

More information

Our New Great Lakes Flora

Our New Great Lakes Flora Our New Great Lakes Flora... weeds, aliens, invasives... Flora of Wisconsin 2570 total species Michigan = 2717 Information source: Wisconsin State Herbarium wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu Why are we (government,

More information

Environ. Entomol. 35(2): 373Ð378 (2006)

Environ. Entomol. 35(2): 373Ð378 (2006) BIOLOGICAL CONTROLÐWEEDS Compatibility of Two Herbicides with Cyphocleonus achates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Agapeta zoegana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Two Root Insects Introduced for Biological

More information

Purple Loosestrife Project Biocontrol Sites:

Purple Loosestrife Project Biocontrol Sites: Purple Loosestrife Project Biocontrol Sites: Interim results of a cooperative project between Michigan State University and Michigan Sea Grant Extension Photos, Maps and Layout by Jason K. Potter 2002

More information

Weed Management In Shoalwater Bay Training Area An Integrated Approach. By Tennille Danvers & Belinda Shaw

Weed Management In Shoalwater Bay Training Area An Integrated Approach. By Tennille Danvers & Belinda Shaw Weed Management In Shoalwater Bay Training Area An Integrated Approach By Tennille Danvers & Belinda Shaw Introduction to SWBTA SWBTA is located 80km north of Rockhampton, covering an area of approximately

More information

Using Transline Herbicide to Control Invasive Plants

Using Transline Herbicide to Control Invasive Plants Using Transline Herbicide to Control Invasive Plants Vanelle F. Carrithers DowElanco 28884 S. Marshall Road, Mulino, OR 97042 Transline is a selective, broadleaf herbicide that provides excellent control

More information

4. Host-Specificity Testing:

4. Host-Specificity Testing: 4. Host-Specificity Testing: 4.1 Selection of non-target test arthropods Peter G. Mason Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, CANADA Biological Control Expert Group Workshop Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

More information

FIELD GUIDE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

FIELD GUIDE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA US Department of Agriculture TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FIELD GUIDE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Rachel L. Winston, Carol B. Randall, Bernd Blossey, Philip W. Tipping, Ellen C.

More information

LIST A OF THE COLORADO NOXIOUS WEEDS - ERADICATION REQUIRED - IN DOUGLAS CO PRIORITY

LIST A OF THE COLORADO NOXIOUS WEEDS - ERADICATION REQUIRED - IN DOUGLAS CO PRIORITY DOUGLAS COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN I. Introduction A. Why the plan is being written 1. Compliance with the Colorado Noxious Weed Act B. Goal Implementation of the law, Public education, Public

More information

Department of Conservation and Recreation Revised Spotted Knapweed Management Plan Myles Standish State Forest

Department of Conservation and Recreation Revised Spotted Knapweed Management Plan Myles Standish State Forest Department of Conservation and Recreation Revised Spotted Knapweed Management Plan Myles Standish State Forest Spotted Knapweed in Myles Standish State Forest, Photo by Alexey Zinovjev Prepared by James

More information

Waterbury Dam Disturbance Mike Fitzgerald Devin Rowland

Waterbury Dam Disturbance Mike Fitzgerald Devin Rowland Waterbury Dam Disturbance Mike Fitzgerald Devin Rowland Abstract The Waterbury Dam was completed in October 1938 as a method of flood control in the Winooski Valley. The construction began in April1935

More information