Neotropical Emerald moths: a review of the genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae.

Transcription

1 ~oologicaljournal ofthe Linnean Sock& (1996). 118: With 241 figures Neotropical Emerald moths: a review of the genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae. Geometrinae) LINDA M. PITKIN Department of Entomology. The Natural Histoly Museum. Cromwell Road. London. S W7 5BD Received March accepted for publication JuQ 1996 The classification of the Neotropical genera of the Geometrinae is reviewed and 38 genera are recognized (including one nornen dubium). Seven generic synonyms are newly established and the genus Gnathosocia is described as new. Other changes established in this work include 1 species synonym and 36 new or reinstated combinations. A key to genera. based on external features. is provided for their identification. External features and genitalia of representatives of each genus are illustrated. All the 506 known Neotropical species and subspecies of Geometrinae are catalogued and details of type material. examined extensively. are given The Lnnean Society of London ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS -taxonomy. CONTENTS Introduction Material and methods Depositories of material Taxonomic characters Geometrinae Tribal classification of the Geometrinae Key to the Neotropical genera of the Geometrinae Review of genera Anomph Cathydata Chavaniella Chloractis Chlorissa Chlorochlamys Chbroptqx Dichorda Eualloea Eunosies Eueana GnathosoGia Hyalochlora Hydata Hyphalia /96/ $25.00/ The Linnean Society of London

2 310 I,. M. PITKIN Lissochlora. Lophochorirta. Methydata. Neagathta.. Nmona.. Neocrasir.. Oospila.. Pachycopsas. Paromphacodes Phrudocmtra. Poecilochlora. Qrochlora.. Rhodochlora. Synchlora.. Tachychlora. Tuhyphyle. Teotheta.. 7hrasychlora. Xanthonma. Xenopepla.. Xerochlora.. Acknowledgements References INTRODUCTION Emerald moths, named for the green coloration typical of the group, are members of the Geometrinae, a subfamily of the Geometridae. They are particularly diverse in tropical forests, where the caterpillars consume the leaves and flowers of various trees and shrubs, but neither moths nor caterpillars are much in evidence during the day; most Emerald moths are active at night, when they can be attracted to light traps. The caterpillars are cryptic, often resembling twigs or other parts of the plants on which they feed and, as in other Geometridae, they are known as loopers or inchworms because of their distinctive gait caused by a reduction in the number of their abdominal prolegs. 'The Geometrinae, which include about 2300 described species in 250 genera according to the global taxonomic database updated from Scoble, Gaston and Crook (1 995)) have an almost worldwide distribution. Approximately 470 species are known in the Neotropics, a region that has been the focus of a series of studies by the Geometrid Moth Research Team as part of The Natural History Museum's collaboration with the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Costa Rica. These studies have used the resources of the long-established collections of The Natural History Museum and other institutions, together with a large quantity of recently collected Costa Rican material. The latter has been made available by the extensive sampling carried out by INBio's parataxonomists, a team of locally trained field-workers. An important aim of this programme of research is to revise the taxonomy of selected geometrid taxa with the purpose of recognizing monophyletic groups and to provide a means of identifying tribes, genera and species through keys and descriptions. A further intention is to support the efforts of Costa Rica, in surveying and conserving its rich biological diversity, by contributing to the National Biodiversity Inventory. The present project sets out to build on recent revisionary studies of selected Neotropical genera of Geometrinae. Although dealing with only four genera, the

3 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 31 1 studies of Pitkin (1993) on Nmoria, Lissochlora and Chauarriella, and Cook and Scoble (1995) on Oospila covered approximately half of the Neotropical species of Geometrinae. The present paper reviews, at the generic level, all 38 Neotropical geometrine genera currently recognized, thus providing a context to our initial studies on Neotropical Geometrinae. Although regionally restricted, this study has been undertaken with awareness of the Geometrinae of the rest of the world so an important aim of the work has been to improve our understanding of the subfamily on a global basis by complementing recent studies of Geometrinae, notably in North America (Ferguson, 1985) and SE Asia (Holloway, 1996). MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is based on more than 3000 specimens of Geometrinae, examined from three main sources: the collections of The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (BMNH) (primary types and large series of other Neotropical material), the National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., U.S.A. (USNM) (further primary types), and the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San Jost, Costa Rica (INBio) (extensive, recently collected, Costa Rican material). The bulk of the material from INBio was collected by Daniel Janzen, Winnie Hallwachs, and INBio s team of parataxonomists. Neotropical material forms the major part of the sample but the study is broadened by the examination of type species and a range of extralimital species in those genera that occur elsewhere. I examined more than 700 genitalia slides. Abdominal markings were noted or photographed prior to dissection. In the female, abdominal tergum A7 was separated from its corresponding sternum using the technique explained in Pitkin (1 993: 4 1). I have followed the convention of describing features of the male abdominal segment 8 under the heading Genitalia d, although, anatomically, they are pregenital structures. The colour photographs of whole moths are all to the same scale; other illustrations are not to the same scale. Lectotypes were designated where necessary, particularly since several species have mixed syntype-series. In selecting lectotypes, specimens were chosen that had already been labelled as the Type in the collections of the BMNH and the USNM unless there were good reasons for not doing so. References to citations of genus and species-group names, subsequent to the original descriptions, are given only where they are required to show the historical background to the reinstatement here of earlier usage. Revisions of Neotropical species of Chauarriella Pitkin, Lissochlora Warren and Nernoria Hubner (Pitkin, 1993), and of Oospila Warren (Cook and Scoble, 1995) have been published recently so are not given detailed treatment in the current work, Species of those genera are listed here with, in each case, any synonyms, the original genus, and type locality (country only). In the more detailed coverage of species of other genera, the country records given for each species are based on the examination of specimens specifically for this work. Some species are recognizable on external features but the identity of many others can be confirmed only by dissection of specimens; where this is yet to be carried out, the record is given with a question mark. Records of species from northern Mexico, although biogeographically Nearctic, are included in the present work because they are not covered by works on

4 312 L. M. PITKIN North America. In addition to l7ze Times Atlas Ofthe World (Comprehensive Edn, 1968), Appendix I in Brown (1979) proved invaluable for checking locality names. DEPOSITORIES OF MATERIAL AMNH BMNH CMNH CUIC DEIC HERB MCZC MNHU NHMV RMNH SMFD OXUM USNM American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (formerly British Museum (Natural History)). Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde, Germany. Herbulot collection, France. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. University Museum, Oxford, U.K. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (formerly United States National Museum, USNM). TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS Certain characters once used to define and group the Neotropical genera of Geometrinae are now seen to be too variable to be relied on. Prout (1932: 20) regarded the presence or absence of a frenulum in the male as an important character at the level of genus and above. However, both states can occur within a genus. For instance, a frenulum is present in most males of Synchlora but absent from S. faseolaria. Both states also occur within Oospila (with the inclusion by synonymy of Urucumia by Cook and Scoble (1 995: 4)), Chloractis, including an undescribed species, and Phrudocentra, including two species here transferred from Chloractis. A few genera were defined primarily on the degree of fusion of the veins Sc + R1 and Rs in the hind wing but this character, like many aspects of the venation, is also subject to variability, e.g. in Cathydata and Lophochonita. I consider the degree of fusion of these veins to be of little taxonomic value without other more reliable supporting characters. On this basis I synonymize Prohydata with Hydata, and Cheteoscelis with Synchlora. However, I defer synonymy of Methydata with PachycopsZC in the absence of knowledge of the male genitalic characters of the former genus. Methydata might instead prove synonymous with Hydata, since the main distinction is in another variable character: the presence or absence of the apical pair of hind tibia1 spurs. Some geometrine genera are sexually dimorphic in this respect but both states occur in the same sex of different species within Rhodochlora, Oospila and Xerochlora among others.

5 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 313 Other extenzal features Most Geometrinae are green but the shade, either pure green, or olive, yellowish or greyish green, differs between some groups of genera. A high degree of homoplasy makes colour pattern (of the wings mainly) often an unreliable character at the generic level but it can be used to distinguish some genera. For instance Lophochorista, a genus defined by features including tufts on the metathorax, differs from other Geometrinae in wing pattern. Similarly, wing shape is sometimes subject to homoplasy but in certain genera it is a useful diagnostic character. Typically the outer margin of the fore wing is straight or slightly curved convexly and the outer margin of the hind wing is curved convexly but in several genera (e.g. Eualloea, Neagathia and Neocrasis) is shaped otherwise. Dorsal crests or tufts on the abdomen are of diagnostic value; in the Neotropical fauna a row of these is present only in Oospila and Lophochorista. Genitalia The terminology of the genitalia largely follows that of Mots (1 956) and Ferguson (1985); various male structures are labelled in Fig. 87. Male genitalic structure is distinctive in most species of Geometrinae and, in many cases, characterizes genera. At the genus level, important features include the shape of the valva and the form and position of the various processes that may be present on the valva, such as those ofnmoria (Fig. 11 1). Some genera differ in the shape and degree of development of the uncus and socii, and in the presence or absence of processes of the aedeagus. The tegumen, vinculum and uncus form a characteristic shape in certain genera including Dichorda and Phmdocentru (Figs 94, 1 18, 1 19). Abdominal sternite 8 is sometimes partly sclerotized (e.g. in Lophochorista (Figs 72, 73) and usually in Oospila (Fig. 75)). In the female (Figs ), characters of the ostial region are of greatest diagnostic value at the species level and to a lesser degree in defining genera. Most other structures of the female genitalia vary from species to species but the shape of the signum is characteristic in certain genera (see discussion of diagnostic features of Geometrinae). The apophyses anteriores vary in length within genera and within species. The estimates of length given are based on examination of few specimens and are intended for use as a rough guide rather than as a definitive measurement. GEOMETRINAE (Characters based mainb on Neotropical genera) Adults (Figs 1-60). Ground colour usually green, exceptions include a few Neotropical genera and some of the Old World Pingasa group; pigment geoverdin present in large quantities. Front of head brown or green, sometimes mixed with cream but rarely with white predominating. Male antennae bipectinate and tapered unless stated otherwise; female antennae often simple but sometimes serrate or bipectinate. White interantennal fillet usually present. Wing pattern: various; typically with white antemedial and postmedial lines; often with reddish brown terminal line; dark brown discal spot usually present on each wing, sometimes weak; fore and hind wings usually similarly coloured; costal margin of fore wing occasionally with transverse

6 314 L M. PITKIN Figures Geometrine moths. 1, Anomphax gnoma; 2, Cathydatu bahna; 3, Chauaniella lafcyaria promontona; 4, Synchlora orthogramma 9; 5, Chlorach pulchma; 6, Chlorisra decipiens; 7, Chlnrochlamys chloroleucaria; 8, Chloroptqw hmithearia; 9, Chloroptqx opalaria; 10, Dichorda conrequaria; 11, Ihchorda porpbropir; 12, nirhordophora nplagaria; 13, Qscheilia inornatu (holotype, 9); 14, Eualloea subbfuciata; 15, Eucrostes dominkaria; 16, Eueana niueociliana, 9 ; I 7, Gnathosocia eucrines (holotype); 18, Hyalochlnra splendenr; 19, Hydata diaphana; 20, Hydatu stigmalica. Moths are male unless stated otherwise. Scale bar = 20 mm.

7 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 315 Figures 21-41, Geomrtrine moths. 2 1, Hydata subjnutraria; 22, Lissochlora bryata; 23, Lissochlora manost@na, 9; 24, Lophorhorista diuersata?; 25, Methydata au.rtpr; 26,.Neqathia conuptata; 27, Nmoria toxeres, 0; 28, Nmoria scriptaria; 29, Neocrasis obsrurata (holotype); 30, Oospila confundaria; 3 1, Oospila trilunariu: 32, Puchycop~iS caducuta: 33, Paclycopsis tridentutu; 34, Paromphacodes perpulchru; 35, Paromphacodes resularia (holotype); 36, Faramphacodes rubrimargo; 37, Phrudocentra ren~~anu ~mpuncta~u; 38, Phmdocmtra juneiru tenuis; 39, Phrudocmtra obnubilata; 40, Phrudocentra pupillab; 4 1, Phrudocentra subaurata. Moths are males unless stated otherwise. Scale bar = 20mm.

8 316 L. M. PITKIN Figures Geometrine moths. 42, Phrudocentra tanys9s; 43, Poecilochlora minor; 44, Qrochlora rhanis; 45, Rhodochlora roseipalpis; 46, Rhodnchlora rothchildi; 47, $2; 48, $nchlora,frondariafrondaria; 49, Synchlora pularia: 50, Tadyrhloru amilleh (holotype); 51, Tachychlora javicomu; 52, Tachychlora jlora; 53, Tachyphyle am&; 54, Tachyphyle pretiosa; 55, Tachyphyle undilineata: 56, Telotheta muscipunctata, $2; 57, 7hraychlora minor; 58, Xanthoxena imilons (lectotype, $2); 59, Xenopepla jlavin&a (holotype); 60, Xerochlora masonaria. Moths are males unless stated otherwise. Scale bar = 20 mm.

9 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 317 striations but without these unless stated otherwise; under-side of wings usually a paler version of upper side. Wing shape various but unless stated otherwise: outer margin of fore wing straight or weakly curved convexly, apex of wing sometimes sharp but not extended to the degree of causing a concavity in the outer margin, outer margin of hind wing curved convexly. Venation (e.g. Figs 6 1, 62): R,-R, of fore wing stalked. Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing usually either touching but not fused, or fused at a point or for a short distance; occasionally fused to midway along cell. M2 of hind wing arising from end of cell slightly nearer M, than M,. Frenulum often reduced or even absent (consists, unless stated otherwise, of a single bristle in male, and one or more finer, hair-like bristles and a few hairs in female). Hind tibia commonly with 2 pairs of spurs but sometimes with only 1 (apical) pair. Male hind tibia often with terminal extension, which may be as long or longer than first tarsal segment; often also dilated and with a hair pencil in a groove. Abdomen sometimes with white spots or other dorsal markings. Ansa of tympana1 organ usually narrow just above base, broader medially, narrowing to apex. Sternite 3 of male abdomen often with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales (as in Holloway, 1996: figs ). Genitalia 8. Uncus often slender and rod-like, sometimes long, or broad at base and tapered, occasionally forked or with other modification; sometimes reduced, without process or with extremely short process. Socii semi-membranous or sclerotized, often well developed and sometimes long. Gnathos commonly a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth but sometimes modified or incomplete. Valva usually much longer than broad, with a few exceptions, notably that of Gnathosocia; basic shape usually parallel-sided or tapered, sometimes with variously shaped processes of costa or ventral surface. Transtilla commonly a narrow or moderately broad band, sometimes weakly sclerotized and indistinct or incomplete, usually bilobate; sometimes modified: large and plate-like as in Chlorochlamys, Eueana and certain others, or fused with juxta to form anellar complex in Oospila and a few other genera. Juxta, except in genera with an anellar complex, usually a shield- or shovel-shaped plate or pouch. Coremata sometimes present at base of valva, towards saccus. Aedeagus typically with a ventral slender basal part and pointed apex, more-or-less cylindrical or swollen medially, usually more strongly sclerotized in a strip along one side; sometimes with spines or larger processes but usually without cornuti. Abdominal sternite 8 often extended posteriorly as 2 slight lobes with a shallow notch or scoop in between, less commonly with larger sclerotized processes; with or without midrib. Genitalia $2. Apophyses anteriores varying in length, ranging from extremely short to only slightly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Ostial region sometimes with various sclerotized preostial or postostial structures, separate or united. Ductus bursae membranous or with varying degree of sclerotization. Corpus bursae with or without signum in anterior half (signum in posterior half in Anomphax). Signum, when present, usually either bicornute or in the form of a ridge. Ovipositor valves short, oblique and covered in setae on small papillate projections. Dzscussion of diagnostic features Several features have been suggested as possible apomorphies for the Geometrinae by various authors. Holloway (1 996) discusses several ground-plan characters, mainly in the light of his studies of moths of the Austro-Oriental Region. To

10 318 L. M. PITKIN complement his findings, ahd the recent studies of Cook & Scoble (1992) and Cook et al. (1994), I add comments based on investigation of Neotropical representatives of the group. Holloway (1996) treats the Old World genus Dysphania as a tribe within Geometrinae and places all other members of the subfamily in the tribe Geometrini. Pending stronger evidence that these two tribes are sister groups, my current work continues to apply the conservative concept of classification of the subfamily (see under Tribal Classification of the Geometrinae). (1) The green colour so pervasive in Geometrinae is due to the presence of large quantities of the pigment geoverdin (Cook et al., 1994). It seems likely that this is an apomorphy of the Geometrinae. The majority of Neotropical Geometrinae are green, vivid or muted in shade, but several lack any obvious green areas and are brown (e.g. Neocrasis) or yellow (Xanthoxena). Although these genera were not tested by Cook et al., other brown or yellow Geometrinae that were tested did contain large amounts of geoverdin. (2) Reduction of the frenulum. A tendency towards this within the Geometrinae has been remarked on by Prout (1912: 2), and by Holloway (1996) as characteristic of his concept of Geometrini (i.e. Geometrinae excluding Dysphania). The frenulum is reduced or absent in many Neotropical Geometrinae; it is absent, for example, from both sexes of Anomphax, Cathydata, Dichordophora and Eucrostes, but well developed in others (e.g. Rhodochlora and males of Oospila). As discussed under taxonomic characters this character is variable even within some genera. (3) Shape of the ansa of the tympana1 organ: usually narrow just above base, broader medially, narrowing to apex. Cook & Scoble (1992) regarded this as a probable synapomorphy of the Geometrinae, present in all of their sample except the anomalous genus Dysphania Hubner (thus equivalent to Geometrini sensu Holloway, 1996). This state occurs in most Neotropical Geometrinae. The few exceptions that have the apex of the ansa broadened as in certain Ennominae or some other subfamilies include Tachyphyle pretiosa, Phrudocentra janeira and Phrudocentra kinstonensis. (4) A pair of fields of needle-like scales on sternite 3 of the male abdomen is present in most of the Geometrini sensu Holloway (1996). Paired fields occur in about twothirds of Neotropical genera, but are absent in the remaining third including Dichorda and Oospila. Paired fields, as opposed to the more widely shared general presence of setae on sternite 3, may be an apomorphy of the Geometrinae, in which case its occurrence outside the group, in the Desmobathrini sensu Holloway (1996) and occasionally in the Ennominae, would be homoplasious. The desmobathrine patches are more elongated than those of Geometrinae. (5) Socii well developed often with parallel reduction of uncus (Holloway s concept of Geometrini, i.e. Geometrinae excluding Dysphania). Tendencies within the Geometrinae towards dominance of socii over uncus are exemplified by several independently derived occurrences in Neotropical representatives: the Synchlorini, some Lophochoristini (Oospila and Telot~eta) and Rhodochlora mfaria. However, at the other end of the range of this variable character several geometrine genera have very weakly developed socii, without reduction of the uncus, notably Chloractis, Neagathia, Taclychlora and Tachyphyle. (6) Cruciform vinculum (Holloway, 1996: Geometrinae). Development of this structure (e.g. Fig. 92) in the region of the saccus is pronounced in some genera (e.g. Chlorochlamys, Chloropteryx, Phrudocentra and some species of Synchlora), weak in various others, and absent in the rest (including Eualloea, Eucrostes, Eueana and Telotheta). (7) Aedeagus usually with sclerotization reduced to a ventral longitudinal strip and

11 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 319 usually without true cornuti (Holloway, 1996: Geometrinae). The sclerotized strip of the aedeagus is often strongly developed; cornuti are rarely present except in Oospila, which sometimes has one cornutus or more. (8) Oblique papillate ovipositor valves (Holloway s concept of Geometrini). This character state is present in all the Neotropical representatives examined and in most other Geometrinae. (9) Bicornute signum (Holloway s concept of Geometrini). This character is less widespread in Neotropical Geometrinae than in the taxa reviewed by Holloway (1996). A version of this general structure (e.g. Fig. 228) occurs in various genera, namely Anomphax, Dyscheilia, Eualloea, Lissochlora, Oospzla, Paromphacodes and Telotheta. Others (Eueana, Lophochorista, Nemoria, Synchlora, Xanthoxena and possibly also Rhodochlora) differ in having a ridge or shallow pouch, and a signum is absent from several genera. A bicornute signum is present also in some boarmiine Ennominae (Holloway, 1993 [1994]: 167). In conclusion, the widespread occurrence of certain features in Neotropical representatives of the group adds support to their treatment as apomorphies of Geometrinae (Geometrini sensu Holloway, 1996). These are characters 1, 3, 7, 8 and possibly also 4. With regard to the other characters, Neotropical findings suggest that 2 is not an apomorphy of the Geometrinae and is instead likely to have arisen, probably more than once, within the Geometrinae; the status of characters 5, 6, and 9 needs further clarification. ~mmature stages Very little is known of the immature stages of Neotropical Geometrinae but those in some other regions of the world have been documented and illustrated by various authors, notably Ferguson (1985: 8-1 0, North American species) and Sugi (1987: pls 14-16, Japanese species). Patocka (1994) gives characteristics of the pupae of Central European Geometrinae and other Geometridae. Ferguson (1985: 9) discusses features of the larva diagnostic for the Geometrinae and follows McGuffin, (1967: 7-8) in giving the following combination of key characters: seta SV4 absent on A1 but present on A3, A4 and A5; seta MD1 conspicuous on anterior abdominal segments if dorsolateral projections are undeveloped; seta CD2 on anal proleg distinctly above level of seta L2. TRIBAL, CLASSIFICATION OF THE GEOMETRINAE The classification above the generic level within the Geometrinae needs much more investigation and integration on a global basis. Attempts at phylogenetic analysis, notably by Viidalepp (1981), have been too limited in taxonomic and geographic coverage to clarify the situation. A particular problem exists in resolving the relationships of the Old World genus Dysphania which is currently placed within the Geometrinae but is anomalous in several respects. Holloway (1 996) recognizes two tribes in the Geometrinae: the Dysphaniini, based solely on the Old World genus Dysphania and the Geometrini, including all other Geometrinae. Consequently he relegates to subtribal level the tribal groupings used by other authors. Further studies may well vindicate this solution but in view of the many issues yet to be resolved in the classification of the

12 320 L. M. PITKIN Geometrinae I defer adoption of this proposal in the current work. The tribal names that follow are all equivalent to the subtribal names of Holloway. Various tribal classifications that have been proposed are of limited value because they are restricted to certain geographical areas; however, they provide a useful starting point. Ferguson (1969 and 1985) classified the North American fauna in five tribes and Inoue (1 96 1) classified the Japanese genera in thirteen tribes. Ferpson s framework accommodates many Neotropical genera but requires some revision when examined against this broader geographical background. For instance one of the chief characters that Ferguson used to define the Nemoriini, the length and shape of the socii in relation to the uncus, is now known to be much more variable than originally supposed, not only between genera but within the highly diverse genera Nemoria and Lissochlora. The characters given below, taken as a combination, define the Nemoriini better than before but are still not entirely satisfactory. As individual characters, few of them are unique to the Nemoriini nor are they present in all members of that group. The definitions of certain other tribes are open to question: the diversity of structure seen, not just within tribes but within certain Neotropical genera, weakens the case for recognizing tribes based on a single genus, such as the Dichordophorini, and the Old World tribes Timandromorphini and Neohipparchini of Inoue. Nine Neotropical genera are left whose relationships with any existing tribes are not yet resolved. There is little overlap between New World and Old World genera. That only two Neotropical genera occur also in the Old World is believed to reflect a true situation rather than an artificial consequence of a regional approach to geometrine taxonomy. Three of the five tribes discussed below are confined to the New World; of the other two, the Nemoriini have some Old World representatives (genera formerly in the Ochrognesiini) and the Hemitheini are primarily Old World. For discussion of groups that occur exclusively in the Old World see Holloway (1 996). In addition to the above studies, one by Stekol nikov and Kuznetsov (1981) recognized two supertribes, Comibaenidii and Geometridii, but although they considered these to encompass the holarctic Geometridae, their study sample was restricted to the fauna of the USSR. Tribe Nemoriini Gumppenberg, 1887 Holloway (1996) defines the group (as a subtribe) largely on the following characters of the male abdomen and genitalia. New World findings are included to complement and qualify his studies. (1) Abdominal sternite 8 with a sclerotized longitudinal midrib (e.g. as in Fig. 74): this is strongly developed in flmoria, less so in Rhodochlora, weak or incomplete in Lissochlora, Hyalochlora, Paromphacodes, Poecilochlora and irhrasychlora, rarely present in Chavarriella, and absent altogether in several other genera. A midrib occurs also in some members of the Synchlorini and in the Comibaenini. (2) Uncus rod-like, not pointed, often elongate and slender. A rod-like uncus is characteristic of all nemoriine genera except Lissochlora where it is presumed to be secondarily modified in the albociliaria group. The uncus is spatulate in Chavarriella, Poecilochlora, fjvochlora, the exclusively North American genus Chlorosea, and some

13 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 321 Nemoria, Phrudocentra and Dichorda species. The Hemitheini have a rod-like uncus but this is usually pointed and the socii lie parallel to it or are convergent, not divergent as they are when developed in the Nemoriini. A spatulate uncus is seen in Hydata, a genus which has no obvious relationship with the Nemoriini and is currently unplaced. (3) Valva with a differentiated sclerotized costal region, often with processes, particularly in Nmoria. The value of this as a tribal character is limited: sclerotization of the costal region is weak in Chauamella, Chloractis, Phrudocentra, &rochlora and Tachychlora but present in certain genera outside the Nemoriini e.g. Synchlora (Synchlorini) and Chlorina (Hemitheini). (4) The nemoriine saccus is sometimes bilobed. Ferguson ( 1985) describes the conspicuous dorsolateral protuberances of the larva, usually plate-like and most pronounced on abdominal segments 1-5. The larva is known in Jvmoria, Phrudocentra, Dichorda and Chlorosea; the dichordophorine larva is similar. The larva of Tachyphyle, a Neotropical genus whose relationships are currently unresolved, has very large dorsolateral plates. Dorsal protruberances are typical also of Geometra, in the Old World Geometrini, but these are conical, not plate-like. The nemoriine larva is typically a foliage feeder but a few flower feeders are known: Jvmoria arizonaria (Grote) (from North America) (see Greene, 1989) and Phrudocentra (oubrica?) from Costa Rica. All the nemoriine characters of the abdomen and genitalia are well developed in the Old World tribe Ochrognesiini Inoue (1 96 1) which is consequently considered to be a junior synonym of Nemoriini (see Holloway, 1996). Genera: Neotropical Neotropical and Nearctic Cathy data Chavarriella Chloractis Hy alochlora Paromphacodes Poecilochlora &ochlora Rhodochlora Tachy chlora lhrasy chlora Dichorda Jvmoria Phrudocentra Nearctic Chlorosea Old World Ochrognesia and Ochrognesiini) related genera (formerly in Tribe Dichordophorini Ferguson, 1969 The tribe includes just the genus Dichordophora. The most distinctive feature is the two-pronged uncus flanked by sclerotized socii in the male genitalia. Ferguson (1 985) describes the larva as similar to that of Nemoriini but with a continuous series of crochets instead of the two groups usual in Geometrinae.

14 322 L. M. PITKIN Genus: Neotropical and Nearctic Dichordophora Tribe Synchlorini Ferguson, 1969 The Synchlorini are characterized by the male genitalia in which the uncus is reduced and the socii are rigidly sclerotized, tapered and pointed. According to Ferguson (1985) the synchlorine larva, typically a flower feeder, has weakly developed dorsolateral protuberances which it covers with snippings of flowers and other plant fragments throughout the larval stage. Holloway (1 996) cites similarities with the Old World group Comibaenini (Comibaeniti in his treatment) in genitalic structure and in larval behaviour. Various other geometrine larvae attach plant debris to their bodies but only in the early instars. Genera: Neotropical Neotropical and Nearctic Xenopepla Synchlora Tribe Lophochoristini Ferguson, 1969 In thc Lophochoristini the valva has a ventral (usually medio-ventral) sclerite. This occurs also in the Old World Rhomboristini with which Holloway (1996) suggests a relationship, and in various Geometrinae that have no obvious relationship to the Lophochoristini e.g. Tarhyphyle, which is currently unplaced, and Chlorissa, which is in the Hemitheini. Various other features occur in some but not all lophochoristine genera. The transtilla and juxta are fused to form an anellar complex surrounding the aedeagus in Oospila, Anomphax and Telotheta but not in Eueana. Although there is no clear development of this in Lophochorista some species have a weak connection between the transtilla and juxta. Abdominal sternite 8 is usually modified with a sclerotized posterior margin or with processes in hphochorista, Oospila and Telotheta but it is not modified in Anomphax and Eueana. The abdomen has a row of prominent tufts of long scalcs in Lophochorista and Oospila but not in the other three genera. According to Ferguson (1985) th? larva, known for Eueana, is similar to the hemitheine larva. c' Tenera: Neotropical Neotropical and Nearctic Anomphax Telotheta Oospila Eueana Lophochorista Tribe Hemitheini Bruand, 1846 The Hemitheini Jensu strict0 are characterized by the male genitalia in which the uncus is slender, rod-like and pointed or tapered, and the socii are usually similar to the uncus in shape and size. The socii lie close to the uncus, parallel or convergent.

15 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 323 Abdominal sternite 8 is simple in the Neotropical representatives but some Nearctic and Old World taxa are modified with one or two pointed posterior processes. The dull colour of the moths is prone to fading and preserved specimens are brownish or yellowish-green, not pure green as typical of the Nemoriini. The wings do not have translucent patches as in Hydata and various other genera. The outer margin of the hind wing is often angled at vein M3 but this is seen also in genera outside the Hemitheini. Eualloea bears a general resemblance to the Hemitheini but it has highly complex genitalic structures and its relationships are unclear. Holloway (1 996) recognizes a broad concept of the Hemitheini (Hemitheiti in his treatment) with more varied morphology. The pan-tropical genus Eucrostes and various Old World taxa included in his concept are bright green and the uncus sometimes has a notched apex. The relationships of Eucrostes are unclear; it is possible that it may have affinities with the Lophochoristini (see the discussion under the diagnosis of Eucrostes). Holloway describes the male hemitheine antennae as often having untidy pectinations but Neotropical representatives have the usual comb-like, regular arrangement of pectinations. The hemitheine larva is usually simple and twig-like, rarely with abdominal protuberances. Genera: Neotropical Neotropical and Old World Neotropical and Nearctic Nearctic Old World Neocrasis Chlorissa Eucrostes? Chloroch lamys Chloropte yx Xerochlora Hemithea Hethemia Mesothea numerous genera The tribal placement of the following Neotropical genera is unresolved: Dyscheila Eualloea Gnathosocia Hydata Methy data Neagathia Pachy copsis Tachyphy le Xanthoxena KEY TO THE NEOTROPICXL GENERA OF THE GEOMETRINAE This key is based on external rather than genital characters as far as possible, to obviate the need for routine dissection. Most features are easy to observe in fresh or well preserved specimens but some differences are subtle or, unavoidably, apply to

16 324 L. M. PITKIN males only. In a few cases examination of genitalic features and comparison of these with the figures at the end of this paper will resolve doubtful identities. A few species are currently misplaced in genera and are not covered by this key: Dichorda poqhyropis (Fig. 11, p. 343) Jveocrd exirnia (Figs 110, 160, p. 369), Lophochorirta porioni (p. 361), Phrudocentra tanyspys (Fig. 42, p. 386), P. juccida (Figs 120, 169, p. 385) and P. 386). 1. Hindwings predominantly plain white, usually contrasting with fore wings (Figs 1, 4, 34-36) 2 - Hindwings not predominantly plain white; usually of similar colour to fore wings or with distinct pattern 4 2. Hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs. Fore wing with terminal line and/or fringe usually reddish or brown (Figs 34-36) Paromphacodes (p. 376) - Hind tibia with 1 (apical) pair of spurs (in Neotropical species). Fore wing without reddish or brown terminal line or fringe Fore wing with white postmedial lines (Fig. 4); Mexico northwards Synchlora (bistriaria 392) - Fore wing plain (Fig. 1); South America 328) 4. Wings predominantly plain bright yellow (Fig. 58) 409) - Wings predominantly greenish or brownish, not plain bright yellow 5 5. White postmedial lines of fore and hind wing together form a single straight, fairly thick, strongly oblique line (on a conventionally set specimen); costa of fore wing with transverse brown and white striations (Figs 10, 12) 6 - Postmedials of fore and hind wing not forming a single straight fairly thick strongly oblique line or if they do, then costa of fore wing without striations 7 6. Inner side of fore femur uniformly pinkish 343) - Inner side of fore femur with brown or occasionally pinkish blotches interspersed with large white areas 341) 7. Abdomen with dorsal line of crests 8 - Abdomen without line of crests 9 8. Thorax, or at least metathorax, covered with tufts of raised brown scales 360) - Thorax without raised scales 370) 9. Wings with irregularly scalloped outer margins which are reddish brown bordered on inner side with diffuse yellowish band; without white patches between antemedial and postmedial lines (Fig. 43) 386) - Wings without scalloped margins; colour pattern not as in Fig. 43. [Nmoria heterograpta resembles Fig. 43 but has white patches between antemedial and postmedial lines] Fore wing extended at apex and vein M3 causing a concavity in outer margin; outer margin of hind wing sharply angled and extended to a slight tail at vein M3 (Figs 5, 14, 29) 11 - Fore wing not extended at apex and vein M3; outer margin of hind wing if extended at vein M3 then extended also at MI Wings with green areas (Fig. 5) 331) - Wings brown or olive brown without green areas (Figs 14, 29) Fore wing length 17 mm or more 345) - Fore wing length 13 mm or less 369)

17 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS Outer margin of hind wing extended at veins M, and M,, more strongly at M, or equally at both veins (Figs 2, 26) 14 - Outer margin of hind wing not extended at veins M, and M,, or extended more at M, Brown postmedial lines of wings waved or indistinct from broad brown outer band (Fig. 2) Cuthydatu (p. 329) - Brown postmedial lines of wings more-or-less smooth, with paler shading on outer side (Fig. 26) Neuguthiu (p. 362) 15. Wings bluish green diffusely striated all over with white or colourless flecks, without antemedial, postmedial, or terminal lines; with large green discal spots (Fig. 56) Telotheta (p. 407) - Wings not bluish green with large green discal spots Wings with yellow border inside brown terminal line and broader than that line (excluding fringe) (Fig. 15) Eucrostes (p. 346) - Wings usually without yellow border inside brown terminal line but occasionally with yellow border narrower than that line Two small brown blotches on hind wing, 1 in place of discal spot, the other adjacent (Fig. 17) Gnathosocia (p. 348) - Wing pattern not consisting of 2 small brown blotches sited on hind wing as in Fig Both pairs of wings with well-defined blotches at outer margins (one blotch at costal end and another at anal angle, as in Fig. 3). Segment 2 of abdomen with brown dorsal tuft in between 2 small cream patches Chauurriella (p. 330) - Wings without blotches sited as in Fig. 3. Abdomen without brown dorsal tuft in between 2 small cream patches Wing pattern consisting of large central green areas of wings very thinly scaled and translucent; brown to pinkish white fasciae merged in a broad band at outer margin of wings; brownish patch at base of wings (Fig. 18) Hyalochlora (p. 349) - Wing pattern not as in Fig Wings with very broad brown or pale brown median band on hind wing and posterior half of fore wing; distinct pale blotch at edge of band near anal angle offore wing (Fig. 44) qvrochlora (p. 387) - Wing pattern not as in Fig Wings yellow-green, olive or brownish (e.g. Figs 6-9, 19-21), without any areas of pure green and without a rose coloured area at the anal angle of the fore wing 22 - Wings with at least a small area of pure green (e.g. Figs 27, 28, 50-55) 29 P.B. Tuchychloru subfuluuta is often predominantly ochreous but with small marginal areas of pure green. Green areas are occasionally minimal in Rhodochlora but the species concerned have a rose coloured area at the anal angle of the fore wing.] 22. Wings with distinct translucent (or occasionally whitish) patches; without terminal line or striated costa; yellowish green or with at least patches of yellowish green (Figs ) 23 - Wings without distinct translucent patches; sometimes mottled with white, in which case costa is striated or terminal line is present or wings not yellowish green Hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs Hydutu (p. 351) - Hind tibia with 1 (apical) pair of spurs 24

18 ~ Postmedial ~ Hind ~ Front ~ Wings ~ Hind 326 I,. M. PITKIN 24. Hind wing with veins Sc + R, and Rs fused to beyond middlc of cell Pactyopsis (p. 375) Hind wing with veins Sc + R, and Rs fused at a point Methydata (p. 362) 25. Wings with large dark brown areas and yellow patches as in Fig. 59. Male hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs ~~no~epla (p. 4 10) - Wings plain, mottled, or patterned with whitish areas. Male hind tibia with 1 (apical) pair of spurs Postmedial lines smooth or slightly waved; wings plain, without terminal line (Fig. 7) Chlorochlamys (p. 334) lincs strongly waved or broken; wings with or without terminal line or other markings (Figs 8, 9, 60) Wings more-or-less plain, without terminal line hut with distinct striations on costa of fore wing (Fig. 60) Xeroctiluru (p. 41 1) plain or patterned (Figs 8, 9) hut if plain and without terminal line then without distinct striations on costa of fore wing Male antennae hipectinate 336) Male antennae simple 332) 29. Base of hind wing usually with yellowish, cream or occasionally brown patch extending at least to antemedial band. Brown or olive antemedial band more distinct or more extensive on hind wing than on fore wing; wings without white postmedial lines. Fore wing sometimcs with brown-ringcd ycllowish blotch or just a brown ring between postmedial line and anal angle. (Figs 45, 46, 50, 51) 30 wing without yellowish or cream basal patch; fore wing without yellowish hlotch hetween postmedial line and anal angle. Rarely with brown antemedial hand more distinct or more extensive on hind wing than on fore wing, but if so then postmedial lines are whitish Front of head white (or occasionally green) Tachychlura (p. 401) of head orange or brown Rhodochlora (p. 388) 3 1. Hind tibia with 1 (apical) pair of spurs. Hind wing veins Sc + R, and Rs either touching but riot [used (as in Fig. 61), or fused at a point or for a short distance. Apex of fore wing not falcate 32 tibia usually with 2 pairs of spurs; if with 1 pair then hind wing veins Sc + R, and Rs fused to midway along cell, or apex of [ore wing falcate as in Fig Wings plain (Fig. 13) Dyscheilia (p. 344) Wings patterned Wings with brownish patch at base Chloractis (p. 331) Wings without brownish patch at base Eueana (p. 347) 34. Hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs but apical pair extremely small. Outer margin of hind wing straight or slightly curved (Figs 53 55) Tactyphyle (p. 404) - Hind tibia with both pairs of spurs well developed or (occasionally) apical pair absent. Outer margin of hind wing sometimes angled at M, (as in Fig. 40) Under-side of hind wing often with brown or blackish markings (sometimes restricted to a small spot, occasionally faint or greenish or ochreous, near inner margin) additional to or more extensive than any markings on upper surface; or under-side of hind wing with broad greenish band at outer margin. If lacking such markings: fore wing tip produced and outer margin of wing slightly concave or sinuous (Figs 38, 39, 41) or interantennal fillet with two narrow white bands,

19 NEOTROPICAI, EMERALD MOTHS 327 or wings with brown or olivc postmedial line or row of dots not touching costa of fore wing (Fig. 37) Phmdocentra (p. 378) - Under-side of hind wing without dark markings other than those corresponding to markings on upper surface and without greenish band. Fore wing tip not produced; outer margin of wing convex or straight. Interantennal fillet with or without one white band but never with two. If wings with brown postmedial line or dots these are combined with white markings or else extend onto costa of fore wing (e.g. Figs 23, 28) Wings plain green, without markings other than discal spots; outer margin of hind wing distinctly anglcd at M, (Fig. 57) 7Arasychlora (p. 408) - Wings with postmedial or terminal line or with other markings, or with fine diffuse whitish striations. Outer margin of hind wing sometimes angulate but often curved (as in Figs 22, 23) Hind wing usually with veins Sc + R, and Rs fused for at least a short distance. Male antennae strongly bipcctinate (length of longest antennal branches considerably more than three times thickness of shaft at same point) except in despicata; antenna tapering abruptly. Male genitalia with uncus reduced (without terminal process) (Figs ) Synchlora (p. 392) [N.B. except despicata.] - Hind wing with veins Sc + R, and Rs touching but not fused (Fig. 61). Male antennae often weakly bipectinate (length of longest antennal branches often less than three times thickness of shaft at same point); antenna often tapering smoothly. Male genitalia with rod-like or broad terminal process of uncus (Figs 105, 106, 111) Wings with line of brown dots at veins, together with tiny white dots representing traces of postmedial and antemedial lines, without distinct brown postmedial and antemedial lines (Fig. 23). Costa of fore wing not striated; under-side of costa usually brown at base. Front of head brown; abdomen with one or more white spots Lissochlora (albociliaria group and certain other species (p. 357) - Wings patterned otherwise. If wings with brown dots combined with white dots then costa of fore wing is striated, or underside of costa brown at base, or front of head not brown; or abdomen without white spots Outer margin of fore wing almost straight, that of hind wing slightly curved; wings without brown blotches or speckles (other than discal spot) (Fig. 22). Abdomen with tiny plain white dorsal spots and/or dark spot at anterior end, or plain Lissochlora (diarita group) (p. 357) - Outer margins of wings usually curved as in (Figs 27, 28). Wings with or without brown markings; abdomen variously marked but often with reddish-ringed white spots Nemoria (p. 363) [N.B. A few Lissochlora species, patterned or plain will also key out here. Genitalic characters distinguishing Nmoria from Lissochlora are the development of the basal costal process of the valva (male, compare Fig. 111 with 105, 106) and the shape of thc signum (female, compare Figs 234 and 232, and see pp. 364 and 357).].

20 328 L. M. PI'I'KIN REVIEW OF GENERA Anomphax Warren, 1909 (Fks 1, 63, 86, 136, 185, 227) Anornfihax Warren, 1909: 74. Type species: Omphax gnoma Butler, 1882: 367, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 1). Antennae bipectinate in both sexes; interantennal fillet white or yellowish. Wing pattern: plain, without antemedial, postmedial, or terminal lines; fore wing green, often pale, with or without green discal spot; hind wing white, tinged with green, or very pale green, usually paler than fore wing. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fbsed. Frenulum absent from both sexes. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen predominantly whitish, without spots; a few tiny hairs projecting dorsally may represent rudimentary crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 8 (Figs 63, 86, 136). Uncus short and tapered. Socii semi-membranous, small. Gnathos a short loop with a narrow distal tooth. Valva with squarish, slightly serrated-edged, ventral sclerite. Transtilla and juxta fused to form anellar complex surrounding acdcagus. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedcagus with finger-like process; spinose area on aedeagus and on process. Abdominal sternite 8 wcakly extended posteriorly as two slight lobes separated by distinct U-shaped excision; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Figs 185, 227). Apophyses anteriores about one-third length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial opening irregular, slightly wrinkled. Ductus bursae lightly sclerotized, slightly bulbous, very short (much shorter than elongate pear-shaped corpus bursae). Signum with two small spines or papillae, in posterior half of corpus bursae. Diagnosis. Anomphax resembles Paromphacodes and the bistriaria group of Synchlora in having whitish hind wings and greenish fore wings but unlike those genera it has plain wings without postmedial line, terminal line or brown fringe. Wing markings are sometimes very weak in Paromphacodes but both pairs of tibia1 spurs are present in that genus. The male genitalic structure of Anomphax (Fig. 86), unlike that of Paromphacodes or Synchlora, indicates a close relationship with Oospila (Figs 1 12, 1 13) but An,omphax lacks the abdominal crests of that genus. Biological notes. Host-plant: Anacardiaceae: Schinus dependens (record, and account of early stages, of Anomphax gnoma in Argentina by Prout, 19 1 Ob: 2 12). Distrihutzon. Known only from South America, in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Species. Two species. Genitalia examined: 8 : gnoma; 9 : both species. AYLO~~~UX gnoma (Butler) Omphax gnoma Butler, 1882: 367. Lectotype 9, CHILE: Valparaiso, Las Zorras, xii, i (Edmonds) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Chile; Argentina?

21 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 329 Anomphax uirescentaria (Maassen) comb. nov. Tnalassodes uirescentaria Maassen, 1890: 98, 160; pl. 8, fig. 11. Holotype, BOLIVIA: road to Cotafia, m, (Stiibel) (MNHU) [not examined]. Distribution. Bolivia. Cathydata Prout, (Figs 2, 87, 137, 186) Cathydata Prout, 19 12: 2 1 (key), 208. Type species: Racheospila (9 batina Druce, 1892: 92, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 2). Female antennae simple. Interantennal fillet occasionally completely white but usually with orange or brown band between white margins. Wing pattern: large central areas of wings predominantly pale green, very thinly scaled and translucent; other markings olive or brown; broad band at outer margin of fore wing; irregular band near outer margin of hind wings; patch at base of wings; without white antemedial and postmedial lines and without terminal line. Brown postmedial lines of wings waved or indistinct from broad outer band. Hind wing with irregularly scalloped outer margin, extended particularly to a slight tail at vein M, and also at MI. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing either touching but not fused, or fused for a short distance. Frenulum absent from both sexes. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; male hind tibia with long terminal extension. Abdomen green or olive dorsally, with a few indistinct tiny white spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 8 (Figs 87, 137). Uncus long, very slender and rod-like. Socii semimembranous, fairly narrow. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Tegurnen, vinculum and uncus together form an approximate spindle shape. Valva tapered, narrow except at basal end, without processes. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus without any spines. Abdominal sternite 8 weakly extended posteriorly as two very slight lobes with a shallow notch in between; without midrib. Genitalia 0 (Fig. 186). Apophyses anteriores about two-thirds length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial surrounds unmodified. One-third of ductus bursae a sclerotized antrum (tapered, with membranous dorsal panel), remaining two-thirds membranous. Ductus bursae fairly long but shorter than elongate oval corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. Diugnosis. The wing pattern and shape (Fig. 2) are characteristic in Cathydata. Distribution. Central and South America from Guatemala to Brazil and Bolivia. Species. One species. Genitalia examined: 8 and 9. Cathydata batina batina (Druce) Racheospila (T batina Druce, 1892: 92. Holotype 9, 3000 ft (Champion) (BMNH) [examined]. GUATEMALA: Las Mercedes, Distribution. Guatemala; Costa Rica; CoIombia; Venezuela; Peru; Bolivia.

22 330 L. M. PITKIN Cattydata batina schadei Prout Cat/ydata batina schadei Prout, 1933a: 70. Holotype 8, BRAZIL: Blumenau, Santa Catarina, 26.iv (Schade) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Chavarriella Pitkin, , 64, 88, 138, 187) Chaziarriella Pitkin, 1993: 48 (key), 5 1. 'l'ype species: Comibaena lafararia Dognin, 1892: 206, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 3). Female antennae simple. lnterantennal fillet white. Wing pattcrn: ground colour grccn; outer margins with a brown (or whitish edged with brown) blotch at apex and another at anal angle; these blotches may run together in a few spccics; brown terminal line somctimcs broken, particularly on fore wing. Pale green antemedial and postmedial lines waved, indistinct, sometimes almost indiscernible. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; male hind tibia with terminal extension. Abdomen mottled brown or brown and grecn dorsally, with a few white or cream spots; segment 2 with brown tuft in between two small cream patches. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous ncedlc-like modified scales. Genitalia 6 (Figs 64, 88, 138). Uncus moderately long, slender, rod-like and often slrongly spatulate. Socii semi-membranous, small and not normally erect. Gnathos a slcnder loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva narrow, slightly tapered or parallel-sided, without processes (except for a trace of a distal costal process in pelops). Coremata abscnt or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus without any spines. Anellar plate fairly short, bilobed, sometimes indistinct. Abdominal sternite 8 extended posteriorly as two slight lobes with a shallow notch or scoop in between; midrib usually absent, occasionally present but weak. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 187). Apophyscs anteriores more than half to two-thirds length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region unmodified. Ductus bursae membranous, extremely short (much shorter than either corpus bursae or segment 7). Corpus bursae elongate and slender with bulbous anterior end, without signum. Diagnosis. The wing markings of Chauam'ella are similar to those of some Oospila species but Chavam'ella has a slightly raised brown tuft on the second pale abdominal spot, not a line of crests. The genitalia of Chavarriella are simple, unlike those or Oospila. Di.rtribution. Widespread in Central and South America from Nicaragua to Brazil and Bolivia. S$Jecies. Fourteen species. See detailed coverage of Chavarriella by Pitkin (1993). Genitalia examined: fallax (8 and?), laja'_yaria (d), pelops (8 and q), porcius ( 8 and semiornala (8 and q), syncrasis (8). 9), brunneilinea (Prout, 1912) (Racheospila) Peru Kacheospila semiornata ab. brunneilinea Warren, 1907 excelsa (Dognin, 1910) (Rucheoxpila) Colombia

23 NEOTROPICAL EMEFVILD MOTHS 33 I Jallax (Warren, 1907) (Racheospila) Peru Racheospila distinguenda Dognin, 1923a Colombia Racheospila fallax allotaxis Prout, 1932 Colombia Racheospila fallax cohibita Prout, 1932 Colombia lafayaria lafararia (Dognin, 1892) (comibaena) Ecuador lafayaria promontoria (Warren, 1904a) (Racheospila) Peru Racheospila promontoria dilata Prout, 1916 Peru lu~enti~c~pta lugentiscripta (Prout, 1917a) (Racheospila) Colombia lugentiscripta dubia (Prout, 19 I 7a) (Racheospila) Ecuador lutegmbria (Dognin, 1901) (Racheospila) Colombia pelops (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Brazil porcius (Schaus, 1912b) (Racheospila) Costa Rica psittacina (Prout, 191 Oa) (Racheospila) Peru semiornata (Warren, 1901) (Racheospila) Panama Racheosjila spasma Dognin, 1923a Colombia Racheospilla dimznuta Dognin, 1923a. Colombia Racheospila semiornata abnornata Prout, 1932 Colombia Racheospila spasma oroyana Prout, 1932 Peru.rophrosyne (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Brazil gmcrasis (Prout, 1912) (Racheospila) Peru Racheospila conjua Warren, 1904b ljunior homonym] trianteris (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Brazil urania (Herbulot, 1988c) (Nemoria) Peru Chloractis Warren, 1895 (Figs 5, 65, 89, 139, 188) Chloractis Warren, 1895: 88. Type species: Calothyanis pulcherrima Butler, 188 1: 342, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 5). Female antennae bipectinate with very short branches. Interantennal fillet white (pulcherrima) or mottled brown with thin off-white line at front edge (unnamed species). Wing pattern: green areas of wings thinly scaled; white postmedial line surrounded by brownish band, and white antemedial line surrounded by brownish patch at base of wings; terminal line sometimes indistinct, incomplete on fore wing. Fore wing extended at apex and vein M, causing a concavity in outer margin (very slight in unnamed species); angulate outer margin of hind wing extended to a slight tail at vein M,. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching, occasionally fused at a point or for a short distance. Frenulum absent from both sexes (pulchem'ma) or present (unnamed species, known only from males). Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs and male hind tibia with terminal extension (pulcherrima) or with one (apical) pair of spurs and without terminal extension. Metathorax sometimes with slight tuft of raised scales. Abdomen with a few small, usually indistinct, white spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with (pulcherrima) or without pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 8 (Figs 65, 89, 139). Uncus long or moderate, very slender and rod-like. Socii semi-membranous, tiny and not normally erect. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva broad at base, tapered, without processes.

24 :i 3 2 I,. M. PITKIN Vinculum somewhat elongated and with sides distended (as in Phrudocentra but less pronounced). Coremata well developed as dense hair-like tufts on large extensible membranous sac. Aedeagus with pointed or rounded sclerotized apex. Abdominal sternite 8 very weakly extended posteriorly as a slight lobe or as two slight lobes with a shallow notch in between; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 188). Apophyses anteriores more than two-thirds length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial opening with short sclerotized collar discontinued dorsally. Ductus bursae merged with elongate corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. Dzagno.ris. The wing pattern together with the shape of pulcherrima (Fig. 5), the only described species now placed in Chloractis, is highly distinctive. An undescribed species of plainer appearance differs from other geometrines whose wings have thinly scaled pure green areas and a brownish basal patch in having only one pair of hind tibia1 spurs. lhe relationship of Chloractis with Phrudocentra needs investigation; these genera have very similar male genitalia and may even prove to be synonymous. The female genitalia differ mainly in the more elongate corpus bursae of Chloractis, and its ductus bursae sclerotized only as a short collar at the ostial opening. Di.rtribution. Central and South America from Belize to French Guiana and Brazil. Species. One species plus one (or possibly two) undescribed species. (See Phrudocentra for obnubilata and tanaoplera, here transferred from Chloractis.) Genitalia examined: undescribed species (8). pulcherrima (8 and 9); Chloractis pulcherrima (Butler) C,alothy.mni,rpulcherrima Butler, 1881 : 342. Holotype 6, BRAZIL: Amazonas, Prainha, (7ruil) (BMNH) [examined]. Dzstribution. Belize; Costa Rica; Colombia; Venezuela; Trinidad; Guyana; French Guiana: Brazil. Chlorissa Stephens, (Figs 6, 90, 149, 189) Chlorissa Stephens, 1831: 315. Type species: Phalaena viridata Linnaeus, 1758: 523, by subsequent designation by Westwood, 1840: 100. Phniogramma Gumppenberg, 1887: 326. Type species: Nemoria faustinata Milliere, 1868: 436,449, pl. 96, figs 2 8, by subsequent monotypy. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1912: Adults (Fig. 6). Antennae of both sexes simple; interantennal fillet white. Wing pattern: brown or greenish brown, diffusely mottled with whitish flecks; costal margin of fore wing with transverse brown and cream striations [not very obvious]; whitish postmedial lines indistinct and waved, antemedial lines more indistinct or absent; discal spots indistinct; dark brown terminal line slightly broken. Outer margin of hind wirig sharply angled at M3 and extended to a very slight tail. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing usually fused at a point in the Neotropical species (touching but not fused in certain other species). Frenulum weak or absent

25 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 333 from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs in male, two pairs of spurs in female; male hind tibia with terminal extension. Abdomen without distinct spots or crests but sometimes with diffuse brown markings near base. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 6 (Figs 90, 149). Uncus slender, rod-like and pointed. Socii lightly sclerotized, tapered, almost as long as uncus; usually very slender but occasionally broadened subapically in extralimital species. Gnathos absent (Neotropical species), or a loop without distinct distal tooth but occasionally with slight distal process (extralimital species). Valva with spine-like costal and medio-ventral process (Neotropical species), with spine-like or variously shaped costal and medio-ventral or basal, but not basal costal, processes (extralimital species). Transtilla typically a narrow band but large and plate-like in some extralimital species. Juxta typically small (shallow in the Neotropical species). Coremata consist of hair-like tufts on extensible membranous sac. Aedeagus without any spines (Neotropical species); usually with many spines or spinules and often with one or more sclerotized processes (extralimital species). Abdominal sternite 8 more-or-less unmodified (Neotropical species), or with finger-like posterior process (type species and many other extralimital species); without midrib. Genitalia $? (Fig. 189). Apophyses anteriores slightly less than half to slightly less than two-thirds length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial surrounds with various sclerotized structures; postostial plate usually well sclerotized and broad. Ductus bursae often with sclerotized antrum merged with ostial surrounds; usually much shorter than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae elongate, sometimes oval or pear-shaped, without signum. Diagnosis. The Neotropical species of Chlorissa resembles other Hemitheini (Chlorochlamys, Chloroptelyx and Xerochlora), which have brownish, olive, or yellowish-green wings without translucent patches. Chlorissa is distinguished by features of the postmedial and terminal lines together with the lack of striations on the costa of the fore wing, and the simple male antennae. The spine-like process of the valva is distinctive in the sole Neotropical species. Remarks. The above description of wing pattern and shape is based on the Neotropical species alone and does not apply to many other species. However, the females of the Neotropical species are unknown and all female characters are based on Old-world species. According to Prout (1935: 15) the oriental genus Aoshakuna Matsumura (sole species: Aoshakuna sachalinensis Matsumura) is a possible synonym of Chlorissa. Biological notes. Host-plants of the Neotropical species are unknown. C, viridata, the type species of Chlorissa, has been recorded on various plants in Europe; young stages of this area described and figured by authors including Burrows (1 908: ). Distribution. In the Neotropical Region known from Peru and recorded by Warren (1 909: 7 7) also from Surinam and Trinidad; [many Old World species exist]. Species. Approximately 40 species (1 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: decipiens (a), plus 16 extralimital species (d), 5 extralimital species ($?), including viridata (8 and 9).

26 3'14 L. M. PITKIN Chloricra decipiens (Warren) Hemithea decipiens Warren, 1909: 77. Holotype 8 SE. PERU: Carabaya, R. Inamhari, La Oroya, ft, xii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; RMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Literature records: Trinidad; Surinam; (Warren, 1909: 7 7). Chlorochlamys Hulst, 1896 (Fks 7, 91, 141, 190) C'/2lorochlamys Hulst, 18%: Type species: Nmoria chloroleucaria GuenCe, 1857: 35 1, by original designation. Adu1t.r (Fig. 7). Male antennae strongly bipectinate, length of longest branches much more than twice width of flagellum at same point; female antennae simple; interantennal fillet cream or straw. Wing pattern: usually olive or yellowish green, usually finely striated or mottled with diffuse whitish markings; antemedial and postmedial lines cream, smooth or slightly waved, antemedial of hind wing absent; wings without discal spots, other than an occasional faint green trace, and without terminal line. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing fused at a point or for a short distance. Frenulum work or absent from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs in male, two pairs of spurs in female; male hind tibia with well developed terminal extension. Hind tarsi short in male, often little more than half length of tibia, somewhat less short in female. Abdomen pale greenish or straw coloured dorsally, without spots or crests but sometimes with faint pale longitudinal stripe. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needlc-like modified scales. Genitalia 8 (Figs 9 1, 14 1). Uncus slightly tapered, slender and rod-like, sometimes distinctly curved. Socii distinctly or lightly sclerotized, slender, tapered, almost as long as uncus. Gnathos a rather weakly sclerotized, occasionally incomplete loop, basal part usually fused with tepmen; without distal tooth or occasionally with tiny tooth. Valva narrow and slightly tapered, with row of bristles or hairs on median ridge; without other processes. 'I'ranstilla large and plate-like with transverse sclerotized midrib. Juxta often small. Coremata consist of hair-like tufts on extensible membranous sac. Aedeagus usually with fine longitudinal ridges ending in a few small serrations at apex. Abdominal sternite 8 unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 190). Apophyses anteriores slightly more than one-third length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region usually with membranous or sclerotized preostial pouch; postostial plate usually large, usually strongly or lightly sclerotized but membranous in a North American species. Ductus bursae membranous, much shorter than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae pear-shaped or round, without signum. Diagnosis. Chlorochlamys resembles Chlorissa, Chloropte?yx and Xerochlora (see also the diagnoses of those genera) but the nearly smooth postmedial lines and lack of other obvious wing marlungs distinguish it from those. Differences in genitalic structure between Chlorochlamys and Chloropteyx are slight but in the male of the former the transverse midrib of the large plate-like transtilla is characteristic.

27 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 335 Biologzcal notes. Summary of known host-plants: Ferguson (1 985: ) gives the following North American records and accounts of larvae. C. chloroleucaria: Apocynaceae: Apocynum Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus Asteraceae: Achillea; Ambrosia; Aster; Chlysanthmum; Eupatorium; Gulimezia; Helenium; Helianthus; Parthenium; Rudbeckia; Solidqo; Vernonia; zinnia Myricaceae: Myrica Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus Rosaceae: Prunus; Rubus C. appellaria: Asteraceae: Baccharis Polygonaceae: Eriogonum C. triangularis (North American species): Asteraceae: Ericamena Distribution. Predominantly North American [Canada and U.S.A.], extending into Mexico and Cuba. Species. Four species (3 Neotropical). Genitalia examined; upellaria (8 and q), chloroleucaria (6 and?), phyllinaria (8 and?), plus 1 North American species (8 and?). Chlorochlamys upellaria Pearsall Chlorochlamys apellaria Pearsall, 1911: 206. Lectotype 6, U.S.A.: Arizona, Yuma Co., 19.viii (AMNH), designated by Rindge, 1955: 137 [not examined]. Chlorochlamys rubromediaria Cassino & Swett, 1925: 36. Holotype 6, U.S.A.: Utah, Eureka, 2 1.vii. (Spaldzng)(MCZC) [not examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: Chlorochlamys hesperia Sperry, 1951 : 5 1. Holotype 8, U.S.A.: California, Borrego, 27.ii (SpeG (AMNH) [not examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: Dzstribution. Costa Rica?; W.S.A.]. Literature record: Mexico (Ferguson, 1 969: 205). Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria (Guente) JVemoria chloroleucaria Guente, 1857: 351. Syntypes 2 8, 2, North America ( Coll. Mus. et Gn ) (not traced). Nemoria indiscriminala Walker, [1863]: Holotype 9, U.S.A.: E. Doubleday) (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymized by Hulst, 1895: 71.] Nemoria? densaria Walker, [ 18631: Lectotype 8, no locality data (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymized by Hulst, 1895: 7 1.]. Tnalussodes deprivata Walker, [1863]: Holotype 6, U.S.A.: E. Florida, St John s Bluff (Doubledq) (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymized by Hulst, 1895: 7 1.] Geometra desolataria Herrich-Schaffer, 1870: 182. Type(s) 9, Cuba (Gundlach collection, Havana?) [not examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: AplodesJIavilineata Riley, 1870: 205. Type(s), U.S.A. (not traced). [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: 195.1

28 336 I,. M. PITKIN EucroJtis rectilinea Zeller, 1872: 480. Holotype 8, U.S.A.: Texas (Boll)[a specimcn in the BMNH from Zeller's collection, possibly the holotype, was examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: Distribution. Mexico; Cuba; [Canada?; U.S.A.]. Chlorochlamys phyllinaria (Zeller) Eucrostis phyllinaria Zeller, 1872: 479. Lectotype d, U.S.A.: Texas, Dallas (Boll) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Eucrostis relleraria Packard, 1876: 370; pl. 10, fig. 76. Lectotype, U.S.A.: Texas, Waco, viii (Begrage) (MZCZ), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 203 [not examined]. [Synonymized by Hulst, 1886b: 141.] C:iiorochlamys vertaria Pearsall, 1908: 197. Lectotype d, U.S.A.: Arizona, Phoenix, 18.k 1907 (Kunre) (AMNH), designated by Fcrguson, 1969: 203 [photograph examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: Chlorochlamys curvtjira Prout, 1912: 177. Holotype Q, U.S.A.: Arizona, Phoenix, 7.k (Kunzc)(BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: Chorochamys [sic] jetcheraria Sperry, 1949: 43. Holotype d ) U.S.A.: Arizona, pima Co.,] Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, 14.iv (Speny CY Sperry) (AMNH) [not examined; 1 d paratype in BMNH examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: Di.rtributzon. Mexico; ftu.s.a.1 Chloropteryx Hulst, 1896 (Figs 8, 9, 92, 93, 142, 191) Chloropteryx Hulst, 1896: 3 12, Type species: Nemoria tepperaria Hulst, 1886a: 122, by original designation. Hypnochlora Schaus, 1897: Type species: Hypnochlora olvidaria Schaus, 1897: 16 1, by monotypy. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 19 12: Adults (Figs 8, 9). Male antennae bipectinate with short or long branches, length of longest branches about twice width of flagellum at same point or sometimes much longer; female antennae usually simple, in a few species bipectinate but with shorter branches than in male; interantennal fillet white or cream. Wing pattern: dull olive green or brown, often finely mottled with diffuse whitish markings, sometimes with large whitish patches; costal margin of fore wing with transverse brown and cream striations, occasionally faint and only apparent in fresh specimens (striations absent altogether in paularia); white antemedial and postmedial lines waved, usually broken or indistinct, sometimes with darker olive or brown shading on median side. Wings sometimes with but more often without discal spots; often with broken dark brown terminal line, or line greenish and less distinct, or line absent. Fore wing occasionally slightly extended at apex with outer margin very slightly sinuous; outer margin of hind wing angled at vein M, (usually sharply but occasionally weakly and sometimes not at all in paularia), sometimes cxtended to a slight tail. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing fused at a point or for a short distance. Frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs in male, two pairs of spurs in female; male hind tibia usually with well developed terminal extension but without extension

29 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 337 in subrubens and subrufescens. Hind tarsi short in male, usually about half length of tibia or less. Abdomen sometimes mottled with brown markings and occasionally with traces of crests but without distinct spots or crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen usually with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 6 (Figs 92, 93, 142). Uncus slender, rod-like and pointed. Socii sclerotized but not heavily so; slender, rarely tapered except at apex, as long or almost as long as uncus. Gnathos a weakly sclerotized loop, basal part usually fused with tegumen or gnathos joined to tegumen by membrane; without distal tooth. Valva narrow and usually slightly tapered, with row of bristles or hairs on median ridge; often with additional small ventral ridge near base. Transtilla often large and plate-like but sometimes a bilobed band. Juxta usually very small. Coremata consist of hair-like tufts on extensible membranous sac. Aedeagus with fine longitudinal ridges usually ending in tiny serrations at apex. Abdominal sternite 8 more-or-less unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 191). Apophyses anteriores one-quarter to nearly half length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region: preostial pouch typically with u-shaped sclerite; postostial plate somewhat sclerotized and usually very large. Ductus bursae with (North American type species) or without a sclerotized patch, shorter than or merged with corpus bursae. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, without signum. Diagnosis. Chloroptelyx is a varied genus in which many species resemble those of Chlorissa, Chlorochlamys and Xerochloru (see also the diagnoses of those genera). Some species are distinctively patterned but otherwise the genus can be distinguished by features of the postmedial and terminal lines, striations on the costa of the fore wing, and the bipectinate male antennae (Chlorissa has simple antennae). Biological notes. Host-plants unknown. The larva of tepperaria, the North American type species of Chloroptelyx, is described by Ferguson (1 985: 1 12). Distribution. Widespread in Central and South America; [also occurring in the U.S.A.]. Species. Twenty-eight species (2 7 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: diluta (d ); gluuciptera (d), lunguescens (d), nordicaria (d), opalaria (6 and?), paulariu (d), subrufescens? (d), tepperariu (North American species) (6 and 9). Chloropte?yx ucerces Prout Choroptqx acerces Prout, 1912: 179. Holotype 9, BRAZIL: Petropolis (Doer)(BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. ChloropteTx anisoctena Prout Chloroptelyx unisoctena Prout, 1917b: 377. Lectotype 6 N. VENEZUELA: San Esteban, vi (Klages) (BMNH), designated by Prout, 1933a: 65 (as the type ) [examined]. Dihbution. Venezuela; French Guiana?; Peru?; Brazil?; Paraguay?.

30 3 '38 L. M. PITKIN Chloroplelyx chap (Dognin) Nemoria chaga Dognin, 1898: 216. Holotype 6, ECUADOR: near Loja, El Monje, 1893 (USNM) [examined]. Uistrzbution. Ecuador. Chloroptevx clemens (Warren) Gelasma clemens Warren, 1905b: 317. Holotype 9, NW. ECUADOR: R. Cayapaa (Flemming and Miketta) (BMNH) [examined]. Remarks. Possible synonym of productaria. Di,rtribution. Mexico?; Costa Rica?; Colombia?; Venezuela?; Guyana?; French Guiana?; Ecuador; Peru?; Brazil?; Bolivia? Chloroptevx deulbata (Warren) Gelasma deulbuta Warren, 1909: 76. Lcctotype 8, PERU: Carabaya, R. Inambari, La Oroya, ft, ix (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Colombia; Venezuela; Guyana; French Guiana; Peru. Chloroptelyx dilutu (Dognin) Gelumia diiuta Dognin 191 Ib: 160. Holotypc 8, COLOMBIA: palle,] San Antonio, Cali (Pass4 (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico?; Guatemala?; Costa Rica; Colombia; Peru?. Chloroptepx fontana Prout Chloroptelyx.finlanu Prout, 1933a: 64. Lectotype 8, BRAZIL: Amazonas ('Upper Amazon'), Fonte Boa, vi (Huges) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Chloropteyx gluuciptera (Hampson) Nemoria gluuciptera Hampson, 1895: 333. Lectotype 6, St Vincent: Windward side (Smith) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Dominica?; St Lucia?; St Vincent; Grenada? Chloroptelyx hemithearia (Warren) Gelama hemithearia Warren, 1900: 133. Lectotype 8, BRAZIL: Santos (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Brazil; Argentina? 1,"hloropteryxjalapata Dyar Chloroptevxjalupata Dyar, 19 16: 3 1. Holotype 8, MEXICO: I\ieracruz,] Coatapec, v (Miiller) (USNM) [examined]. Di.&ibution. Mexico; Guatemala?; Ecuador?

31 NEOI'ROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 339 Chloroptelyx 1anguescenJ (Warren) Iodis languescens Warren, 1897: 425. Lectotype Q, SURINAM: Paramaribo, xii (Ellacambe) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Mexico?; Costa Rica; Panama?; Colombia?; Trinidad; Guyana?; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador?; Peru?; Brazil?; Bolivia? Chloroptelyx lechera (Dognin) Iodis lechera Dognin, 1898: Holotype 6, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1890 (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador. Chloroptqyx long$alpik (Warren) Iodis (I"i longipalpis Warren, 1990: 134. Holotype Q, VENEZUELA: Palma Sola (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Venezuela; Guyana?; Surinam?; French Guiana?; Brazil?; Bolivia? Chloroptelyx munda (Warren) GeLasma munda Warren, 1897: 425. Holotype 8, ARGENTINA: La Plata (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Panama?; Venezuela?; Trinidad?; Guyana?; Surinam?; French Guiana?; Brazil?; Argentina. C:hloroptelyx nordicaria (Schaus) Gelasma nordicaria Schaus, 1901: 253. Lectotype 8, MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Orizaba (genitalia slide HWC 1367; Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Mexico; Belize?; Honduras?; Costa Rica?; W.S.A.]. Chloroptelyx opalariu (Guente) Iodis opalaria Guente, 1857: 357. Holotype 6, 'Inde centrale?' (coll. Guenee) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Gelasmu albidata Warren, 1897: 425. Holotype Q, COSTA RICA: (Undowood) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1933a: 63.1 Hypnochlora oluidaria Schaus, 1897: Lectotype, BRAZIL: Parana, Castro (USNM), here designated [examined]. [Cited as synonym of albidata by Prout, 19 12: Thalera dalica Dognin, 1898: Holotype 8, ECUADOR: [Zamora-Chinchipe,] VallCe de la Zamora, xii (USNM) [examined]. [Cited as synonym of albidata by Prout, 1912: Distribution. Mexico; Honduras?; Guatemala?; Costa Rica; Colombia; Venezuela?; Trinidad?; Guyana?; French Guiana?; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia; Para,pay?

32 340 L. M. PITKIN C:hloropteryx pac$ca Prout Chloroflte2yx pacijica Prout, 19 12: Holotype 6, PERU: Callao, x-xii (Walker) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Literature record: Chile (Prout, 1933a: 63) requires confirmation. Chloropteryx PalleJcens Prout Udoropte~x palle.rcpns Prout, 1933a: 65. Lectotype 6, PERU: Carabaya, Oconeque, 7000 ft, vii (Ockenden)(BMNH), here designated [examined]. Gelasma subrufpscens ab.(?) pallescens Warren, 1909: 76. [Infrasubspecific name.] Dislm'bution. Peru. Chloropteryx paularia (Moschler) Nemoria paularia Moschler, 1886: 68. Syntypes 6, 9, [several specimens] JAMAICA (MNHU?)[not examined]. Aplodps punctata Warren, 1904a: 19. Lectotype 6, JAMAICA: Upper Park (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: fhtm'bution. Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; P.S.A.: Florida]. Literature rccords: Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico; Martinique; (Ferguson, 1985: 113). CMoropteryx productaria (Herrich-Schaffer) Tnalera productaria Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: fig Type(s) 8 (not traced). Distribution. Peru?; Brazil. A literature record by Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher (1 986: 428) from Mexico may be correct if clemens is a synonym. Chloropteyx punctilinea (Dognin) Gelasma punctilinea Dognin, 1909: 88. Lectotype 6, FRENCH GUIANA: St Laurent du Maroni (genitalia slide HWC 7066; Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Trinidad?; Guyana?; Surinam?; French Guiana; Peru?; Brazil? Chloropteryx rhodelaea Prout Chloropteryx rhodelaea Prout, 1933b: 90. Lectotype 6, BRAZIL: Santa Catarina,,JaraLgua do Sul, ix,x (Hofrnann) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Di.rtm'bution. Brazil. Chloropteyx spurnosaria (Dognin) Tnalera.spurnosaria Dognin, 1892: 237. Lectotype 6, ECUADOR: Loja, 1891 {Typc No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador. The literature record by Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher (1986: 428) from Mexico is dubious.

33 NEOTROPICAI, EMERALD MOI'HS 34 1 t'hlorufteryx s~~matica (Warren) Gelasma stigmatica Warren, 1904a: 20. Lectotype 6, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, v (Ockenden)(BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Paraguay. Chloropteryx subrubens Prout Ctilurupteryx subrubens Prout, 1933a: 64. Holotype 6, PERU: Carabaya, R. Inambari, La Oroya, ft, ix (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Peru. Chlurupteryx subrufescens (Warren) Gelasma subrufescens Warren, 1906: Holotype, FRENCH GUIANA: Maroni R., [St Jean and St Laurent], iii (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Guatemala?; Costa Rica?; Colombia?; Guyana?; French Guiana; Brazil? Literature records: Peru; Paraguay; (Warren, 1909: 76). ~hlurupteryx viridicans Prout Chloropteryx vzridicans Prout, 1916: 172. Holotype 6, COLOMBIA: TornC, viii (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Dichorda Warren, 1900 (Figs 10, 66, 94, 95, 143, 144, 192) Dichurda Warren, 1900: 132. Type species: Geometra iridaria GuenCe, 1857: 344, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 10). Female antennae slightly serrate, simple, or bipectinate but with shorter antenna1 branches than in the male. White interantennal fillet broad, sometimes mottled with rcd or brown, with diffuse edges. Wing pattern: ground colour green; antemedial line of hind wing absent; other lines white and almost straight, postmedials thick or at least well defined, oblique, postmedials of fore and hind wing together form a single straight strongly oblique line on a conventionally set specimen; costa of fore wing with transverse brown and whitish striations; wings without terminal line. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs ofhind wing touching but not fused. Frenulum usually absent from both sexes but occasionally represented in male by a few hairs, not bristles. Legs and palpi with brown blotches, occasionally pinkish, those on inner side of fore femur interspersed with large white areas. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen green dorsally, often with 1-3 small white spots (spots ringed with reddish brown in rhodocephala). Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 6 ((Figs 66, 94, 95, 143, 144). Uncus fairly short or moderate in length, rodlike, often slightly spatulate, or (unfomis) tapered with a notched apex. Socii semimembranous, small and not normally erect. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Tegumen, vinculum and uncus togcther usually form a spindle

34 342 L. M. PI TKIN shape. Valva tapcrcd or parallcl-sidcd, with small rather inconspicuous ridge-like sclerite situated in region at base of valva that extends towards saccus; without other processes. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Saccus fairly pronounced, usually pointed. Aedeagus with distinctly sclerotized pointed apex and subapical process (two subapical processes in ungormis). Abdominal sternite 8 extended posteriorly as a lobe that is rounded or indented with a shallow notch; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 192). Apophyses anteriores half length of apophyses posteriores or more. Ostial region unmodified or (unjfiifomiis) with small conical postostial pouch. Ductus bursae sclerotized, with short, dorsally split collar at ostial end; as long as corpus bursae or much shorter. Corpus bursae bent to one side from ductus bursae (to right side in ventral view), oval or elongate pear-shaped, without signum. flia<nosis. Dichorda is extremely similar to Dichordophora superficially hut it is distinguished by the markings on the inner side of the fore femur. The two genera differ strongly in genitalic structure, particularly in the male uncus which is usually rod-likc in Dichorda (Fig. 94) and two-pronged in Dichordophora (Fig. 96). Remarks. The distinctively patterned species porphyr0pi.s (Fig. 1 1) is incorrectly placed in Dichorda. Although the thick oblique postmedial lines give it the appearance of a Dichorda species, various other external features and the male genitalia differ markedly from the characters described above for that genus. Dichorda poqhyropis appears to be related to Jaccida, a species currently misplaced in Phrudocentra (see remarks for that genus). Although Dichorda generally lacks a frenulum in the female, an apparent trace of this uccurs in a North American species, illusharia. The North Amcrican species Dichorda iridaria (Guenite) has been recorded also from Mexico, by Delfh-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher (1986: 427), but this record requires confirmation; it may have been based on a misidentification of consequaria. Biological notes. Host-plants: larvae of three North American species have been reared on Anacardiaceae: Rhus species (records, and account of larvae, in U.S.A. by Ferguson, 1985: 72-77). Dislribution. Widespread in Central and South America; [also occurring in the U.S.A. and recorded from Canada by Ferguson (1985: 74)]. Species. Eight species (5 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: consequaria (i?), obliquatu (d), unjirmis (8 and y), iridaria (North American species) (i? and 9). Dichorda consequaria (Edwards) Geometra iridaria consequaria Edwards, 1884: 19. Lectotype 8, MEXICO: Veracruz, Jalapa (5 chau.r) (USNM), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 130 (as the type ) [not examined]. Dichorda peqendiculata Warren, 1904b: 503. Holotype 8, MEXICO: Veracruz, Huatuxco (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: UiJtribution. Mexico, Guatemala. Literature records: Honduras; [U.S.A.]; (Fcrguson, 1985: 75).

35 NEOTROPICAL EMERA1,D MOTHS 343 Dichorda iris (Butler) Nemoria iris Butler, 1881: 328. Lectotype d, BRAZIL: [para] ( Amazons ), Uricurituba, Rio Tapajos, 17.iii (Trail) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Di.rtribution. Costa Rica?; Colombia?; Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Peru; Brazil. Literature record: Panama (Druce, 1892: 85). Dichorda obliquata Warren Dichorda obliquata Warren, 1904b: 503. Holotype 8, MEXICO: Veracruz, Huatuxco (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico; Guatemala?; Costa Rica? Dichorda rhodocephalu Prout Dichorda rhodocephalu Prout, 19 16: 169. Lectotype d, JAMAICA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Jamaica. Dichorda unijomis Warren Dichorda un$imnis Warren, 1909: 75. Lectotype 8, TRINIDAD: Caparo, xii (Rages) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Venezuela?; Trinidad; Guyana; Colombia. Prout (1932: 51) recorded un$mis also from Guatemala but this is probably based on misidentified specimens. Excluded species. Genitalia examined: 8. Dichorda porphyopis Prout Dichorda po$yropis Prout, 1925: 33. Holotype d, ARGENTINA: Misiones, 23.iii (BMNH) [examined]. Remarks. Correct generic placement unknown. Distribution. Argentina; Brazil. Dichordophora Prout, (Figs 12, 96, 145, 193) Dichordophora Prout, 19 13: 437. Type species: Dichorda phoenix Prout, 19 12: 128, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 12). Antennae bipectinate in both sexes but antenna1 branches shorter in female; white interantennal fillet broad with diffuse edges. Wing pattern: ground colour green; antemedial line of hind wing absent; other lines white, thick or at least well defined, and almost straight; postmedials of fore and hind wing together form a single slightly curved or straight oblique line on a conventionally set specimen, but less oblique than in Dichorda; costa of fore wing with transverse brown and whitish striations; wings without terminal line. Venation: Sc +R, and Rs of hind wing

36 3.M I,, hi. PITRIN touching but not fused. Frenulum absent from both sexes. Legs and palpi with pinkish blotches, inner side of fore femur pinkish. Hind tibia with one or two pairs of spurs (two pairs in the sole Neotropical species); without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen green dorsally, without spots or crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 6 (Figs 96, 145). Uncus consisting of two separate short prongs, slender arid slightly tapered. Socii sclerotized, tapered and narrow. Gnathos arms joined by flattened notched plate or broadly flattened distally and adjoining but not fused; without pointed tooth. Valva broad, tapered, with complex of processes, notably two at margin in region of sacculus. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Saccus large and tapered. Aedeagus with distinctly sclerotized hooked apex and pointed subapical process. Abdominal sternite 8 more-or-less unmodified; without midrib. Gtnitalia 9 (Fig. 193). Apophyses anteriorcs one-third to nearly half length of apophyses posteriores. Ductus bursae sclerotized, with ostium at end of posterior tubular extension almost reaching papillae anales. Corpus bursae elongate oval; without signum. Diagno.ri.r. Dichordophoru is extremely similar to Dichorda superficially, but it is distinguished by its uniformly pinkish inside fore femur. The male genitalia of Dichordophora are characterized by the two-pronged uncus and the female genitalia by the sclerotized extension of thc ductus bursae. Biological n0te.r. Host-plants: larvae of the North American type species have been reared on Anacardiaceae: mainly Khus trilobata (record, and account of larva, of D. phornix in U.S.A. by Ferguson, 1985: 79). Distribution. In Central America from Mexico and Guatemala; [also in southwestern U.S.A.].,Species. I wo species (1 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: 8 and 9: both species. Uichordophora uplagaria (Dyar) Dirhorda aplaguria Dyar, 1910: Holotype, MEXICO: [Guadalajara (Schaus coll.); Mexico City, viii (Miller)](Type No ; USNM) [examined]. Dislribution. Mexico; Guatemala. Dyscheilia Dognin, b (Figs 13, 194, 228) Uyhr/ieilia Dognin, b: 160. Typr species: Dyrcheilia ino~fftff Dognin, b: 160, hy original designation. Adultr (based on female, male unknown) (Fig. 13). Antennae bipectinate; interantenna1 fillct white. Wing pattern: plain green, without antemedial and postmedid lines or discal spots. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Female frenulum absent. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs. Abdomen pale

37 NEOTKOPICAI, EMERALD MOTHS 915 green and whitish dorsally (according to original description; unique specimen now faded), without spots or crests. Genitalia 8. Unknown. Genitalia 9 (Figs 194, 228). Apophyses anteriores short, about one-quarter (or slightly more) length of apophyses posteriores. Ostium with sclerotized surround joining abdominal sternite 7, with pair of sclerotized postostial pouches. Ductus bursae sclerotized, broad, much shorter than pear-shaped corpus bursae. Signum small, with two short tapered prongs. DiagnoJiJ. The structure of the signum and postostial pouches in the genitalia of the single female representing the genus is similar to that seen in Lissochlora. Dyscheilia is distinguished from Lissochlora, and from other plain green geometrines with regular wing margins and without abdominal crests, by the presence of one instead of the usual two pairs of hind tibia1 spurs. This is a weak distinction at the genus level but the position of Dyscheilia cannot be resolved without knowledge of the male genitalic characters. Distribution. Known only from Argentina. Species. One species. Genitalia examined: Q. Dyscheilia inornata Dognin Dyscheilia inornata Dognin, 1911 b: 160. Holotype 9, ARGENTINA: [Entre Rios,] Haut-Parana, San Ignacio (Missions) (genitalia slide LMP 330; USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Argentina. Eualloea Warren, 1909 (Figs 14, 67, 97, 146, 195, 229) Eualloea Warren, 1909: 75. Type species: Eualloea subbfasciata Warren, 1909: 75, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 14). Fore wing length 17 mm or more. Antennae of both sexes simple, though thick; interantennal fillet broad, mottled whitish and pale brown. Wing pattern: mottled brown or olive brown and whitish markings forming several very diffuse waved fasciae alternating dark and pale. Wings with slightly scalloped outer margins; fore wing extended at apex and vein M, causing a concavity in outer margin; outer margin of hind wing sharply angled at M, and extended to a slight tail. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing usually fused at a point or for a very short distance. Frenulum apparently absent from female. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen straw or brown dorsally, without spots or crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 8 (Figs 67, 97, 146). Uncus slender, rod-like, basal part curved. Socii sclerotized, basal part fused; curved with pointed tips. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva broad, with strongly spinose process towards base of costa and large tapered finely spinulose process in region of sacculus. Another

38 346 I,. M. PITKIN process, long, slender and rod-like, edged with small scattered spines, appears to arise from anellar structures that are continuous with the juxta. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus with slightly rugose apex and process in apical half. Abdominal sternite 8 with sclerotized margin but minimal development of lobes; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Figs 195, 229). Apophyses anteriores extremely short. Sternite 8 largely sclerotized and covered in wrinkled ridges. With large densely spinulose postostial plate. Ductus bursae membranous at ostial end, with sclerotized region adjoining elongate corpus bursae, much shorter than corpus bursae. Signum with small spine at both ends. Diagnosis. The wing shape, brown colour and size characterize Eualloea (Fig. 14). The genitalia are highly distinctive in the structure of the male socii and processes of the valva and anellus, and the wrinkled sternite 8 and spinulose postostial plate in the female. Distribution. Known only from South America: Peru and Brazil, Species. One species. Genitalia examined: d and 9. Eualloea subb@sriata subb fasciata Warren Eualloea subbij asciata Warren, 1909: 75. Lectotype d, PERU: Carabaya, R. Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, xi (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Eualloea u.tbbfasciata sujuuja Prout Eualloea subbfkciata suflusa Prout, 1933a: 65. Lectotype 8 BRAZIL: Amazonas, Fonte Boa, xi (Kluges) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Euallwa subbzjasciata ah. su$usn Warren, 1909: 75. pnfrasubspecific name.] Distribution. Brazil. Eucrostes Hiibner [ (Fks 15, 98, 147, 196) Eurrostes Hubner, [I 8231: 283. Type species: Geometrajmbriolaria Hubncr, : pl. 91, fig. 468, (junior synonym of zndigenata Villiers), by subsequent designation by Prout, 1912: 245. Adults (Fig. 15). Female antennae strongly serrate, almost bipectinate (Neotropical species), usually distinctly bipectinate (extralimital species). lnterantennal fillet white. Wing pattern (in Neotropical species and in several but not all extralimital species): green with yellow border at outer edge and at costa, terminal line brown and fringe paler brown. Antemedial and postmedial lines indistinct or absent. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing fused at a point or for a short distance. Frenulum absent from both sexes. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen green without distinct spots and without crests. Sternite 3 of

39 NEUI'ROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 347 male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 6 (Figs 98, 147). Uncus short, tapered with a notched apex. Socii narrow at base with strongly broadened apex. Gnathos a small slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva tapered, with spinose ventral ridge in basal half. Transtilla extended posteriorly, bilobate with additional pair of lobes or arms connecting it with laterally compressed juxta. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus very slender with median patch of minute spinules. Abdominal sternite 8 unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 196). Apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores or less. Ostial region with sclerotized preostial pouch; postostial plate with incomplete sclerotized ring. Ductus bursae sclerotized, shorter than oval corpus bursae; both very small. Corpus bursae bent strongly to one side from ductus bursae (to left side in ventral view); without signum. Diagnosis. The narrow yellow border at the regular wing margins of these small green moths is characteristic. The shape of the postostial plate is distinctive in the female genitalia, and the transtilla and juxta are distinctive in the male genitalia. This complex of anellar structures may indicate a relationship with Oospila although the transtilla and juxta appear to be more distinct entities in Eucrostes. Eucrostes differs from Oospila in wing pattern and in lacking abdominal crests. Distribution. In the Neotropical Region known from the West Indies (Jamaica and Haiti), and from Venezuela southwards to Paraguay. [Several Old-world species exist]. Species. Eleven species (1 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: dominicaria (6 and T), 4 extralimital species including indigenata (6 and 9). Eucrostes dominicaria Guenke Eucrostis dominicaria Guenee, 1857: 367. Holotype 6, HAITI (coll. Guenke) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Jamaica; Haiti; Venezuela; Brazil; Bolivia; Paraguay. Eueana Prout, (Figs 16, 99, 148, 197, 230) Eueana Prout, 191 2: 20 (key), 201. Type species: Eucrostes niveociliaria Herrich- Schaffer, 1870: 182, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 16). Male antennae strongly bipectinate; female antennae simple; interantennal fillet white. Wing pattern: ground colour 'green with mottled pink, dark brown arid white markings in the form of irregular blotches, usually pale, and a narrow band at costa of fore wing. Blotches at anal angle and sometimes towards costal end of outer margin of wings; terminal line brown; white antemedial and postmedial lines waved; without brown or black discal spots. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching hut not fused. Frenulum absent from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs; male hind tibia strongly swollen at apex but without

40 348 1,. M. PIIKIN distinct terminal extension. Abdomen predominantly white with green patches in anterior half. Sternitc 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia d (Figs 99, 148). Uncus short, tapered to a narrow point. Socii semimembranous, longer than broad with rounded apex. Gnathos a slender loop with a moderately narrow distal tooth. Valva with large medio-ventral comb-like sclerite edged with tiny spines. Transtilla a large angular plate. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus very slender without any spines. Abdominal sternite 8 unmodified at posterior margin and without midrib. Genitulia Q (Figs 197, 230). Apophyses anteriores approaching half length of apophyses postcriores. With sclerotized preostial ridge. Ductus bursae sclerotized, shorter than pear-shaped corpus bursae. Signum small, with slightly curved line or ridge. Diagnosis. Eueana resembles Lophochorista in wing pattern but does not have tufts on the thorax or abdomen, or bipectinate female antennae as in Lophochorista. Both genera have a medio-ventral scleritc in the male valva but in Eueana, unlike Lophoclzorisla, lhe posterior margin of abdominal sternite 8 is unmodified and the aedeagus lacks a spine-iike process. Biological noles. Host-plant: Rhamnaceae: Krugiodendronjrreum (record, and account of larva, of E. niveociliaria in U.S.A.: Florida; see Ferguson, 1985: 101). Distribution. West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica and Guadeloupe); [also occurring in U.S.A.: southern Florida]. Specks. Two species. Genitalia examined: niveociliaria (d and 9). Eueana niveociliaria (Herrich-Schaffer) Eucrostis niueociliuria Herrich-Schaffer, 1870: 182. Type(s) d, Cuba (not traced). Eucroslis saltusaria Hulst, 1886a: 123. Lectotype 0, U.S.A.: Florida, Indian River (Coll. Edwards) (AMNH), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 187 [photograph of lectotype examined; 1 d paralectotype in CMNH examined]. [Synonymized by Dyar, 1908: 17 1,] Di.stribzition. Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; [U.S.A.]. Eueana simplaria Herbulot Eueana.simplaria Herbulot, 1986: 82; figs 9, 10. Holotype d, GUADELOUPE: Le Moule, Portes d'enser, 19.v (Idlanne-Cassou) (HERB) [not examined]. Disfribution. Guadeloupe. Gnathosocia gen. nov. (Figs 17, 68, f00, f49) Type species: Eueana eucrinej Prout, 19 16, here designated. Adults (based on male, female unknown) (Fig. 17). Male antennae strongly bicprctinate; interantennal fillet white. Wing pattern: ground colour green with two

41 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 349 small brown blotches on hind wing, one in place of discal spot, the other adjacent; white postmedial lines of wings smooth, with brown shading on median side; antemedial lines indistinct; terminal line represented by faint ochreous traces. Venation: Sc + K, and Rs of hind wing fused for a very short distance. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen green and whitish dorsally, with a few small whitc spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia d (Figs 68, 100, 149). Uncus without rod-like process. Sclerotized plate-like structure may be derived from base of uncus or from fusion of socii. Gnathos a slender, strongly selerotized loop with a large broad distal process. A pair of long spine-like processes arise from gnathos, near tegumen, flanking socii/uncus plate. Valva very broad, pointed, with large curved spine-like basal (not basal costal) process. Transtilla not sclerotized except for lobe at each end where it joins base of valva; lobes converging. Juxta a huge oval plate. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus without any spines. Abdominal sternite 8 unmodified; without midrib. Membrane between segment 8 and genitalia with irregular mesh of fine ridges. Genitalia 9. Unknown. Diagnosis. The only known species is unremarkable externally but it can be recognized by the two spots on the hind wing. The genitalia, known in the male, are bizarrely modified in the structure of the socii/uncus and gnathos processes which are autapomorphies for the genus. The relationships of Gnuthosocia with other Geometrinae are unknown. Distribution. Known only from Bolivia. Name. The generic name is derived from the terms gnathos (Greek, feminine) and sociu (I,atin, a feminine alternative to mius). The gender is to be treated as feminine. Species. One species. Genitalia examined: 6. Chthosocia eucrines (Prout) comb. nov. Eueann eucrines Prout, 1916: 172. Holotype d, E. BOLIVIA: Buenavista, 750m, viii iv (Steinbach) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Remarks. Ferguson (1985: 101) rightly stated that euciines does not look as if it belongs in Eueana. Distribution. Bolivia. Hyalochlora Prout, 1912 (F&~ 18, 69, 101, 1.50, 198, 231) Hyalochlora Prout, 19 12: 2 1 (key), 125. Type species: Racheospila splendens Druce, 1898: 535, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 18). Female antennae simple. White interantennal fillet broad, tending to merge with other white markings of head. Metathorax with a broad dorsal tuft or

42 3.50 L. M. PITKIN pair of tufts of raised scales, sometimes also at posterior margin of mesothorax. Wing pattern: large central green areas of wings very thinly scaled and translucent; brown to pinkish white fasciae merged in a broad band at outer margin of wings; brownish patch at base of wings. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Female with a weak frenulum. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; male hind tibia with terminal extension. Abdomen brownish dorsally, sometimes grading to a whitish posterior end, without a distinct crest but with a small tuft of raised scales on tergite 2; abdomen sometimes with a few small white markings tending to form an incomplete median longitudinal line rather than distinct spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia d (Figs 69, 101, 150). Uncus moderatcly long, rod-like. Socii semimembranous, longer than broad, parallel-sided. Gnathos a slender loop with a moderately narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva narrow, approximately parallel-sided, with very slight distal costal process. Coremata absent or extremely weakly dcveloped. Aedeagus without any spines. Abdominal sternite 8 extendcd posteriorly as two slight lobes with a notch in between; with incomplete midrib. Genitalia 9 (Figs 198, 23 1). Apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores or slightly more. Ostium surrounded with sclerotized ridges and folds. Ductus bursae membranous, extremely short (much shorter than elongate pearshaped corpus bursae). Signum small, with crescent-shaped plate. Diagrzosis. Hyalochlora is distinguished by its wing pattern of translucent green areas arid brown or pinkish markings. Chloractis is somewhat similar in wing pattern and certain other external features but the hind wing is angled at M3 unlike that of Hyalochlora. The genitalia of the two genera are less similar; those of Hyalochlora resemble those of Nmoria but lack a basal costal process of the male valva. Distribution. Known from Mexico, Costa Rica and Ecuador. Species. Three species. Genitalia examined: splendens (6 and 9). Hyalochlora antolodoxa Prout Hyalochlora antolodoxa Prout, 1932: 50. Holotype 8, COSTA RICA: Orosi, 1200 m (Fassl) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica. Hyalochlora nadia Herbulot Hyalochlora nadia Herbulot, 1976: 19. Holotype 8, ECUADOR: Oricnte, route de Raeza a Lumbaqui au Pucnte Azuela, 1530 m, 6, 7.ii (fhrbulot) (HERB) [not examined]. Distribution. Ecuador. Hyalochlora splendens (Druce) Racheo.r@a splendens Druce, 1898: 535. Holotype 9 (cited as 8 and with d abdomen wrongly glued onto it), MEXICO: Jalapa (Tryzllo) (RMNH) [examined]. Di,rtribution. Mexico; Costa Rica.

43 NEOlROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 35 1 Hydata Walker, [ (Figs 19 21, 70, , , 19.9) Hydata Walker, [1863]: Type species: Hydata subfenestraria Walker, [ 18631: 1622, by monotypy. Prohydata Schaus, 190 1: 25 1, Type species: Prohydata apicata Schaus, 190 1: 25 1, by subsequent designation by Prout, 1910a: 236. Syn. nov. Hyalorrhoe Warren, 1904a: 2 1. Type species: Hyalorrhoe stigmatica Warren, 1904: 2 1, by original designation. [Synonymy with Prohydata cited by Prout, 19 12: Syn. nov. Adults (Figs ). Female antennae pectinate with short broad branches lying close together and forming single loops, not pairs of separate branches. Usually with white interantennal fillet. Wing pattern: thinly scaled, yellowish green or brownish with translucent patches, without terminal line. Outer margin of hind wing typically angled at vein M,, sometimes slightly scalloped. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing fused to approximately midway along cell or fused only at a point, or occasionally touching but not fused. Frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; male hind tibia usually with well developed terminal extension but in a few species extension tiny or absent. Abdomen olive or ochreous green dorsally, without spots or crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 8 (Figs 70, , ). Uncus short or moderately so; usually slender and rod-like in basal part, with spatulate, sometimes notched apex, but uncus fairly stout in a few species and occasionally tapered. Socii semi-membranous, narrow or tapered, variable in size, not normally erect. Gnathos sometimes a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth (distal tooth an extremely large hook in propinqua) but in other species gnathos modified as a broad loop, spinulose or with pair of spinulose processes, with distal tooth; in apz'cata two pairs of large distal spinelike processes replace tooth. Valva usually narrow, parallel-sided; sometimes with a few tiny spines near base; some others with a ventral sclerite bearing spines or spinelike processes, medial or towards apex or base of valva. Valva with basal costal process in a few species and costal spine-like process in pouera; occasionally without any processes. Transtilla usually weakly sclerotized or not at all, apart from distinctly demarcated funnel-shaped lobe at each end where it joins base of valva; lobes usually diverging. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus occasionally with spinulose area in apical half, without any other spines. Abdominal sternite 8 extended posteriorly as two small lobes with a notch in between, or unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 1 99). Apophyses anteriores slightly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Ostial region unmodified or semicircular pouch at ostial opening. Ductus bursae membranous, often as long or longer than pear-shaped corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. Diagnosis. Hydata, Methydata and Pachycopsis are small moths that have a similar wing pattern of yellowish green or brownish with translucent patches. Hydata, unlike the others, has two pairs of hind tibia1 spurs. Remarks. Prohydata and Hydata were treated as distinct because of the greater degree

44 352 1,. M. PITKIN of fusion of the veins Sc + R, and Rs in the hind wing of moths assigned to the latter; howcver, the variability of this character precludes any clear cut distinction. Moreover, differcnces in thc venation do not support apparent relationships of certain species of Prohydata and Hydata based on the structure of the male genitalia. Prohydata is here regarded as a synonym of Hydata. I11 the male genitalia of Hydata the demarcation of the funnel-shaped lobes from the median band of the traiistilla, more obvious in some species than in others, appears to be an autapomorphy for the genus. Gnathosocia also has transtilla lobes without a sclerotized median band but these are not obviously funnel-shaped and thcy converge, whercas those of Hydata usually diverge. Funnel-shaped lobes in certain other genera, including those sometimes seen in Synchlora, usually merge more smoothly with the median band of the transtilla; this is also the case in one apparently undescribed flydata species but that species has a strongly modified transtilla. The basal costal process of the valva sometimes seen in flydutn is considered to be derived independently from that of Nmoria. As in Pachycopsis the female antennae may appear to be merely thickened but close inspection reveals their pectinate structure. Some Hydata species are sexually dimorphic in wing pattern. Distribution. Widespread in Central and South America. Species. Thirty-three described species plus 4 probable undescribed species. Genitalia examined: apicata? (d), brunneopicta (d), diaphana (d), metaloba (d), pellucidariu (d), povera?, projiciens (CT), propinqua (d), rudiata (6),.rcripluratu (a), stigmutica (8 and T), suhjienestrarz'a (a), subfenestraria? (Q), unidentified species (9). Hydata alada (Dognin) Racheospila alada Dognin, 1898: 218. Holotype 9, ECUADOR: Loja (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador. Hydata apicata (Schaus) comb. nov. Prohydata apicata Schaus, 1901: Lectotype, BOLIVIA: parija,] Chaco (Type No ; USNM), designated by Prout, 1933a: 67 (as 'the type') [examined]. Distribution. French Guiana?; Bolivia.?'he literature record by Delfin-Gonzalez & Reutelspacher (1986: 428) from Mexico is dubious. &ia!ala aurata (Dognin) comb. nov. Protydata aurata Dognin, 1910: 2 1. Holotype 8, COLOMBIA: [Valle,] near Cali, St Antonio, 2000 m, 20.ix (Fassc) (USNM) [examined]. Di.rtribution. Colombia. Hydala benepicta (Warren) comb. nov. Protydata benepida Warren, 1909: 84. Holotype 6, BRAZIL: Amazonas ('Upper Amazon'), Fonte Boa, viii (magel) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil.

45 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 353 Hydata brunneopicta Warren comb. rev. Hydata brunneopicta Warren, 1907: 203. Holotype 8, PERU: Carabaya, R. Huacamayo, ft, vi (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Prohydata brunneopicta Prout, 1933a: 66. Distribution. Peru. Hydata busa (Druce) comb. nov. Racheo.$ila busa (Druce, 1892: 92. Typc(s) 8, PANAMA: Chiriqui (Ribbe) (MNHU) [not examined]. Distribution. Panama. Hydata completa (Dognin) comb. nov. Prohydata completa Dognin, 19 12: Holotype 9, COLOMBIA: Quindio, Volcancito, 3500 m, ix (FassE) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Hydata diaphana Warren Hydata diaphana Warren, 1904a: 86. Holotype 8, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, xii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Hydata digma Dognin comb. rev. Hydata digma Dognin, : 9. Holotype 8, BOLIVIA: rio Songo, 750m (Fasstj (USNM) [examined]. Prohydata digma Prout, 1933a: 66. Distribution. Peru?; Bolivia. Hydata elqans Bastelbcrger Hydata elegans Bastelberger, a: 54. Holotype, PERU: Huancabamba (Bastelberger Coll.) (SMFD) [transparency examined]. Distribution. Peru. Hydata exsignata Dognin comb. rev. Hvdata exsignata Dognin, 19 14: Holotype 9, COLOMBIA: Pacho, 2200 m (USNM) [examined]. Prohydata exsignata Prout, 1933a: 67. Distribution. Colombia. Hydata felderi Schaus Hydatafelderi Schaus, 1901 : 250. Lectotype, MEXICO: peracruz,] Jalapa (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Mexico.

46 354 L. M. PITKIN Hydala knits (Prout) comb. nov. Prohydata $pita Prout, 1917a: 124. Lectotype 9, COSTA RICA: Cachi (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Peru. Hydata insatisjacta Hcrbulot I&~data insatisjacta Herbulot, 1988a: 103; figs 6, 10. Holotype 8, GUADELOUPE: Bouillante, Crete de Village, 15.vi (Lalanne-Cassou)(HERB) [not examined]. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Hydata latgasciata Warren comb. rev. Hydata latijzsciata Warren, 1907: 203. Holotype 9, SE. PERU: R. Inambari, La Oroya, 3100 ft, x. I904 (Ochnden)(RMNH) [exarnincd]. Prdydata dicata Dognin, : 9. Holotype 8, BOLIVIA: rio Songo, 750 m (Fad) (USNM) [examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1933a: 66.1 Prohydata latifsciata Prout, 1933a: 66. Distribution. Colombia?; Peru; Bolivia. Hydata metaloba Prout Iodata metaloba Prout, 1933a: 68. Holotype 8, SE. PERU: R. Inambari, La Oroya, ft, iii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Ecuador?; Peru; Brazil?; Bolivia? Hydata notula Dogniti Hyduta notula Dognin, 1923a: 22. Lectotype 8, BOLIVIA rio Songo, 750m (Fassl) (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Bolivia. Hyduta opella Dognin Hyduta opella Dognin, 1923a: 2 1. Holotype 8, BOLIVIA: rio Songo, 750 m (Fassl) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Bolivia. Hydata oxytona oxytona Prout, 1933a: 67. Holotype 9, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Agualani, 9000 ft (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. pellzlcidaria pellucidaria (Dognin) comb. nov. Racheospila pellucidaria Dognin, 1892: 206. Lectotype, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1890, 1891 (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador. Hydata pellucidaria ver.rfusa (Prou t) comb. nov. Protydata pellucidaria vers@sa Prout, 1933a: 66. Holotype 8, PERU: Carabaya,

47 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 355 Tinguri, 3400 ft, viii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Hydata popayanaria (Dognin) comb. na. Hj$nochlora popayanaria Dognin, : Holotype 6, COLOMBIA: [Cauca,] Popayan, 1896 (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Hydata povera Schaus comb. rev. Hydata povera Schaus, : 250. Lmtotype, MEXICO: peracruz,] Orizaba (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Prohydata povera Prout, 1933a: 66. Distribution. Mexico; Guatemala?; Costa Rica?; Colombia?; Venezuela?; Trinidad?; French Guiana?; Brazil? Hydata projiciens Prout comb. nov. Prohydata projigiens Prout, 1910a: 235. Holotype d, W. COLOMBIA: San Antonio, 5800 ft, xii (Palmer) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia; Peru? Hydata propinqua Prout comb. rev. Hydata propinqua Prout, 1910a: 234. Lectotype 8, E. PERU: Huancabamba, Cerro del Pasco (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Prohydata propinqua Prout, 1933a: 67. Distribution. Ecuador?; Peru. Rydata radiata Warren Hydata radiata Warren, 1909: 77. Lectotype 6, PERU: Province Huanuco, Cushi, 1900 m (HoJinanns) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Hydata sati.facta (Walker) Racheospila satisfacta Walker, 186 1: 583. Syntypes: I? 9, BRAZIL (Saunders Coll.) (OXUM); 1 $?, Venezuela (Dyson Coll.); [not examined]. Hydata spilosata Warren, 1907: 204. Holotype 6, ARGENTINA: Ciudad de fucuman, 450 m, i (Dinellz) (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1933a: 67.1 Distribution. Venezuela?; Brazil; Argentina. Hydata.ccripturata Warren Hydata scripturata Warren, 1909: 78. Holotype d, SE. PERU: R. Inambari, La Oroya, ft, xii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined].

48 35h I.. M. PII'KIN Di.rtribution. Colombia: Peru. Hydata stigmatica (Warren) comb. nov. Hyalorrhoe stigmatica Warren, 1904a: 21. Holotype 9, COSTA RICA: 1500m (de h?athan) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Panama?; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru?; Bolivia. fbduta rubjenejtrana Walker Hydala JuhfPnestrarza Walker, [1865]: Holotype 8, VENEZUELA (Dyson Coll.) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Dutnbutzon. Mexico?; Colombia:'; Venezuela; Brazil?; Peru? Prout (1932: 67) rccorded subfeneptrana from Panama. One specimen from there, female, is in the BMNH Collection but it is probably not conspecific with subfpnestrana. Hydata subpartita Dognin comb. rev. Hydata subpartita Dognin, 1916: 18. Holotype 8, E. COLOMBIA: Medina, 500m (USNM) [not examined]. Prohydata Jubpartita Prout, 1933a: 67. Distribution. Colombia. Hydata tranducidarin (Hcrrich-Schaffcr) C&metra t~ans~~~ida~a Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: fig Type(s) 6 (not traced). Hydata bordida Srhaus, 1901: 250. Lcctotype 8, BRAZIL Sao Paulo (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: Hydata transductaria Warren, 1907: 203. pricorrect subsequent spelling of Geometra tr&ducidaria Hcrrich-Schaffer.] Distnbution. Trinidad?; Guyana?; Brazil. Hydata vitrearia (Schaus) comb. nov. &ohdata vitrearia Schaus, 1901 : Lectotype 9, VENEZUELA: paracuy,] Aroa (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Di.\-tribution. Venezuela; French Guiana?; Bolivia? H2phalia Hubner, [ Hyphalza Hubncr, [1823]: 303. Type species: Phaljaena] Geometjra] plylira Cramer, 1777: 1 13; pl. 170, fig. D, by subsequent designation by Prout, 1912: 124. Remark-\-. Hyphalia is a nomen dubium; no specimens are available for study and its position within the Gcometrinae is unknown. It was treated as possibly synonymous with Phrudocentra by Prout, 19 12: DiJh&hm. Surinam. Spmes. One species.

49 NEOTROPICAL EMERA1,D MOTHS 357 Hyphuliu phyliru (Cramer) Phuljaenu] Geometjru] phyliru Cramer, 1777: 133; pl. 170, fig. D. Type(s), SURINAM (not traced). Phuluena phylirutu Fabricius, 1781 : 254. [Unjustified emendation of phyliru Cramer.] Phaluenu Geometru viridariu Stoll, 1781: 158; pl. 370, fig. G. Type(s), SURINAM (van der Meulen Coll.) (not traced). Dunior homonym of Phuluena viridariu Clerck, [Synonymy with phyliru cited by Prout, 1912: Hyphaliufestzvum'u Hiibner, [ : 303. [Replacement name for viridariu Stoll.] Hyphaliu phibrariu Hubner, [ : 303. [Unjustified emendation of phyliru Cramer.] P~ulue~u ph~~rutu Verloren, 1837: 266. [Incorrect subsequent spelling of phylzrutu Fabricius.] Distribution. Surinam. Lissochlora Warren, 1900 (Fks 22, 23, 71, 105, 106, 154, 155, 200, 201, 232) Lisochloru Warren, 1900: 134. Type species: AplodeJJEav$irnbriu Warren, 1897: 423, by original designation. Adults (Figs 22, 23). Male antennae often strongly bipectinate, length of longest antenna1 branches ranging from nearly twice to more than 7 times width of flagellum at same point; female antennae simple; interantennal fillet white. Wing pattern: ground colour green; plain or with brown speckles, usually confined to postmedial and antemedial lines (in addition to discal spots) but other speckles present in a few species. White antemedial and postmedial lines represented by dots on the veins in the majority of species; wings usually with reddish brown terminal line, sometimes weak. Wings (in diurita group) less curved than usual for Geometrinae. Venation: Sc+R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; male hind tibia with terminal extension. Abdomen green dorsally, usually with 3 or more white spots which are plain or ringed with reddish brown and sometimes with black or dark brown spot at anterior end. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 8 (Figs 7 1, 105, 106, 154, 155) Uncus short or moderately so, broad to very slender, variously shaped. Socii extending nearly as far as uncus to slightly beyond uncus; variously shaped. Gnathos either a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth or a broader loop with distal tooth often broad and blunt. Valva variously shaped though often with strongly broadened costal side; costal side sclerotized, without basal costal process (or at most with weak development of this), usually with distal process. Juxta funnel-shaped with tiny to large closed papilla, a cone, or flat plate without papilla. Corcmata usually present, well-developed as a dense brush in most species, sac short or of moderate length. Aedeagus often sinuous; with slight thorn-like projection, bulge or kink, normally in apical half. Anellar plate small to large; usually extending to middle or cwo-thirds length of aedeagus but occasionally to beyond apex of aedeagus. Abdominal sternite 8 usually very weakly extended posteriorly as two lobes with broad shallow notch; much broader than long, often much shorter than tergite; midrib usually weak or absent, rarely strongly defined.

50 3 5 8 I,. M. PITKIN Genitalia 9 (Figs 200, 20 1, 232). Apophyses anteriores less than one-quarter to slightly more than half length of apophyses posteriores. Species with or without somewhat sclerotized pouch joining ostium and abdominal sternite 7. Ductus bursae much shorter than abdominal segment 7 or (albocilzaria group) as long as or longer than segment 7; membranous apart from short sclerotized antrum in form of a collar split dorsally. Corpus bursae very slender and elongate or (albociliaria group) with large bulbous anterior part; with or without signum; signum, if present, in form of pouch with two projecting corners. Diagnosis. Lissochlora resembles various species of Nemoria and &nchlora externally but differs from both genera in genitalic features, lacking the well developed basal costal process of the valva of Nemoria and the reduced uncus and modified socii of kyynchlora. The slight projection or kink of the aedeagus otlissochlora does riot occur in Nevioria or,synrhlora but it is seen in Poecilochlora and sometimes in Paromphacodes (see the diagnoses and remarks on those genera). Lissochlora differs from most species of Synchlora in the veins Sc + R, and Rs of the hind wing; these are touching but not fused in Li.r.sochlora whereas in &nchlora they are usually fused for a short distancc. Differences in wing pattern and shape distinguish many but not all species of Lissochlora from Nmoria (see the key to genera). Distribution. Widespread in Central and South America from Mexico to Paraguay. +rries. Forty-four described species plus 1 probable undescribed species. See detailed coverage of Lissochlora by Pitkin (1993). Genitalia examined: albociliaria (d and Y), alboseriata (d), byata (d), calida (d), cecilia (d), daniloi (8 and?), diarita (d), disc$unrta (d), eugethe.7 (d),freddyi(8 and?), henu (d), hoffmannsi (d), inconhpicuu (d arid o), latuta (8 and?), licada (d), liriata (d), manostigma (8 and Q), molliculata (d), mollissima (d), multiseriata (d), nip.ricornis (d), nigripes (d), nortia (a), jorularia (d), paegnia (d), pasama (d), pectin$ra (d), punctiseriata (d), purpureotincta (d), quotidiana ( d), rhodonota (d), ronaldi (8 and 9), rujguttata (V), rujipicta (d), rufoseriata (d), stacta (d), viridz$mbria (d), viridilinea (d), viuidata. albociliaria (Herrich-Schaffer, 1855) (Geometra) Venezuela.Nemoria dubiaria Oberthur, Venezuela alboseriata (Warren, 1900) (Racheospila) Venezuela Kacheospila dispilata Dognin, Colombia bryatu (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (Nemoria) Colombia Aplodesjauz$mbriu Warren, 1897 Colombia Geometra iguala Dognin, 1898 Ecuador Lissochlora alb$mbriata Dognin, Colombia Racheospila byata resurgens Prout, 1932 Colombia calida (Dognin, 1898) (Geometra) Ecuador rerilia (Prout, 19 12) (Racheospila) Peru Racheospila carmen Prout, Peru Racheospila montana Prout, Peru Kacheospila montana tenuilinea Prout, ljunior homonym] Racheo.9ila montana smaragdina Prout, Peru Racheospila montana araeomita Prout, 1932 Peru daniloi Pitkin, 1993 (Li.uochlora) Costa Rica diarita (Dognin, 1898) (Geometra) Ecuador di~rc$uncta (Warren, 1990) (Rhodochlora) Bolivia

51 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 359 eugethes (Prout, 1912) (Racheospila) Peru Racheospila neodmes Prout, 1916 Peru jeddyi Pitkin, 1993 (Lissochlora) Costa Rica hena (Dognin, 1898) (Racheospila) Ecuador Racheospila plenz$mbria Dognin, 1910 Colombia Rucheospila henu ah. duplex Prout, 1932 hofiannsi (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Peru inconspicuu (Batelberger, a) (Racheospila) Colombia jenna (Dognin, 1898) (Racheospila) Ecuador jenna salubris (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Colombia jocularia (Dognin, 1923a) (Racheospila) Ecuador latuta (Dognin, 1898) (Geometra) Ecuador Racheospilu ella Prout, 1912 Colombia licada (Dognin, 1898) (Geoeomelra) Ecuador liriatu (Dognin, 1898) (Geornetra) Ecuador manostigma (Dyar, 1912) (Racheospila) Mexico mulliculata (IIyarren, 1904a) (Racheospila) Peru mollissima (Dognin, 1892) (&maria) Ecuador monospilonota (Prout, 1916) (Racheospila) Colombia multiseriata (Dognin, 1923a) (Racheospila) Bolivia nigricornis Warren, 1907 (Lissochlora.? Peru nigripes (Dognin, 1911 a) (?Prasinocyma) Colombia nortia (Druce, 1892) (Sjnchlora (?)) Mexico paegniu (Prout, 1932) (Racheo~pila ho~~annsz~ Peru pusanza (Dognin, 1898) (Geometra) Ecuador pectin~ra (Prout, 1916) (Racheospila) Peru punctiseriata (Dognin, 1910) (Blechroma) Colombia Blechroma,florizra Prout, 191 Oa Colombia purpureotincta (Warren, 1900) (Racheostila)(Venezuela Racheospila purpureoviridis Warren, 1904a quotidiana (Prout, 1932) (Racheusp la) Brazil rhodonota (Prout, 1916) (Racheospila) Peru ronaldi Pitkin, 1993 (Lissochlora) Costa Rica rujiguttata (Warren, 1990) (Racheospila) Venezuela rzjpicta (Prout, 191 Oa) (Blechroma) Peru rzfoseriatu (Prout, 1917b) (Racheospila) Peru sanguinipunctata Dognin, 1906 (Lissochlora) Argentina comb. rev. stacta (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Colombia venilineata Warren, 1907 (Lkochlora) Peru virid$mbria Dognin, 1910 (Lissochlora) Colombia viridilinea (Prout, 1916) (Kacheos/da) Peru viridilineu cuhiensis (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Peru uividata (Prout, 1932) ~Racjeo~p~~a) Peru

52 360 1,. M. PI'I'KIN Lophochorista Warren, 1904a (Figs 24, 72, 73, 107, 156, 202, 233) Lophochorista Warren, 1904.a: 22. 'I'ype species: Racheospila calliope Druce, 1892: 90, by original designation. Adulls (Fig. 24). Male antennae strongly hipectinate; female antennae bipeclinate with branches nearly as long as in male; white interantennal fillet often absent or indistinct, but distinct in calliope. Wing pattern: ground colour green; two irregular whitish transverse bands with waved edges, usually broad; antemedial band near base ofwing; postmedial band near or at outer margin, with brown markings at least at anal angle (North American species with pale brown antemedial band and brown postmedial blotches); green areas of wings usually liberally flecked with white in Neotropical species. Brown markings sometimes darker on under-side of wings. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing either touching but not fused, or fused for a short distance. Frenulum apparently absent from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs; male hind tibia very strongly swollen at apex but without distinct terminal extension. 'Thorax and abdomen generally robust; thorax, or at least xnetathorax, covered with tufts of raised brown scales. Abdomen predominantly brown with line of 3 prorninerit tufts or crests of long narrow brown scales, on segments 2-4. Sternite 3 of male abdomen usually with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales, occasionally weak. Gnitalia 8 (Figs 72, 73, 107, 156). Uricus short, tapered, somewhat pointed. Socii semi-membranous, fairly narrow. Gnathos a fairly short loop with a narrow distal tooth. Valva broad with sclerotized costa and small lobe-shaped costal processes, one medial or slightly distal and another near base; valva with large medio-ventral sclerite which is spinose or with a single large spine-like process. Transtilla a very large plate. Coremata consist of hair-like tufts on extensible membranous sac, or often absent. Aedeagus with one or occasionally more large apical spine-like processes; sometimes with median spinulose patch. Abdominal sternite 8 with projecting sclerotizcd posterior margin, usually serrated, truncate or forming two pointed lobes; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Figs 202, 233). Apophyses anteriores about one-fifth to more than half length of apophyses posteriores. Usually with distinct sclerotized postostial structure, either plate or ridge (but not evident in the type species). Ductus bursae usually sclerotized, extremely short (much shorter than pear-shaped, usually elongate, corpus bursae). Signum a straight or slightly curved ridge. DiaLgnosis. The wing pattern of Lophochorista is somewhat similar to that of Eueana and certain species of Oospila. Eueana lacks abdominal tufts (see also the discussion of that genus); Lophochorista and Oospila both have these but Lophochorista alone has tufts also on the thorax. The male genitalia of Lophochorista and Oospila have features in common, including the presence of a medio-ventral sclerite in the valva, hut whereas the traristilla and juxta form a fused complex in the latter they are separate or only weakly connected in the former. Remarks. 'L.'porioni is misplaced in the Geometrinae and differs from the description of Lophochorista above. Dzstribution. In Central America known from Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, and in

53 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 36 1 South America known from Venezuela, Peru, Brazil and Bolivia; [also occurring in the U.S.A.]. Literature record: French Guiana (Herbulot, 1988b: 112). Species. Seven species (6 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: 6: calliope (6 and 0)) curtfascia (8 and 9)) diversata? (6 and 9)) klagesi (8 and $?), ockendeni (a), orthorisma (8 and 9). Lophochorista calliope (Druce) Racheospila calliope Druce, 1892: 90. Holotype 6, MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Coatepec (coll. Schaus) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico; Guatemala; Belize. Lophochorista curtfascia Prout Lophochorista curt@scia Prout, 1933a: 60. Holotype 9, SE. BRAZIL: Parana, Castro, 2900 ft, (Dukinfield Jones Coll.) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. hphochorista diversata (Dyar) Progonodes diversata Dyar, 19 12: 85. Holotype 8, MEXICO: [Puebla,] Tehuacan, ix (Miiller) (genitalia slide no , Hodges; USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico; Costa Rim? (Costa Rican specimens agree with diversata in genitalic structure but closely resemble calliope externally). Lophochorista klagesi Prout stat. nov. Lophochorista ockendeni klagesi Prout, 1933a: 60. Holotype 8, VENEZUELA: San Esteban vi (Kluge.$ (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined], Distribution. Venezuela. Lophochorista ockendeni (Druce) Racheospila ockendeni Druce, : 293. Lectotype 6, PERU: Carabaya, Rio Huacamaya, La Union, 2000 ft, xi -xii (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Literature record: French Guiana (Herbulot, : 1 12) requires confirmation. Lophochorista orthorisma Prout stat. nov. Lophochokta ockendeni orthorisma Prout, 1933a: 60. Holotype d, BRAZIL: Mato Grosso, 30 mls NE. of Cuyaba, Burity, 2250 ft, 6-3O.ix (Collenette) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil; Bolivia. E.xcluded species. Genitalia examined: 6. Lophochorista porioni Herbulot Lophochorista porioni Herbulot, 1988c: 12 1 ; fig. 13. Holotype 8, PERU: San Martin,

54 362 L. hl. PI IKIN 386 km on route Olmos-Tarapoto, 1800 m, ii.1982 (Poion) (HERB) [not examined]. KumurkJ. X.' porioni apparently belongs in the Sterrhinac. Dirtribution. Peru. Methydata Prout, 1933a (Figs 25, 203) Methydata Prout, 1933a: 68. Type species: Prohydatu auster Prout, 1912: 187, by original designation. Adults (based on female, male unknown) (Fig. 25). Antennae bipectinate; interantenna1 fillet white. Third segment of female labial palpus small. Wing pattern: thinly scaled, yellowish green dappled with translucent patches, without terminal line. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing fused at a point; common stalk of Rs and M, of hind wing longer than separate parts of these veins. Female frenulum weak or absent. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs. Abdomen pale greenish dorsally, often with a few tiny indistinct white spots. Genitalia d, Unknown. Genilulia 9 (Fig. 203). Apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores or slightly more. Ostial rcgion unmodified. Ductus bursae membranous, short (much shorter than elongate corpus bursac). Corpus bursae without signum. Lliugnosis. Methydata resembles Hyduta and Puchycopsis. It is distinguished from Hydata in having only one pair of hind tibia1 spurs and from Pachyropsis in the hind wing venation. The veins Sc + R, and Rs are fused only at a point in Methydata, much less than in PuchycopJis. These distinctions are tenuous but the status of Methydata cannot be satisfactorily resolved until the male genitalia are known. Dirtribution. Known only from Brazil. Species. One species. Genitalia examined: 9. Methydata auster (Prout) Pro/ydutu auster Prout, 1912: 187. Holotype 9, SE. Brazil, Sao Paulo uones) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Neugathia Warren, 1897 (Figs 26, 108, 157, 204).h%ugnthia Warren, 1897: 426. Type species: Nemoria? corruptuta Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 6, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 26). Female antennae simple. Interantennal fillet white with green, sometimcs diffuse, median band. Wing pattern: green mottled with brown flecks; antemedial and postmedial lines brown with diffuse brown band on basal side of

55 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOI HS 363 antemedial line and on outer side of postmedial line; green areas of wings between antemedial and postmedial lines thinly scaled and slightly translucent. Postmedial lines more-or-less smooth, with paler shading on outer side; postmedial line and band of fore wing markedly dark on under-side. Fore wing extended at apex with a slight concavity in outer margin between apex and vein M,; outer margin of hind wing slightly extended at veins M, and M,. Venation: Sc+R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Frenulum apparently absent from female. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen green dorsally, usually with a few tiny white spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 6 (Figs 108, 157). Uncus fairly short, medially swollen, tapered. Socii extremely small. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. regumen, vinculum and uncus together form a marked spindle shape. Valva broad, tapered, with medio-ventral channel or pocket. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus with spinose finger-like apical process. Abdominal sternite 8 unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 204). Apophyses anteriores very short, about one-eighth length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region with transverse ridges extending to edges of stcrnite 8; smaller patches of ridgcs on tcrgite 8. Ductus bursae sclerotized, shorter than elongate oval corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. Diugnosis. l he shape of the hind wing with the margin extended at veins MI and M, resembles that of Cutbduta but the wing patterns of the two genera differ (compare Fig. 26 with Fig. 2). In ~euguthiu the postmedial lines are more-or-less smooth whereas in Cathdata these are waved or indistinct from the broad outer band. The spindle shape of the male genitalia is seen also in Dichordu but it is more marked in,weuguthiu and the valva of the latter is more strongly tapered. The spinose finger-like apical process of the aedeagus (Fig. 157) is characteristic. Distribution. Central and South America from Costa Rica to Brazil and Bolivia. Species. One species. Genitalia examined: c7 and 9. Neuguthiu corruptutu (Felder & Rogenhofer).Nemoriu? corruptutu Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 6. Lectotype 9, BRAZIL: Amazonas (Bates) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Neuguthiu semilucidu Schaus, 1901: 250. Lectotype 6, BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro (Type No ; USNM), designated by Prout, 1932: 50 (as the type ) [examined]. Syn. nov.. Distribution. Costa Rica; Colombia; Venezuela; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia. ~e?n5ria Hubner, (Figs 27, 28, 61, 74, 111, 158, 205, 206, 234) Nemoriu Hubner, 18 18: 25. Type species: Nemoriu bistriuria Hubner, 18 18: 25, pl. [24], figs 139, 140, by subsequent designation by Moore, [ : fiptographu Hubner, [1823] : 284. Type species: fiptoguphu scriptaria Hubner, ,

56 361 L. M. PITKIN by subsequent designation by Prout, 1912: 248. [Synonymized by Pitkin, 1993: 62.1 Racheospila Guenke, 1857: 372. Type species: Racheospila lixaria Guenke, 1857, designated by Hulst, 1896: 314. [Synonymized by Forbes, 1948: Aplodes Guenee, 1857: 376. Type species: Aplodes mimosaria Guente, 1857, designated by Hulst, 1896: 315. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: Hipparchiscus Walsh, 1864: 301. Type species: Hipparchiscus uenustus Walsh, 1864, by monotypy. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: 111.] Anaplodes Packard, 1876: 367, 392. Type species: Anaplodes pistaciaria Packard, 1876, by monotypy. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: 111.] Annemoria Packard, 1876: 367, 375. Type species: Eunemoria unitaria Packard, , by monotypy. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: 28.1 Hlechroma Moschler, 1881 : 403. Type species: Blechroma exertata Moschler, 188 I, by monotypy. [Cited as synonym of Racheospila by Prout, 1912: hfiantonota Warren, 189.5: 89; 1897: 425. Type species: Miantonota integra Warren, 1897, by subsequent monotypy. [Cited as synonym of Racheospila by Prout, 1912: Dryadopsis Warren, 1897: 424. Type species: Racheospila morbilliata Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875, by original designation. [Synonymized by Pitkin, 1993: 62.1 Adults (Figs 27, 28). Length of longest antenna1 branches in male up to about twice width of flagellum at same point, occasionally longer: 3 or 4 times width of flagellum; female antennae simple (except winniae in which they are bipectinate). White interantennal fillet present in most species. Wing pattern: ground colour green, sometimes with brown speckles, blotches or occasionally bands. Plain-winged species usually have waved or smooth white antemedial and postmedial lines and reddish brown terminal line, which are absent from most patterned species; postmedial line or hind wing usually bent at middle (distinctly so in most Neotropical species). Outer margin of hind wing often slightly angled at vein M,, in a few speckled species very slightly scalloped. Venation (Fig. 6 1): Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Frenulum sometimes weak or occasionally absent from female. Hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs; male hind tibia with terminal extension. Abdomen commonly green dorsally with 3 or occasionally more white dorsal spots which are usually ringed with reddish brown; alternatively with dark brown spots or (rarely in Neotropical species) lackings spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia S (Figs 74, 11 1, 158). Uncus slender, usually long and rod-like (as in Fig. 11 1) but sometimes shorter and spatulate. Socii semi-membranous, usually erect and well developed; typically rounded but sometimes triangular with pointed apex. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva more-or-less parallel-sided but with sclerotized costal margin extended as a basal process, sometimes long, and often also as a distal process. Juxta either funnel-shaped with closed papilla or a flat plate. Coremata often present (in most Neotropical species, well developcd, often with long extensible membranous sac; usually with dense hairlike tufts. Aedeagus sometimes (infrequently in Neotropical species) with a row of small spines on one side. Anellar plate weakly to well developed; usually extending to middle or two-thirds length of aedeagus, rarely approaching apex. Abdominal sternite 8 usually extended posteriorly as two slight rounded or occasionally pointed

57 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 365 lobes with V-shaped notch between; similar in dimensions to tergite or slightly shorter, often squarish; with midrib, usually distinct. Genitalia 0 (Figs 205, 206, 234). Apophyses anteriores commonly half length of apophyses posteriores or more, but reduced in some species. Majority of species with somewhat sclerotized and wrinkled pouch joining ostium and abdominal sternite 7. Ductus bursae usually much shorter than corpus bursae, usually membranous but occasionally with sclerotized antrum. Corpus bursae elongate, usually slender with bulbous anterior end. Corpus bursae with fairly small or occasionally broad signum (rarely absent) in form of rounded to rectangular and usually shallow pouch, with well defined line or ridge at opening commonly straight, otherwise curved. Diagnosis. Nemoria is a large and varied genus, difficult to define on external characters and resembling various species of Lissochlora and Synchlora. Moths of Synchlora are usually small with strongly bipectinate male antennae, unlike most JVemoria species. Differences in wing pattern and shape distinguish many but not all species of Liaochlora from Nemoria (see the key to genera). Nemoria also resembles Phrudocentra but that genus lacks the reddish-ringed white abdominal spots conspicuous in many species of Nemoria and rarely has the dark abdominal spots present in several other Nemoria species. Phrudocentra usually has dark markings on the under-side of the hind wings additional to those on the upper surface, unlike Nemoria, and most species of Phrudocentra have a straight or only slightly curved postmedial line on the hind wing whereas this line is usually distinctly bent or curved in Nemoria. With few exceptions, Nmoria is characterized by the well developed basal costal process of the male valva; a weakly developed process is sometimes seen in certain other genera, such as Lissochlora. The rod-like, usually long, uncus also distin<guishes Nemoria from Synchlora and from most species of LiJsochlora. The shape of the female signum separates Nemoria from the externally similar genera discussed above, except perhaps for a few species of Synchlora. Biological noles. Host-plants in the following genera were recorded by Ferguson (1 969 and 1985) for Nemoria specimens reared in North America, unless stated otherwise. See Ferguson (1985: 20-67) for accounts of the larvae of North American species. Accraceae: Acer (sugar maple) Anacardiaceae: Rhus Betulaceae: Alnus (alder); Betula Corylaceae: Carpinus (ironwood) Enipetraceae: Ceratiola Ericaceae: Arbutus Fagaceae: Quercus spp.; 0. oleoides (record of marielosae in Costa Rica, D.H. Janzen's database of rearing records) Grossulariceae: Ribes Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar Juglandaceae: Juglans Lauraceae: Nectandra salicina (record of aturia in Costa Rica, see Pitkin, 1993: 7 1) Myricaceae: Myrica Oleaceae: Fraxinus (green ash) Pinaceae: Abies (balsam fir); Lurix (larch); Picea (white spruce); Tsuga (eastern hemlock) Polygonaceae: Eriogonum

58 3FG L. hl. PITKIN Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus Rosaceae: Crataegus (hawthorn); Photinia ( = ffeterome1e.c); Prunus (choke cherry); Sorhus (mountain ash) Salicaceae: Populus (trembling aspen); Salix (willow) Tiliaceae: 7ilia (basswood) Ulmaceae: IJlmus (American elm) Distribution. Widespread from Canada to 134 species (1 07 Neotropical and Mexican) plus 1 probable undescribed species. Genitalia examined: a wide range of species (see detailed coverage of Nemoria by Pitkin, 1993)..Nemoria heterograpta (Warren) comb. nov..neocrasi.s helerograpta Warren, 1904a: 23. Lectotype 6, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo lhmingo, 6000 ft, xi (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Colombia; Peru. ncora (Dognin, 1898) (Geometma) Ecuador acutularia (Schaus, 1912b) (Racheospila) Costa Rica Racheospila thymele Prout, 1932 Costa Rica adaluzae Pitkin, 1993 (Nmoria) Costa Rica adjunctaria (Dyar, 1914) (Dyzdopsic) Panama Dydopsis leucuspis Prout, 1932 Colombia qenoria (Schaus, 1912b) (Racheospila) Costa Rica albilineata (Warren, 1909) (Lissochlora) Peru nnae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica nnchijtropha (Prout, 1932) (RacheoJpiLa) Brazil antipala (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Peru RacheospiLa antipala pun$mbria Prout, 1932 French Guiana arizonaria (Grote, 1883) (Aplodes) U.S.A..Nemoria aemularia Barnes & McDunnough, 1918 U.S.A. Nemoria olivearia Cassino, 1927 U.S.A. astraea (Druce, 1892) (Racheospilu) Mexico aturza aturia (Druce, 1892) (Geornetra) Mexico Racheospila puntillada Dognin, 1893 Ecuador Bkclzronia ti.rstiparia Dyar, 1912 Mexico Racheospila mngnidiscata Prout, 1912 Guatemala aturia scotocephala (Prout, 1916) (Kacheospila tisstgmuria) Peru cnllirrhoe (Prout, 1932) (Racheo.$ila) French Guiana capys (Druce, 1892) (Racheospila) Mexico mnfiysoide.s (Schaus, 190 1) (Racheoqda) Mexico cam (Ilyar, 1918) (Racheospila) Mcxico carhzna (Druce, 1892) (Geometra) Mexico carolinae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica characta (Prout, 1932) (Dydopsis) Colombia conjlzla (Warren, 1904b) (Blechroma) Peru consimilis (Warren, 1909) (Miantonota) Peru con.rpersa (Warren, 1904b) (Blechroma) Peru

59 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 367 cosmeta (Prout, 1912) (Racheospila) Mexico Miantonota decorata Warren, 1904a ljunior homonym] daedalea Ferguson, 1969 (Nemoria) U.S.A. daminiata punctularia Barnes & McDunnough, 1918 (Nemoria) USA. Nemoria darwiniata calgornica Prout, 1932 U.S.A. defectiva (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila dentilinea) Peru delicataria Moschler, 1881 (Nemoria) Surinam dentilinea dentilinea (Warren, 1897) (Racheosjiila) Guyana dentilinea paurocaula (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Argentina dentilinea tenuilinea (Kaye, 1901) (Oenospila) Trinidad dorsilinea (Schaus, 1912b) (Racheospila) Costa Rica duniae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoriu) Costa Rica elbae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica epaphras (Schaus, 1912b) (Hechroma) Costa Rica erina (Dognin, 1896) (Achlora) Ecuador Rhodochlora erina ab. bipunctata Dognin, 1908a eu\geniae Pitkin, 1993 (Aemoria) Costa Rica florae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica fontalis (Warren, 1909) (Racheospila) Brazil franciscae Pitkin, 1993 (Nernoria) Costa Rica gerardinae Pitkin, 1993 (Nernoria) Costa Rica gladysae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica gortaria (Schaus, 1901) (Racheospila) Brazil haematospila (Prout, 1912) (Racheospila) Brazil hazelae Pitkin, I993 (flemonu) Costa Rica hypotiches (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Ecuador imitans (Warren, 1907) (Miantonota) Peru Miantonota imitans ab. versiplaga Dognin, 1910 inaequalis (Prout, 1917a) (Racheospila) Peru incognita (Warren, 1900) (Lissochlora) S. America? integra (Warren, 1897) (Miuntonota) Brazil interlurens (Schaus, 1912b) (Racheo.cpila) Costa Rica i,rabelae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica karlae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica latimarginaria (Maassen, 1890) (Phorodesma) Peru leptalea FerLguson, 1969 (Nemoria) U.S.A. Anaplodes delicataria Dyar, 1908 U.S.A. lorenae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica marianellae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica marielosae Pitkin, 1993 (Nernoriu) Costa Rica modesta (Dognin, a) (Miantonota) Mexico morbilliata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (Racheospila) Brazil mustela (Druce, 1892) (Racheospila) Mexico mutaticolor Prout, 1912 (Nernoria) Mexico nigricincta nigm'cincta (Warren, 1904b) (Blerhroma) Peru nz&icincta fasdi (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Colombia nigricincta ligata (Debauche, 1937) (Racheospila nigricinctata [sic]) Brazil n&risquama (Dognin, 1904) (Miantonota) Peru nympharia (Schaus, 1912b) (Racheospila) Costa Rica

60 368 I.. M. PITKIN obliqua obliqua (Hulst, 1898) (Aplodes) U.S.A. Geometra bellonaria Strecker, 1899 U.S.A. oppleta (Warren, 1907) (Blechromu) Peru ozalea (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Costa Rica pacgcaria (Moschler, 1881) (Racheospila) Surinam parcipuncta (Dognin, 1908b) (Blechroma) French Guiana panlipuncta (Warren, 1900) (Racheospila) Guyana penthica (Prout, 1917a) (Racheospila) Peru peruuzana (Prout, 1916) (Racheospila cosmeta) Peru pescadora (Beutelspacher, 1984) (Phmdocentra) Mexico praua (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Bolivia priscillae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica pulveraria (Schaus, 1901) (Racheospila) Bolivia puluerata (Dognin, 1914) (Blechroma) Colombia punctilinea (Dognin, 1902) (Miantonota) Venezuela rectilinea (Warren, 1906) (Miantonota) Cuba remota (Warren, 1900) (Racheospila Costa Rica rosae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica roseilinearia (Dognin, 1892) (Racheospila) Ecuador sarukhani Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Mexico saryae Pitkin, 1993 (Nmoria) Costa Rica scriplaria (Hiibner, [ 18231) (Lptographa) Phal[uenu] Geometjraj uiridaria Stoll [ tjunior homonym] Blechroma exertata Moschler, 1881 Surinam Racheospila radiolinea Prout, 1916 Brazil sellatu (Warren, 1907) (Miantonota) Peru sigillariu GuenCe, 1857 (Nemoria) Uruguay Racheospila degener Prout, 1916 Argentina.rordzj?ons (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Brazil Jputhu (Debauchc, 1937) (Racheosfila) Brazil splendidaria (Grossbeck, 1910) (Aplodes) U.S.A. spurcu Herbulot, 1982 (Nemoria) Ecuador strzgaria (Schaus, 1912b) (Racheospila Costa Rica tarachodes (Dyar, 1922) (Racheospila) Mexico Nemoria coruscula Ferguson, 1969 Mexico thegys (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Guatemala tickelli Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica torsilinea (Warren, (Mixocera) Paraguay toxeres (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila lixaria) Costa Rica tutala (Dognin, 1898) (Geometra) Ecuador unipunctata (Prout, 1912) (Racheospila) Brazil Racheospila disjuncta Prout, 1932 Argentina Miantonota erina ab. disjzlncta Warren, 1909 unitaria (Packard, 1873b) (Eunemoria) U.S.A. Aplodes junctolinearia Graef, 1881 U.S.A. Aplodes hudsonaria Taylor, 1906 U.S.A. Aplodes unilinearia Taylor, 1908 U.S.A. venezuelae (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila fontalis) Venezuela Racheospila sect$imbria Prout, 1932 Peru

61 NEOTROPICAL EMEFUI,D MOTHS 369 vermiculata (Dognin, 1914) (Lissochlora) Colombia Nemoria mustela monostigma Prout, 1916 Colombia vinacincta (Warren, 1901) (Racheospila) Panama viridicincta (Schaus, 1901) (Rucheospila) Brazil viridiscala (Dognin, 1923a) (Kacheospilu) Venezuela winniae Pitkin, 1993 (Nemoria) Costa Rica xaliria (Dognin, 1898) (Geometra) Ecuador sernyi (Prout, 1932) (Racheospila) Brazil Neocrasis Warren, (figs 29, 109, 159) Neocrasis Warren, : 447. Type species:,veocrasis obscurata Warren, : 447, by original designation. Adults (based on male, female unknown) (Fig. 29). Fore wing length 13mm or less. Interantennal fillet whitish with diffuse hind edge. Wing pattern: brown with indistinct darker antemedial and postmedial lines; costal margin of fore wing with striations [not very obvious]; terminal line dark brown; under-side paler but with broad diffuse dark brown band towards outer margin of wings. Fore wing extended at apex and vein M3 causing a concavity in outer margin; outer margin of hind wing very sharply angled and extended to a short tail at vein M,. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing fused at a point. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen brown dorsally, without spots or crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 6 (Figs 109, 159). Uncus moderately slender, rod-like and pointed. Socii semi-membranous, slender, slightly tapered, about as long as uncus. Gnathos a narrow loop, weakly sclerotized distally and without tooth, joined to tegumen by membrane; valva narrow and slightly tapered, without processes. Transtilla a large angular plate. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus with short finger-like process and very fine longitudinal apical ridges ending in minute spinules at apex. Abdominal sternite 8 unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9. Unknown. Remarks. The external appearance and male genitalia of eximia (Figs 110, 160) differ markedly from the characters described above, which are based on the only other species in the genus, the type species, obscurata. N. eximia appears to be incorrectly placed in Neocrmis. Diagnosis. The wing shape, brown colour and size (much smaller than the otherwise rather similar Eualloea) characterize.neocrasis (Fig. 29). Neocrasis appears to be related to Chlorochlamys, Chloropteyx and Xerochlora but it differs from those in having a concavity of the fore wing margin between the apex and vein M,. Distribution. Known from Costa Rica, Colombia and Ecuador. Species. One species. Genitalia examined: 6

62 M. PITKIN Neocrasis obscurata Warren.NeucraJiJ ubscurata Warren, : 447. Holotype 8, COLOMBIA: (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Diitribution. Costa Rica; Colombia. Excluded species. Genitalia examined: d Neocrasis eximia (Dognin) 7halera eximia Dognin, 1892: 237. Holotype 8 ECUADOR: Loja area, 1889 (genitalia slide LMP 248; USNM) [examined]. Remarks. Correct generic placement unknown. Distributiun. Ecuador. Ouspila Warren, 1897 (Fiqs 30, 31, 75, 76, 112, 113, 161, 162, 207, 23.5) Oospila Warren, 1897: 426. Type species: Phoroderma trilunaria GuenCe, 1857: 372, by original designation. Auuphylla Warren, 1897: 423. Typc species: irhalera includaria Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: fig. 341, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoble, 1995: 3.1 Progonode3 Warren, 1897: 429. Type species: Racheospila stagonata Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 25, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoble, 1995: 3.1 Drucia Warren, 1900: 133. Type species: Drucia delphinata Warren, 1900: 133, by original designation. [Synonymized by Prout, 191 2: Racheolopha Warren, 1900: 137. Type species: Racheospila miccularia GuenCe, 1857: 374, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoblc, 1995: 3.1 Anoptgdla Warren, 1906: [Incorrect subsequent spelling of Auopblla Warren.] Halioscia Warren, 1907: 202. Type species: Halioscia atruviridis. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: Ltlptolopha Warren, 1909: 78. Type species: Lissochlorajavilimes Warren, 1904a: 2 1, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoble, 1995: 3.1 Rhombochlura Warren, 1909: 89. Type species: Rhombochlora granutata Warren, 1909: 89, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoble, 1995: Auoph_ylludes Prout, 19 12: 20 (key), 130. Type species: Comibaena venezuelata Walker, 1861: 570, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoble, 1995: 4.1 OoJpiluma Prout, 19 16: 170. Type species: OoJpila thalassina Warren, 1905b: 3 18, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoble, 1995: 4.1 Urucumia Prout, 1933a: 71. Type species: Urucumia acymanta Prout, 1933a: 71, by original designation. [Synonymized by Cook & Scoble, 1995: 4.1 Adults (Figs 30, 3 1). Male antennae strongly bipectinate; female antennae often bipectinate, with branches nearly as long as in male, but sometimes simple. Interantennal fillet usually white but brown in a few species. Wing pattern: ground colour green, often dull, typically with cream blotches, or sometimes white or brown, situated at or near apex of wing and anal angle; sometimes with blotches joined together or with more extensive markings but occasionally plain or speckled with

63 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 37 I brown or white; anal blotch of hind wing often extended or with an additional blotch along inner margin of wing. Wings without antemedial or postmedial lines; sometimes with brown terminal line; costa sometimes speckled brown. Fore wing rarely extended at apex with outer margin slightly sinuous. In a few species: outer margin of hind wing angled at vein M, or rarely at M,, occasionally very slightly scalloped, or extended to a short tail at vein M3. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Frenulum a well developed spine in male (absent from aymanta), absent from female. Hind tibia usually with 1 (apical) pair of spurs but with 2 pairs in thalmsina group; male hind tibia without terminal extension. Abdomen with dorsal line of prominent tufts or crests on segments 2-5; larger bodied species with crests also on segments 6 and 7, smaller and paler. Crests of most species composed of broad brown outer scales and longer narrow, white or cream, central scales. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases) but occasionally with weak medio-posterior field. Genitalia 8 (Figs 75, 76, 1 12, 1 13, 16 1, 162) Uncus usually extremely short or without process. Socii semi-membranous and often rounded. Gnathos arms usually resemble horns, strongly sclerotized, curved and pointed, not fused in a loop. Valva often with one or more sclerotized medio-ventral processes, and sacculus often extended into a sclerotized, usually pointed process; sometimes with other processes such as small spines at the apex of the valva; occasionally with costal process. Transtilla and juxta fused to form anellar complex which usually surrounds aedeagus completely. Coremata usually absent. Aedeagus often with small cornutus and occasionally with other modifications of vesica. Abdominal sternite 8 often well sclerotized and usually extended posteriorly as two small lobes or long processes, but unmodified in a few species; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Figs 207, 235). Apophyses anteriores short, less than one-quarter to less than half length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial surrounds variously sclerotized and modified. Ductus bursae varying in length but typically as long or longer than bulbous corpus bursae; usually lightly or strongly sclerotized and with longitudinal striations; often with sclerotized antrum. Corpus bursae usually with signum zonsisting of a narrow band which is weakly or moderately sclerotized and has a small tooth at each end that protrudes into the corpus bursae. Diagnosis. The abdominal crests composed of broad outer scales and narrow central scales distinguish most Oosjila species from other Geometrinae. The only other 'Veotropical genus which has a line of abdominal crests is Lophochorista but its crests Ire undifferentiated and it has tufts also on the thorax. In the male genitalia of Oospila.he fusion of the transtilla and juxta to form an anellar complex is characteristic, -xcept in a few species where it is reduced. This feature is not exclusively diagnostic ;ince it occurs also in Anomphax and Telotheta but the status of these genera as distinct?om Oospila is still open to question. For additional discussion involving Oospila see he diagnoses of the above genera and those of Chavarriella and Eucrostes. Pemarks. The quinquemaculata and thalassina groups differ from other Oospila species in,everal respects. They have a distinct, though still fairly short, tapered process of the Incus, the gnathos is fused as a loop with a distal tooth, and coremata are usually iresent. 3iological notes. Host-plant, known only from a single record for 0. confundaria in Costa

64 372 L. M. PITKIN Rica: Fabaceae: Hymenaea courbaril (record and account of larva by D.H. Janzen in Cook & Scoble, 1995: 6). Di.rtribution. Widespread in Central and South America. Species. Seventy-three species. Genitalia examined: a wide range of species. See detailed coverage by Cook & Scoble (1 995). acymanta (Prout, 1933a) (Urucumia) Brazil albicoma albicoma (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (Racheospila) Amazonas Oospila minorata Warren, 1909 Brazil Oospila deliciosa Thierry-Mieg, 1916 French Guiana albicoma nasuta Warren, 1909 (Oospila) Trinidad alb$unctulata (Prout, 1932) (Racheolopha) Colombia altoriaria Jones, 1921 (Oospila) Brazil arpata (Schaus, 1897) (Racheospila) Brazil Racheolopha similiplaga Warren, 1900 Brazil Progonodes semicaudata Prout, 1912 Brazil Racheolopha mionophragma Prout, 1932 Peru Racheolopha mionophragma subruta Prout, 1932 Peru asmura (Druce, 1892) (Racheospila (2)) Panama Drucia latimargo Warren, 1904a Peru Dmcia fumidimargo Dognin, Colombia astipa (Warren, 1907) (Racheolopha) Peru athena (Druce, 1892) (Racheospila) Panama atopochlora Prout, 1933a (Oospila) Colombia atroviridis Warren, 1 Y04a (Oospila) Peru Oospila dolens Druce, 1911 Colombia callicula (Druce, 1892) (Comibaena) Panama Oospila callicula stenobathra Prout, 1933a Bolivia Oospila callicula orchardae Prout, 1933a Brazil Camilla Schaus, 1913 (Oospila) Costa Rica carnelunata (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana riliaria (Hubner [ 18231) (Eucrostes) Phaljaenaj Geometjra] marparia Stoll, Ljunior homonym] Phorodesma? semialbaria GuenCe, 1857 Brazil Racheolopha pallida Warren, 1906 French Guiana circumsessa Prout, I91 7a (Oospila) Peru circumsignata Prout, 1916 (Oospila) Brazil concinna Warren, 1900 (Oospila) Venezuela Oospila eminens Schaus, 1912a Costa Rica Oospila albicoma matura Prout, 1933a Brazil conpuaria (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana Oospila mesocraspeda Prout, 1912 Panama confunduma (Moschler, 1890) (Racheospila) Puerto Rico Racheolopha coerulea Warren, 1906 Guyana Racheolopha derasa Warren, 1906 French Guiana Oospila sesquiplaga Prout, 1912 Brazil Oaspila coerulea aphenges Prout, 1932 Brazil congener Warren, 1900 (Oospila) Guyana

65 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOlHS 373 Halioscia congener procellosa Warren, 1907 Peru continuata (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana decoloraria (Walker, 1861) (Iodk) Jamaica decorata (Prout, 1932) (Leptolopha) Brazil delacruzi (Dognin, 1898) (Comibaena) Ecuador restricta Warren, 1904b (Oospila) Peru debhinata (Warren, 1900) (Drucia) Brazil Racheolopha plurimaculata Warren, 1907 Peru Racheospila heteromorpha Warren, 1909 Paraguay Oospila plurimaculata symmicta Prout, 1933a Brazil depressa Warren, 1905a (Oospilu) Costa Rica Oospila semiuiridzs Warren, 1909 Peru dicraspeda Prout, 1932 (Oospila) Brazil ecuadorata (Dognin, 1892) (Racheolopha) Ecuador Racheolopha sarptarza ruhoris Prout, 1932 Colombia euchlora (Prout, 1932) (Racheolopha) Brazil excrescens (Warren, 1906) (Omcia) French Guiana jimbripedata (Warren, 1907) (Racheolopha) Peru jlavilimes (Warren, 1904a) (Lissochlora) Peru Jorepicta (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana Oaspila fi'orepicta ab. pulchr$zcta Prout, 1918 Oospila cqennensis Herbulot, 1991 French Guiana granulata (Warren, 1909) (Rhombochlora) Brazil holochroa (Prout, 1913) (Progonodes) Panama Racheoqila delicatescens Dyar, 1914 Panama hyalina Warren, 1897 (Oospila) Colombia Halwscia rmptimacula Warren, 1909 ljunior homonym] Oospilajactimacula Prout, 1912 immaculata Cook & Scoble, 1995 (Oospila) Brazil includaria (Herrich-Schaffer, 1855) (7Aabra) Guatemala Auophylla multiplagiata Warren, 1897 Paraguay Comibaena magntjica Schaus, 1901 Brazil Auophylla basiplaga Warren, 1907 Paraguay jajpidata (Warren, 1897) (Racheospila (?)) Guyana lactecincta (Warren, 1909) (Racheolopha) Brazil lacteguttata (Warren, 1909) (Racheolopha) Peru Progonodesfenestrata Bastelberger, 1911 a Peru Oospila peralta Schaus, 1912 Costa Rica Ieucostigma (Warren, 1907) (Racheolopha) Peru leucothalera (Prout, 1932) (Auophylla) Brazil Marina (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana lon&pa&is (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana longiplqa Warren, 1909 (Oospila) Brazil lunicincta (Warren, 1909) (Racheolopha) Paraguay marginata Warren, 1897 (Oospila) Guyana Oospila r4plaga Warren, 1904b Peru Oospila marginata sympathes Prout, 1932 Colombia miccularia (Gucnte, 1857) (Racheospila) French Guiana Racheolopha imula Dognin, 1911 a French Guiana

66 374 L. M. PITKIN Racheolopha sarptaria Moschler, 1881 Surinam nigrtpunctata (Warren, 1909) (hptolopha) Peru nivetacta (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana obeliscata (Warren, 1906) (Anophylla) Guyana obsolescens (Prout, 1932 (Oospila rujiplaga) pallidaria (Schaus, 1897) (Cornostola) Brazil pellucida Prout, 1916 (Oospila) Peru permagnu (Warren, 1909) (Lt.ptolopha) Peru Ixptolopha margznata Schaus, 1912 Costa Rica ljunior homonymj quinquemaculata (Warren, 1906) (Dmcia) French Guiana Drucia circumdata Warren, 1907 Peru Oospila circumdata striolata Prout, 1917a Peru rhodophragma Prout, 1916 (Oospila) Brazil rosipara (Warren, 1897) (Racheospila) Venezuela Racheolopha,fEavicincta Warren, 1900 Venezuela Racheolopha conuersa Dognin, 1908b French Guiana Racheolopha microspila Warren, 1909 Peru rubescens (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana rufilimes (Warren, 1905b) (Racheolopha) Ecuador Racheolopha extensata Warren, 1906 French Guiana ruptimacula Warren, 1901 (Oospila) Ecuador Oospila aliphera Dognin, 1923a Bolivia Oospila ruptimacula curtimacula Prout, 1933a Colombia sellijra Warren, 1906 (Oospila) French Guiana semispurcata (Warren, 1906) (Drucia) French Guiana.xporadata (Warren, 1906) (Racheolopha) French Guiana curuimargo (Herbulot, 1991) (Progonodes) Ecuador strzgonata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (Racheospila) Colombia Racheospila alycanda Druce, 1892 Costa Rica subaurea (Warren, 1907) (Comibaena) Peru thalassina Warren, 1905b (Oospila) Peru tricamerata Prout, 1916 (Oospila) Brazil trilunaria (Guenke, 1857) (Phorodesma) Brazil uenezuelata (Walker, 1861) (Comibaena) Venezuela Comibaena invasata Walker, 1866 Colombia Comibaena belisama Druce, 1892 Panama Auophylla ambusta Warren, 1900 Venezuela Auophylla invasata ab. perrupla Warren, 1900 Auophy1lode.r partita Prout, 1912 Panama Auophyllodes uenezuelata ah. connexa Prout, 1932 Auophyllodes venezuelata cellata Prout, 1932 Mexico violacea Warren, 1897 (Oospila) Guyana zainaradaria Flctcher, 1952 (Oospila) Venezuela

67 NEOTROPICAL EMERAID MOTHS 375 Pachycopsis Warren, 1897 (Fks 32, 33, 114, 1 IS, 163, 164, 208, 209) Pachycopsis Warren, 1897: 428. Type species: Pachycopsis tridentata Warren, 1897: 428, by original designation. Paraplodes Warren, 1904a: 24. Type species: Paraplodes aurata Warren, 1904a: 25, by original designation. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 19 12: Adults (Figs 32, 33). Female antennae pectinate, usually with broad branches lying close together and forming single loops. Interantennal fillet white. Third segment of female labial palpus long. Wing pattern: thinly scaled, yellowish green with white or translucent patches, without terminal line. Venation: Sc + R1 and Rs of hind wing fused to beyond midway along cell; common stalk of Rs and Ml of hind wing longer than separate parts of these veins. Frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs; male hind tibia with terminal extension. Abdomen pale greenish dorsally, often with a Sew tiny indistinct white spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with weakly developed pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia d' (Figs 114, 1 15, 163, 164, 208, 209). Uncus broad, tapering to two or one short prongs. Socii semi-membranous, small, usually narrow. Gnathos a stout loop with a narrow distal spine-like process, the two arms of the loop extended as a spike on either side of the spine; or pathos the standard slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva sometimes broad at base, tapered, without processes. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus moderately or very broad, without any spines. Abdominal sternite 8 morc-or-less unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Figs 208, 209). Apophyses anteriores half to two-thirds length of apophyses posteriores. Semicircular pouch at ostial opening. Ductus bursae membranous, short (much shorter than elongate or pear-shaped corpus bursae). Corpus bursae without signum. Diagnosis. Pachycopsis resembles Hydata and Methydata (see the diagnoses of those genera for distinguishing characters). Distribution. Known from Panama to French Guiana, Peru and Brazil. Spe6ie.s. Five species. Genitalia examined: caducata (d), malina (d), malina? (o), tridentata (8 and 9). Pachycopsis aurata (Warren) Paraplodes aurata Warren, 1904a: 25. Holotype 9, ECUADOR: Pambilar (Flemming and Miketta) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador. Pachycopsis caducata (Felder & Rogenhofer) Nemoria caducata Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 35. Lectotype 8? (in poor condition), FRENCH GUIANA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Di~ctribution. French Guiana; Brazil.

68 376 1,. M. PITKIN ] achy opsis lunjfira (War re lunzjira Warren, 1907: 204. Holotype 6, PERU: Carabaya, Tinguri, 3400 ft, viii (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Pachycopriy malina malina (Butler) AplodeA malina Butler, 1881 : 330. Lectotype 6, BRAZIL: [Ama~onas,] Rio Jutahi, 27.i (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Di~lribution. Colombia?; Venezuela?; French Guiana?; Ecuador?; Brazil. The literature record by Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher (1 986: 428, 528, as Hydata molznn Butler and Hydata molita Butler) from Mexico is dubious. Partycopsis malina tabogana Prout Pachycopis malina tabogana Prout, 1933a: 68. Holotype Q, PANMA Taboga I. (BMNH) [examined]. Ili~ tribution. Panania. Pactyopsis tridentata Warren Pachycopsis tridentata Warren, 1897: 428. Holotype Q, SURINAM: Paramaribo, xi (Ellacombe) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia? Venezuela; Surinam; French Guiana; Brazil. Paromphacodes Warren, 1897 (Figs 34-36, 77, 116, 117, 165, 166, 210, 211, 236) Paromphacode,r Warren, 1897: 428. I ype species: Paromphacodes rubrimargo Warren, 1897: 429, by original designation. Chrotochlora Warren, 1905b: Type species: Chrotochlora perpulchra Warren, 1905b: 317, by original designation. Syn. nov. Narquena Schaus, 1929: 53. Type species: Narquena resalaria Schaus, 1929: 53, by original designation. Syn. nov. Adults (Figs 34-36). Female antennae slightly serrate to bipectinate with very short branches. White interantennal fillet usually distinct. Wing pattern: fore wing green, often with series of reddish or brown dots representing antemedial and postmedial lines, rarely (1 undescribed species) with white antemedial and postmedial lines; hind wing white, without antemedial or postmedial lines; terminal line and/or fringe usually reddish or brown, sometimes costa also; outer margin of wings with broad brown band in,be$ulchra; sometimes with but often without discal spots. Venation: Sc. + R, and Ks of hind wing touching but not fused. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen predominantly whitish or occasionally brown, sometimes with a few white spots (spots ringed with reddish brown in one unclescribed species). Sternite 3 of male abdomen with or without pair of weak fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 6 (Figs 77, 116, 117, 165, 166). Uricus rod-like, usually long and very slcnder but short and tapered in rubristellata. Socii somewhat sclerotized, tapered,

69 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 317 often long and narrow. Gnathos a loop with a pointed distal tooth. Valva often with broadened sclerotized costal side, sometimes extended as a process towards distal end; otherwise parallel-sided or slightly tapered. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus with or without slight projection or kink; without any spines; with anellar plate. Abdominal sterriite 8 extended posteriorly as a slightly notched lobe or two lobes with a shallow notch in between; with midrib, usually incomplete. Genitalia 0 (Figs 2 10, 2 1 1, 236). Apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores or often slightly more. Ostial region usually unmodified, rarely with extremely weak development of preostial pouch. Ductus bursae usually with funnelshaped short antrum which is often weakly sclerotized but occasionally well defined; extremely short (much shorter than elongate corpus bursae). Corpus bursae usually slender, sometimes with bulbous anterior end. With or without signum, signum, where distinct, with two projecting spine-like corners. Diagnoszs. Whitish hind wings contrasting with green fore wings are seen also in Anomphax and the bistriaria group of Synchlora, and in certain Geometrinae outside the Neotropical Region including Chlorosea (North American) and a few North American species of Nemoria. The ennomine genus Eariodes Warren, in Brazil, also bears a close superficial resemblance to Paromphacodes. Paromphacodes is distinguished from Neotropical geometrines of similar appearance, and horn Chlorosea, in having two pairs of hind tibia1 spurs. The male genitalia of Paromphacode.? are distinct from those of all the above genera but resemble those of Lissochloru and Poecilochlora, genera which are unlike Paromphacodes in external appearance. The relationship and possible synonymy of these last two genera with Paromphacodes needs investigation. Remarks. Chrotuchlora and Narquena, known from single specimens, are here regarded as synonyms of Paromphacodes, sharing characteristics of genitalia structure and wing pattern. Distribution. Known only from South America: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. Species. Four described species plus 2 or possibly 3 undescribed species. Genitalia examined: perpulchra (S), malariu (y), rubrimargo (8 and?), rubristellata (S), 2-3 undescribed species (S), 2 undescribed species (9). Paromphacodes perpulchra (Warren) comb. nov. Chrotochlora perpulchra Warren, 1905b: Holotype 8, PERU: Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6400ft (Bottger) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Paromphacodes resalaria (Schaus) comb. nov. -Narquena re.ralaria Schaus, 1929: 53. Holotype 9 [cited as 61, BRAZIL: Santa Catarina, iii.1922 uones) (genitalia slide LMP 329; Type No ; USNM) [examined]. DiJ tribution. Brazil.

70 M. PITKIN Paromphacodes rubrimargo Warren Paromphacodes rubrimqo Warren, 1897: 429. Holotype 9, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Paromphacodes rubrirtellata Warren Paromphacodes rubriatellata Warren, 1897: 429. Holotype 6, COLOMBIA: Bogota (Child) (genitalia slide Geom : BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Phrudocentra Warren, 1895 (F~s 37-41, 78, 118, 119, 167, 168, 212) Phrudocentra Warren, 1895: 90. Type species: Phrudocentra pupillata Warren, 1897: 429, hy subsequent monotypy. IZlelochlora Warren, 1901: 445. Type species: Tachyphyle neis Druce, 1892: 93, by original designation. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 19 12: 12 1.] Nesipola Warren, 1909: 82. Type species: Nesipola impunctata Warren, 1909: 82, by original designation. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 19 12: 12 1.]. Adults (Figs ). Female antennae simple or, in several species, bipectinate with branches as long as in male. Interantennal fillet sometimes white but often green with narrow white margins; front of head white in several species. Wing pattern: ground colour green, often plain but sometimes with brown blotches which if present are usually towards outer margins of wings; occasionally colour predominantly brownish or ochreous; occasionally with translucent or thinly scaled patches. Wings often with diffuse whitish postmedial lines, smooth, oblique, and olive or brown shaded on median side; antemedial line indistinct on fore wing, absent on hind wing or occasionally present but indistinct or brown; without terminal line (except sometimes in centniugaria). Under-side of wings often with brown or blackish markings (usually obvious but occasionally faint) additional to any markings on upper surface. Fore wing often slightly extended at apex, and outer margin sometimes slightly sinuous; outer margin of hind wing typically angled at M,. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing either touching but not fused, or separate. Male usually with frenulum but this is absent from obnubilata and tunaoptera; frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs; male sometimes with but often without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen green dorsally, usually with a few tiny white spots, rarely with brown patches surrounding these. Sternite 3 of male abdomen often with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales but sometimes fields weak or absent. Genitalia 8 (Figs 78, 118, 119, 167, 168). Uiicus fairly short or of modcrate length, usually rod-like, occasionally strongly spatulate. Socii semi-membranous, small and not normally erect. Gnathos a loop, usually slender, with a pointed distal tooth, usually narrow. Valva usually broad at base, tapered; processes occasionally arise at extreme base of valva, not costally. Vinculum somewhat elongated and with sides distendcd so that tegumen, vinculum and uncus together form a pear shape. Juxta large, more-or-less reaching or overlapping transtilla (in pupillata, Fig. 1 19, smaller

71 NEOTKOPICAL E MEMD MOTHS 379 than in most species). Coremata usually well developed as dense hair-like tufts on large extensible membranous sac. Aedeagus with spine- or finger-like, smooth or slightly serrate, subapical process; aedeagus usually with distinctly sclerotized pointed apex. Abdominal sternite 8 usually extended posteriorly as two very slight lobes with a shallow notch in between; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 212). Apophyses anteriores more than half length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region unmodified or with sclerotized postostial ridge and lightly sclerotized postostial plate. Ductus bursae sclerotized towards ostial end, usually becoming less so towards corpus bursae, about half to slightly more than two-thirds length of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae moderately elongate, without signum. Diagnosis. Phrudocentra is a variable genus in external appearance. The dark markings on the under-side of the hind wings additional to those on the upper surface are typical of Phrudocentra but are lacking in several species. The male genitalia are characteristic in the pear-shape formed by the distended vinculum and other structures (Figs 118, 119). Remarks. Two species here transferred from Chloractis lack a frenulum in the male but otherwise have the characters of Phrudocentra. Three species,j?accida (Figs 120, 169), tanysgs (Fig. 42) and niveiceps, are misplaced in Phrudocentra and differ from the description above, particularly in the structure of the male genitalia; jaccida and tanysps have also an unusually well developed frenulum. F jaccida and tan_ys&ys appear to be related to porphyropis, a species currently misplaced in Dichorda. They share similarities in the wing pattern (Figs 11 and 42) and in the male genitalia. P. niveiceps has similar male genitalia to those of Lissochlora and it seems to be related to that genus despite differences in external appearance. Two further species are atypical of Phrudocentra. The outer margin of the fore wing of hydatodes and uitiosa~a, particularly in the latter, is more strongly sinuous than usual. The male genitalia (examined in hydatodes) differ in several respects from those typical of Phmdocentra, for instance hydatodes has a smaller juxta which is far apart from the transtilla. Biological notes. Host-plants (known only for two species): Vochysiaceae: Voclyia fevugznea (Phrudocentra (oubnka?) in Costa Rica, specimen examined); Myricaceae: Myrica cemfera (record, and account of larva in U.S.A.: Florida presumed to be P. centmfugaria by Ferguson, 1985: 70). The larva of the unidentified species in Costa Rica has very long dorsolateral protruberances which enhance its camouflage amongst the flowers on which it feeds (Thiele, pers. comm.). Distribution. Widespread in Central and South America; [also occurring in U.S.A.: Texas and Florida]. Species. Thirty-four species. Generic placement of a few of these is uncertain. Genitalia examined: albiceps (d), albicoronata (d), assa (d), eccentrica (d), hydatodes (d), kinstonensis (d), obnubilata (d), oubrica (d), pupdata janeira (6 and 9), neis (d and 9), (8 and q), taediata (d), unidentified species (8).

72 380 I,. M. PI'I'KIN Phmdocentra abscondita Prout Phmdocentra abscondita Prout, 1932: 48. Lectotype 8, SE. PERU: R. Inainbari, La Oroya, ft, iii (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Melochlorn ajinis ab. abscondita Warren, 1909: 80. [Infrasubspecific name.] Remarks. Prout (1932: 48) refers to abscondita as possibly a race of opaca. Distribution. Pcru. Phrudocentra agari Prout Phrudocentra agari Prout, 1916: 167. Holotype 8, DOMINICA (Agar) (HMNH) [cxamined]. Dktribuh. Dominica. Phrudorentra alhicebs (Warren) Melochlorn albiceps Warren, 1904h: 504. Holotype 8, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, v (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Peru. Ptirudocentra albicoronata albicoronata Prout Phrudoctntra albicoronata Prout, 1916: 168. Holotype 6, VENEZUELA: San Esteban, vi (Kluges) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Venezuela; French Guiana?; Brazil? Phrudocentra alhiroronata Jixola Prout Phrudorentra albicoronata Prout, 19 16: 168 Lpartim]. Phrudorentra albicoronata sixola Prout, 1932: 48. Lectotype 8 COSTA RICA: Sixaola R. (Schaus) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Guatemala?; Costa Rica; Colombia. Phrudocentra assa (Druce) Nem.oria assa Druce, 1892: 85. Holotype 8, COSTA RICA: KO Sucio (Rogers) (BMNH) [rxamined]. Distribution. Costa Rica. Phrudocentra rentnfugaria cent$ugaria (Herrich-Schaffer) Geometra centrfugiiria Herrich-Schaffer, 1870: 182. Syritypes 3 9, CUBA (not traccd). Geometra protractaria Herrich-Schaffer, 1870: 182. Type(s) 8, CUBA (not traced) [Synonymized by Dyar, 1908: 171.] Eucrostis hollandaria Hulst, 1886a: 123. Holotype 9, U.S.A.: Florida (Coll. Holland) (CMNH) [examined]. [Synonymized by Dyar, 1908: 17 1.] Eucro.hs jaspidiaria Hulst, 1886a: 123. Lectotype 8, U.S.A.: Florida, Indian River (Coll. Edwards) (AMNH), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 122 [photograph rxamined]. [Synonymized by Dyar, 1908: 17 1.] Racheosjila anomalaria Moschler, 1890: 243. Holotype 9, PUERTO RICO (MNHU?) [not examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1932: 49.1

73 NEOI ROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 38 1 Jjnchlora uiridipurpurea Hulst, 1898: 159. Lectotype 9, U.S.A.: Florida, Charlotte Harbor (Coll. Hulst) (AMNH), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 122 [not examined]. [Synonymized by Dyar, 1908: ] Euchloris heterospila Hampson, 1904: Lectotype 9, BAHAMAS: Abaco (collector cited as Meers in description but specimen labelled Bonhote ) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969: Distribution. Cuba; Bahamas; Puerto Rico; Virgin Is; W.S.A.] Phrudocentra centmfugaria impunctata (Warren).Nes$ola impunctata Warren, 1909: 82. Lectotype 9, DOMINICA: i,ii (Agar) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Dzstribution. Dominica. Phrudocentra centrfugaria punctata (Warren) Lissochlora punctata Warren, 1904b: 504. Holotype 8, ST LUCIA vi (Branch) (BMNH) [examined], Rhodochlora albimacula Warren, 1904b: 506. Holotype 9, ST LUCIA: vii (Branch) (BMNH) [examined]. [Cited as ab. by Prout, 1932: 49.1 Phrudocentra centnfugaria punctata Warren; Prout, 1932: 49. Phrudocentra centmfugaria punctata ab. catenata Prout, 1932: 49. [Infrasubspecific name.] Distribution. St Lucia. Phrudocentra centnzugaaria stellataria (Moschler) Cambogia stellataria Moschler, 1886: 68. Syntypes 2 8, 1 9, JAMAICA (MNHU?) [not examined]. Racheospila concentrata Warren, 1897: 430. Holotype 9, JAMAICA (Taylor)(BMNH) [examined]. [Cited as ab. by Prout, 1932: 49.1 Phrudocentra centmfugaria stellataria ab. meceospila Prout, 1932: 49. (IInfrasubspecific name.] Distribution..Jamaica. Phrudocentra condensata (Warren) Melochlora condensata Warren, 1907: 205. Holotype d, PERU: R. Inambari, La Oroya, ft, ix (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Panama?; Colombia?; Peru; Brazil? Phrudocentra contaminata Prout Phrudocentra contaminata Prout, 19 16: 167. Holotypc 8, SE. PERU: Rio Inambari, La Oroya, ft, iii (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Peru. Phrudocentra discata (Warren) Velochlora discata Warren, 1909: 80. Holotype 8, PERU: R. Inambari, La Oroya, ft, ix (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. DiJtribution. French Guiana; Peru; Brazil.

74 382 L. hl. PITKIN Phrudocentra eccentricu eccentrica Prout Phrudocentru eccentricu Prout, 19 16: 168. Holotype 9, PARAGUAY: Sapucay, 23.xi (Foster) (BMNH) [examined]. Dishibution. Brazil?; Paraguay. Ptirudocentru eccenlrica giacomellii Do gnin Phrudocentru giacomellii Dognin, 1923b: 8. Holotype 9, ARGENTINA: Tucuman (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Argentina. Phrudocentru genufexa (Warren) Melochlora gen$exa Warren, 1906: 418. Holotype 9, FRENCH GUIANA: Maroni R., St Jean (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Surinam?; French Guiana; Brazil. Phrudorentra hydutodes (Warren) Melochlora hydutoder Warren, 1906: 418. Holotype 8, FRENCH GUIANA: Maroni K., St Jean (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. KPmurks. Generic placement uncertain. Dihribution. French Guiana; Brazil; Peru. Phrudocentru inquilina (Dognin) hlelochloru inquilinu Dognin, 1911 b: 161. Lectotype 8, COLOMBIA: Cauca valley, Jumbo, l000m, i.1909 (FassT) (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Phrudocentru intermediu (Warren) Melochlora intermedia Warren, 1904a: 22. Holotype 8, PERU (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador?; Peru. Phrudocentru.juneiru janeira (Schaus) Tuclyphylejuneirn Schaus, 1897: 162. Lectotype, BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro (Type No ; USNM), designated by Prout, 1932: 49 (as 'the type') [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Phrudocentru janeira tenuis (Warren) Melochlora tenuis Warren, 1909: 80. Holotype 9 [cited as 81, TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Belmont (Lafon4 (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Belize; Costa Rica; Panama; Trinidad; Brazil. Phrudocentru kinstonensis (Butler) Jodis kinstonensis Butler, 1878: 490. Lectotype 8, JAMAICA: Kingstown area (Bowry) (BMNH), here designated [examined].

75 NEOTROPICAL EMEXALD MOTHS 383 Iodis kin[g,7stonenszs Kirby, 1880: 22 1, pnjustified emendation of Jodis kinstonensis Butler.] Lhhstribution. Jamaica Phrudocentra leuconyssa Prout Phrudocentra leuconyssa Prout, 1932: 47. Holotype 9, GUATEMALA: Panajachel, 5000 ft (Champion) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Guatemala. Phrudocenlra marcidu (Warren) Lissochlora (p) marcida Warren, 1909: 79. Holotype 0, BRAZIL: Amazonas ( Upper Amazon ), Fonte Boa, x (&!ages) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Guyana?; Brazil. Phrudocentra mitigatu Prout Phrudocentra mitigata Prout, 19 12: 122. Holotype S, PANAMA: Chiriqui (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica?; Panama. Phrudocentra neis a&nk (Warren) Melochlora a$;nij Warren, 1906: 417. Holotypc $, FRENCH GUIANA Maroni R., St Laurcnt (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. Di.rtribution. French Guiana; Brazil; Bolivia. Phrudocentra neis neis (Druce) Tachyphyle (?) neis Druce, 1892: 93. Holotype Q [cited as 81, PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, ft (Champion) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distrzhtion. Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia. Literature records; h/lexico (Druce, 1892: 94); W.S.A.] (Ferguson, 1985: 71). Phrudocentra nigromaqinala Dognin Phrudocentra? nigrornarginata Dognin, I9 1 la: 6. Holotype 6, COLOMBIA: Quindio, Rio Toche, 2400 m (Fuss4 (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Phrudocentra obnubilata (Warren) comb. rev. Mtlochlora obnubilata Warren, 1906: 419. Holotype d, French Guiana: Maroni R., St Jean (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. Phrudocentra obnubilata (Warren); Prout 19 12: 123. Chloractis obnubilata (Warren); Prout, 1916: 173; Prout, 1933a: 70. Distribution. Guyana; French Guiana; Brazil. Phrudocentra opaca (Butler) rodis opaca Butler, 1881: 328. Lectotype 8, BRAZIL: [Amazonas,] ( Santarem on

76 38% L M PIIKIN specimen labcl), Rio Jutahi, 4.ii (Trail) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Dzctrzbutzon. Colombia?; French Guiana?; Brazil; Bolivia? Literature record: Mexico (Delfin-Gonzhlcz & Beutelspacher, 1986: 427) requires confirmation. Phrudocentra oubrica (Dyar) comb. nov. 7acIyplgde aubrica Dyar, 1914: 229. Holotype 6 PANAMA: Panama Canal Zone, Trinidad K., iii (Busck) (genitalia slide LMP 339; USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica?; Panama. Phrudorentra pupillata Warren Phrudocentra pupillata Warren, 1897: 429. Lcctotypc 8, GUYANA: Rio Dcmerara (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Phrudocentra pupilluta ah. submaculata Warren, 190 I : 448. flinfi-asubspecific name.] Distribution. Guatcmala?; Belize?; Honduras?; Nicaragua?; Costa Rica?; Colombia?; Venezuela?; Trinidad?; Guyana; Surinam?; French Guiana?; Brazil?; Ecuador?; Peru?; Bolivia? Phrudocenlra senescens Prout Phrudocentra senescens Prout, 19 17a: Lectotype d, COLOMBIA: Sierra del Tibane, 6000 ft (Smith) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Phrudo~entra ~ordulenta Dognin Phrudorentia rordulenta Dognin, 1923a: 20. Lectotype d, BRAZIL: Amazonas, Sao Paulo de Olivrnca, xi xii (Fu~sl)(Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Dzrtrzbution. French Guiana?; Brazil. Ph?udorentra subaurutu (Warren) Tachyphyle subaurata Warren, 1904a: 27. Lectotype 8, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, i (Ockenclen) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Tachyphyle aeretincta Warren, 1904b: 507. Hoiotypc 6, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, iii (Orkenden) (BMNH) [examincd]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 47.1 Di~tribution. Ecuador; Peru. Phrudocentra taediata iaediata (Felder &L Rogenhofer) Jt emoria taediata Felder & Rogenhorer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 11. Lectotype d, BRAZIL: Amazonas (Rate.$ (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]..nevioria nigroapicalis Dognin, 1900b: 439. Holotype d, COLOMBIA: Popayan (USNM) [examined]. [Cited as ab. by Prout, 1932: 46.1 Distribution. Costa Rica?; Colombia; Vcnezuela?; Trinidad?; French Guiana?; Brazil.

77 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 385 Phrudocentru taediutu lucens (Warren) Tuchrphyle lucens Warren, 1907: Holotype d, PERU: Huanuco, Pozuzo[u?], m (Hofmunns) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru. Phrudocentra tunaoptera (Prout) comb. nov. Chloructis tunaoptera Prout, 19 16: Holotype d, French Guiana: St-Jean-de- Maroni, i (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. French Guiana. Phrudocentru trimuculutu (Warren) Melochlora trimuculutu Warren, 1901: 445. Holotype d, PANAMA Chiriqui (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Panama. Phrudocentra vagilinea (Warren) Melochlora uugilineu Warren, 1906: Holotype d, FRENCH GUIANA: Maroni R., St Jean (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. French Guiana; Brazil. Phrudocentra uitiosuria (Dognin) Nemoria? vitiosariu Dognin, 1892: 186. Holotype d, ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe Zamora (USNM) [examined]. Remarks. Generic placement uncertain. Dihtributiun. Ecuador; Peru. Phrudocentru uividu (Warren) hlelochlora uiuidu Warren, : 446. Holotype 8, VENEZUELA: Ciudad Bolivar (kluges) (BMNH) [examined]. Di,rtribution. Guatemala?; Costa Rica?; Panama?; Colombia?; Venezuela; French Guiana?; Brazil?; Peru?; Bolivia? Excluded species. Genitalia examined: jaccidu (d), niueiceps (8 and 9). P}irudocentru ~accida (Warren) Tact pph_vle juccidu Warren, 1909: 89. Lectotype d, PERU: Carabaya, R. Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, xii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Phrudocentra jiuccida Prout, 1932: 46. Remarks. Correct generic placement unknown. Distribution. Guyana?; French Guiana?; Peru; Brazil?

78 386 I.. M. PITKIN Pkrudocentra niveireps Prou t Phrudocentra niveiceps Prout, 191 2: 122. Holotype 6, NE. PERU: Huancabamba (genitalia slide Gcom ; BMNH) [examined]. Remarks. Correct generic placement unknown. Distribution. Peru; Bolivia. Phrudocentra tanysps Prout Pkmdocentra taysiys Prout, : 174. Holotype 6, BRAZIL [Santa Catarina,] Joinville, vii-x (ex coll. Arp) (DEIC) [not examined]. Kemarh, Correct generic placement unknown. Possible synonym of jlaccida (Warren). Distribution. Brazil. Poecilochlora Warren, 1904b (Figs 43, 79, 122, 170, 213) Poecilochlora Warren, I904b: 505. Type species: Poecilochlora minor Warren, 1904b: 506, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 43). Male antennae not strongly bipectinate, branches not much longer than width of flagellurn; female antennae simplc; intcrantcnnal fillet whitish. Wing pattern: ground colour green; outer margin of wings reddish brown bordered on iririer side with diffuse yellowish band; narrow diffuse white band at costa of fore wing; anternedial and postmedial lines white; under-side of hind wing predominantly whitish; discal spots absent. Wings with irrelgularly scalloped outer margins, extended partic,ularly at apex and vein M, of fore wing causing a concavity in outer margin and extended to a very slight tail at M, of angulate hind wing. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; without terminal extension. Abdomen more-or-less plain, with no more than a trace of a white spot. Sternitc 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 8 (Figs 79, 122, 170). Uricus long, very slender and rod-like, slightly spatulate. Socii fairly long, narrow and slightly tapered. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva narrow, not particularly tapered, costal side lightly sclerotized and margin extended as a lobe-shaped process midway to twothirds along valva. Coreniata absent or not noticeably developed. Acdcagus with slight projection or kink in apical half: without any spines. Anellar plate small. Abdominal sternite 8 extended posteriorly as two slight lobes with a shallow notch in between; with weak midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 213). Apophyses anteriores more than half length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial rcgion unmodified. Ductus bursae membranous, shorter than pear-shaped corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. Diagnosis. Poecilochlora is distinctive due to its irregularly scalloped wings margins and its colour pattern. A species that was placed in Poecilochora, heterograpta, is remarkably similar in external appearance but the male genitalia are typical of Nmoria to which

79 NEOlKOPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 387 it is here transferred. N heterograpta, unlike Poecilochlora, has white patches between the antemedial and postmedial lines. Remarks. The male genitalia are very similar to those of Paromphacodes and Lissochlora, and these genera may prove to be synonymous. Distribution. Known only from South America: Peru. Sjecies. One species. (See.Nemoria for heterograpta, here transferred from Poecilochlora.) Genitalia examined: (d and 9). Poecilochlora minor Warren Poecilochlora minor Warren, 1904b: 506. Holotype d, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, iii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. 1)irtribution. Peru. tjyrochlora Warren, 1895 (F& 44, 80, 121, 171, 214) Qrochlora Warren, 1895: 90. Type species: Phaljaena] Geomet[raj rhanis Cramer, 1777: 34; pl. 119, figs B, C, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 44). Antennae bipectinate in both sexes, flagellum thickly scaled at basal end; interantennal fillet not clearly defined, cream mixed with orange-brown. Front of head with large areas of brown or orange. Wing pattern: olive green, with very broad brown or pale brown median band on hind wing and posterior half of fore wing; one to two dark brown waved lines within band; distinct pale blotch at edge of band near anal angle of fore wing; wings without distinct white antemedial and postmedial lines and without terminal line; under-side of wings with several brown 3r blackish markings. Venation: Sc + R, and Ks of hind wing touching, occasionally used at a point. Frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia with two pairs of ;purs; male hind tibia with small terminal extension. Abdomen olive and brown lorsally, without spots or crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of jeciduous needle-like modified scales. I;enztalia 8 (Figs 80, 12 1, 17 1). Uncus slender and rod-like, slightly spatulate. Socii emi-membranous, small and not normally erect. Gnathos a slender loop with a iarrow pointed distal tooth. Valva parallel-sided, fairly narrow, without processes. 2oremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus with apical spine. ibdominal sternite 8 with large deeply rounded sclerotized scoop in margin; without nidrib. hitalia 9 (Fig. 214). Apophyses anteriores more than half length of apophyses iosteriores. Ostial region with large, somewhat sclerotized, wrinkled preostial pouch, lore or less distinct from abdominal sternite 7; postostial region with broad ridges. hctus bursae with large bulbous sclerotized antrum with pair of ear-shaped lobes; horter than pear-shaped corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. )ia<gnoszj. The wing pattern of Qrochlora resembles that of many Tachychlora species ut Tachchlora does not have a distinct pale blotch near the anal angle of the fore

80 3HX L. M. PII KIN wing, and the plain areas of its wings are usually a more pure green in Tuc/ychlora. Tachychlora subflvata, which is olive in ground colour, has only indistinct markings, unlike Fjrochlora. Tuchychloru has a white or occasionally green front of head without the large brown or orange areas prcsent The genitalia of fjrochluru differ from those of Tuchychloru and other Geometrinae in the shape of several structures, notably the aedeagus with its apical spine and the margin of abdominal sternite 8 in the male, and the female antrum. Dixtribulion. Central and South America extending from Guatemala to French Guiana, Peru and Brazil; recorded by Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher (1986: 427) also from Mcxico. Species. Two species. Genitalia examined: rhunis (8 and 9). [yrorhlora rnajorcula Dyar Qmchloru majorcula Dyar, 1925: 7. Txctotype 6, FRENCH GUIANA Cayenne, vi. I904 (Schaus) (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Dirtribution. French Guiana; Brazil? 13rochloru rhunij (Cramer) Phuljaenuj Geometjra] rhunis Cramer, 1777: 34; pl. 119, figs B, C. Type(s), West Indies (Rengers Coll.) (not traced). Phaljuenu] Geornetjru] rhunisariu Stoll, [1790]: 152; pl. 34, figs 2, 2B. [Described in synonymy.] Distrzbution. Guatemala?; Belize; Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; Trinidad; Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Brazil; Peru. Literature records: Mcxico (Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher, 1986: 427). Rhoduchloru Warren, 1894 (F&Y 4.5, 46, 123, 124, 172, 173, 21.5, 216, 237) Rhudochloru Warren, 1894: 385. Type species: Achlora rose$ulpis Felder & Kogenhofer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 33, by original designation. Adults (Figs 45, 46). Male antennae strongly bipeclinatc; female antennae simple or slightly serrate; intcrantennal fillct white. Front of head orange or brown. Wing pattern: ground colour usually green but occasionally predominantly ochreous or brownish; sometimes with brown or reddish barid towards outer margin of fore wing. Anterriedial and postmedial lines brown or sometimes olive, antemedial of hind wing a broad band, other lines waved, sometimes indistinct or consisting ofa series of dots. Fore wing typically with yellow or crcani blotch between postmedial line and anal angle; hind wing usually with yellow or cream between base of wing and antemedial line, yellowish or ochreous colour sometimes extending towards postmedial line or outer margin olwing; wings without terminal line. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Hind tibia usually with two pairs of spurs although one apical spur is missing occasionally, or (exquzsita and tniusczata) with only one (apical) pair of spurs; male hind tibia usually without, but in a few species with, small terminal extension. Abdomen usually green and whitish dorsally, without spots or

81 NEO'I'KOPICAL EMERALD MOL'HS 389 crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen usually with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales but sometimes fields weak or absent. Genitalia 8 (Figs 123, 124, 172, 173). Uncus slender and rod-like, usually slightly tapered. Socii long, of similar length to uncus, very slender and slightly tapered (except rufria which has extremely large socii that are much broader than in other Rhodochlora species and have a tapered process). Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva parallel-sided or slightly tapered, often fairly narrow; often with very slight basal costal process, sometimes with slight distal process (apical in rothschildz). Transtilla often a very broad band, bilobate. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedea<gus sometimes with subapical or apical sclcrite, rarely pronounced; apex usually pointed but in a few species blunt with pair of patches of numerous small apical or subapical spines. Abdominal stcrnite 8 extended posteriorly as two lobcs, usually slight, with a V-shaped notch between (similar in most to that of Poecilochlora, Fig. 79); usually with midrib, weak or distinct. Genitalia 9 (Figs 2 15, 2 16, 237). Apophyses anteriorcs about half length of apophyses posteriores or slightly more. Ostial region unmodified. Ductus bursae membranous, slender, much shorter than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, with or without signum. Diaposis. The distinctivc wing pattern, particularly the blotch between the postmcdial line and anal angle of the fore wing, and the antemedial band of the hind wing, together with the largc size of the moths (Figs 45, 46) enables recognition of Rhodochlora. The smaller Qrochlora has several similar elements of wing pattern but it difkrs from Rhodochlora in having a broad brownish band on the hind wing and posterior half of the fore wing. The yellowish base of the hind wing usual in Rhodochlora is seen also in Tachychlora but the latter has a white or green front of head, not orange or brown as in Rhodochlora. In the male genitalia the socii of Rhodochlora (Figs 123, 124) are much larger than those of Qrochlora (Fig. 12 1) or Tachychlora (Figs 128, 129). Remarks. The male gcnitalia of most Rhodochlora species are similar to Fig. 123 but rufria difkrs markedly in some respects, notably the enormous socii (Fig. 124) and also in having larger lobes on abdominal sternite 8. Distribution. Central and South America from Costa Rica to French Guiana, Peru and Brazil. Species. Fourteen described species plus 1 probable undescribed Costa Rican species. Genitalia examined: basicostalis (d), brunneipabis minor (d), endognoma (d), exguisita (d), roseipal$is (6 and T), rothschildi (d), rvfiria (8 and Q), tornistriga (13). Rhodochlora albipuncta Warren Rhodochlora albipuncta Warren, 1909: 87. Holotype d, PERU: Province Huanuco, Cushi, 1900 m (Hqfmanns) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru.

82 390 L M. PITKIN Rhodochlora basicostalis basicostalis Dognin Rhodochlora bajicostalis Dognin, 1900a: Lectotype 6, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1890 [I ypr No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador; Peru. Rhodochlora basicostalis unicolor Warren Khodochlora unicolor Warren, 1907: 209. Lectotype d, PERU: Carabaya, Agualani, 9000 ft, iii (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Pcru. Rhodochlora brunneipalpis brunneipalpis Warren Rhodochlora brunneipalpi.r Warren, 1894: 385. Holotype 9, GUYANA: Rio Demerara (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Guyana. A literature record by Prout (1 932: 2 1) from French Guiana is based on a misidentification of K. rufaria; his record (1932: 2 1) from Colombia may also bc based 011 a misidentification. Rhodochlora brunneipalpis minor Prout Rhodochlora brunneipalpis ab. minor Warren, 1909: 87. Fnfrasubspecific name.] Rhodochlora brunneipabic minor Proul, 1932: 2 1. Lectotype 8, PERU: Chrabaya, R. Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, xi (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Colombia?; Peru. Rhodochlora endognoma Prout Rhodochlora endognoma Prout, 1916: 157. Holotype 6, PERU: Carabaya, R. Inambari, I,a Oroya, ft, xi-xii (Ockenden)(BMNH) lexamined]. Di,rtribution. Peru. Rhodochlora fxxquisita Warren Rfio~#c~ilora exguisita Warren, 1905b: 320. Holotype 6, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6500 ft, i (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Peru. Rhodochlora gaujoniaria (Dognin) Achlora gaujoniaria Dognin, 1892: 186. Lectotype 6, ECUADOR: Loja area, (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Ecuador. Khodochlora mathani Prout Rhodochlora mnthani Prout, 1932: 22. Holotype 8, ECUADOR: Bolivar, Balzapamba, xi ii (Mathan) (RMNH) [examined]. Di.rtribution. Ecuador.

83 NEOI'ROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 39 1 Rhodochlora niqelti Prout Rhodochlora niepelti Prout, 1932: 22. Holotype 8, W. COLOMBIA: Rio Micay, iiiv (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Rhodochlora roseipalpis (Felder & Rogenhofer) Achlora roseipalpis Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 33. Lectotype 9, VENEZUELA: 1858 (Mar&) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Rhodochlora roseipalpis ah. bricenoi Prout, 1932: 2 1. [Infrasubspecific name.] Distribution. Colombia?; Venezuela; Ecuador?; Peru? Rhodochlora rothschildi Warren Rhodochlora rothschildi Warren, : Lectotype 8, PANAMA: Chiriqui (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Panama; Peru? Rhodochlora rufaria Prout Rhodochlora bmnneipalpis ab. mfaria Warren, 1909: 87. pnfrasubspecific name.] Rhodochlora rufaria Prout, 1932: 2 1. Holotype 8, PERU: Carabaya, R. Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, xi (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Ilistribution. Colombia; French Guiana; Brazil; Peru. Rhodochlora tornistrzga tornistriga Prout Rhodochlora tornistriga Prout, 1916: 158. Holotype 8, COLOMBIA: Monte Tolima, 3200 m, i (Fassl)(BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Rhodochlora tornistriga achroma Prout Rhodochlora tornistriga achroma Prout, 1932: 21. Lectotype 8, W. COLOMBIA: San Antonio, 5800 ft, xii (Palmer) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Rhodochlora tornisteqa libanensis Prout Rhodochlora tornistr&a libanensis Prout, 1932: 2 1. Lectotype 8, COLOMBIA: Sierra del Libane, 6000 ft (Smith)(BMNH), here designated [examined]. Rhodochlora tornistriga libanensis ab. viridescens Prout, 1932: 2 1. pnfrasubspecific name.] Distribution. Colombia. Rhodochlora tnfasciata Warren Rhodochlora tnfasciata Warren 1909: 88. Holotype 8, PERU: Carabaya, Agualani, 9000 ft, xii (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru.

84 992 L. M. PTTKTN Khodo~hlora uhmayo Warren Khodochlora ustirnargo Warren, 1909: 88. Holotype 8, PERU: Huancabamba, Cerro dc Pasco (Boettger)(BhINH) [examined]. Ilirtizbutzon. Peru. Synchlora Gucnte, I857 (F~s 4, 47-49, 62, 81, , , , 238, 239) A$richlora GuenCe, 1857: 375. 'l'ype species: Synchlora liquoraria Gueni'e, 1857: 375 (now considered a subspecies of S. aerata (Fabricius)), by subsequent designation, by Hulst, 1896: 314. Eunemorin Packard, 1873a: 76. Type specics: Eunemoria gracilaria Packard, 1873a: 77, by monotypy. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 19 12: LaELi,rteuma Prout, 1912: 20 (key), 205. Type species: Aplodes fringdlata Schaus, 1897: 161, by original designation. Syn. nov. Cheteoscelis Prout, 1912: 20 (key), 'lype species: C'hlorosea bi.rtriaria Packard, 1876: 378, by original dcsignation. Syn. nov..\f~rochlora Prout, 1912: 21 (key), Type species: Semoria? faseolariu Guenke, 1857: 35 1, by original designation. [Synonymized with Cheteoscelis by Ferguson, 1985: 91.1 Syn. nov. ildults (Figs 4, 47-49). Generally small moths (wing length less than I2 mm in many cases). Male antennae strongly bipectinate, tapering abruptly (length of longest autennal branches considerably more than 3 times width of flagellum at same point, esccpt in despicata). Femalc antennae simple or in a few cases slightly serrate (except jingillata in which they are bipec,tinate with shorter branches than in the male). Interantennal fillet white. Wing pattern: ground colour green, often with terminal line and sornctimes with other rcddish brown marginal markings: blotchcs or a band; discal spots sometiincs very large but entirely absent in several specics; white antemedial and postmedial lines often waved but often very indistinct. Hind wing usually similar to fore wing but in bistriaia group prcdomiriantly white or very pale grccn. Venation (Fig. 62): Sc + R, and Rs of' hind wing usually fused for a short distance but in a few species fused to nearly midway along cell; occasionally touching hut not fused. Frenulum occasionally wcak in female. Hind tibia usually with two pairs of spurs but with one, apical, pair in fingillata and hebescens and in Ncotropical and certain other species of bistriaria group. Male hind tibia with terminal extension in most species. Abdomen brown, green or whitish dorsally; majority of species with 3 or more dorsal white spots which are plain or ringed with reddish brown. Sternite 3 of male abdomen usually with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scalcs, fields occasionally merging, but these absent from fringillata and bistriuria group. CMnlia d (Figs 81, 121i- 127, , , 238, 239). Uncus reduced (without rod-like process, cxcept in despicata which has a short rod). Socii sclerotized, tapered and pointed. Gnathos a slender loop usually with but occasionally without a narrow pointed distal tooth; occasionally modified (loop broken distally in cupedinam'a, and clc$icata has two diverging distal teeth). Valva narrow, parallel-sided or slightly tapered, usually without processes although these occur in expulsata atrafioides and

85 NEOTKOPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 393 despicata. Coremata usually present as dense hair-like tufts on extensible, sometimes long, membranous sac but absent or weakly developed in bistriaria group. Aedeagus with two narrow sclerotized prongs arising from proximal stem; prongs sometimes indistinct, occasionally strongly curved outwards at free end, rarely with a row of spines. Abdominal sternite 8 extended posteriorly as two small lobes with a shallow notch or scoop in between or occasionally as a single lobe; midrib usually a trace or absent but occasionally distinct. Chitalia 9 (Figs , 238, 239). Apophyscs antcriores usually one-third to slightly more than half length of apophyses posteriores, occasionally reduced in a Tew species. Ostial region unmodified, or with sclerotization of postostial plate or other structures. Ductus bursae often membranous or with lightly sclerotized antrum, occasionally distinctly sclerotized; very short (much shorter than corpus bursae). Corpus bursae elongate, often with bulbous anterior end, or occasionally pearshaped. With or without signum; signum, if present, usually a curved ridge or plate. Diagnosii. Sjnchlora is a large genus variable in external appearance. The histriaria group resembles Anomphax and Parumphacodes in having whitish hind wing contrasting with green fore wings (see their diagnoses for distinguishing features); the wing pattern of the ennomine genus Hemitileinopsis from Mexico is also superficially similar. The fusion of the hind wing veins Sc + R, and Rs enables most Synchlora species to be distinguished from Lissochloru and Nemoria, genera with which they could be confused. Synchlura is best characterized by the male genitalia, particularly thc reduced uncus and the rigidly sclerotized socii. 'The aedeagus shaped like a tuning fork is also a distinctive feature in most species. Xenopepla has very similar male genitalia but is strikingly different in wing pattern and shape (see Fig. 59 and the diagnosis of that genus). Kemurks. Callisteuma and CFLeteuscelis were treated as distinct from Sjnchlora because of the greater degree of fusion of the veins Sc + R, and Rs in the hind wing of the first two genera, However, the variability of this character in 5jnchlora precludes any clear cut distinction. A parallel situation exists with Hydata and its synonym Prohydata. Callisteuma and Cheteoscelis are here regarded as synonyms of Sjnchlora and the six species that were placed in Cheteoscelis are treated as the histriaria group within Synchlora. The differences between the bistriaria group and other Synchlora species, such as the whitish hind wing as opposed to the usual green colour, are no greater than those seen within Nemoria. Synchlora bi~triuta resembles the bistriaria group in fore wing pattern and is not far short of the bistriaria group in the degree of fusion of the hind wing veins Sc + R, and Rs. The female antennae of North American species of the histriaria group vary from simple to narrowly bipectinate according to Fcrguson (1985: 9 1). Males of one North American faseolaria (Guenke) comb. nov., lack a frenulum. Biological notes. Host-plants in the following genera were recorded by Ferguson (1 969 arid 1985) for Lfynchlora specimens rearcd in North America, unless stated otherwise. Sec Ferguson (1985: 20-67) for accounts of thc larvae of North American species. Anacardiaccae: Manqzjira (Mango) (Kimball, 1965: 162) Bignoniaceae: Chilopsis

86 394 I,. M. PIIKIN Asteraceac: Ambrosia; Artemisiu; Aster; Bacchuris; Bidens; Chrysanthemum; Coreopsis; Erigeron; Eupatorium; Helianthus [U.S.A.?] Liatris; Pluchea; Rudbeckia; Solidago Ericaccae: GaJYlmsuciu Euphorbiaceae: Stillingia Flacourtiaceae: Casearia co?ymbosa (record of concinnuria or rujilineuta, in Costa Rica, D.H. Janzen s database of rearing records) Lamiaceae: Mentha Fabaceae: Gbcine; Melilotus; Prosopis Polygonaceae: Eriogonum Rosaceae: Rosa; Rubus Sapindaccae: Litchi (lychee) (Kimball, 1965: 162) Sterculiaceae: Guaguma ulm@lia (records of frondaria, and concinnaria or rujilineata, in Costa Rica, D.H. Janzen s database of rearing records) Vcrhenaceae: Luntuna D2stributian. Widespread in Central and South America; [also occurring in Canada arid the U.S.A.]. Species. Forty-two species (36 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: aerata liquoruria (North American) (d), astraeoides (8)) atrapes (d), bidentzjira (d), Synchlora bistriaria comb. nov. (North American species) (d and 9) plus 1 other North American species of the bistriaria group (8)) concinnaria (d), decorata (d), dependens (d and 9)) despicata (d), eph$$aria (8)) e.xpulsata, (8 and 0)) jnngillata (6 and 9)) gerularia (8)) indecora (9)) leucoceraria (d), noel (North American) (9)) orthogramma (8 and 9)) pomposa (d), rujilineata (8)) superaddita (d), tenuimargo (8)) venustula (8).,Synctilorn amplimaculata (Herbulot) Racheospila amjllimaculata Herbulot, : 108. Holotype d, ECUADOR: 77 km from Quito to Santo Domingo (old route), 1620m, i.1975 (Herbulot) (HERB) [not examined]. Dihbution. Ecuador. Synchlora apicata (Warren) Microloxiu apzcatu Warren, 1900: 136. Holotype 9, BRAZIL: [Rio de Janeiro,] Nova Friburgo (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil; Argentina. $ynchlora adraeoides (Warren) KachPospila astraeoides Warren, : 448. Holotypc d, ECUADOR: Chimbo, 1000 ft, viii (Rownberg) (not traced). Dihbution. Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil.,!ynchlora atrape3 atrapes (Druce) Racheospila atrapes Druce, 1892: 9 I. Holotype 9, PANAMA: Chiriqui (Rihbe) (MNHU) [examined]. Distribution. Honduras?; Costa Rica?; Panama.

87 NEOTROPICAT. EMERALD MOTHS 395 S_vnchlora atrapes trujilloi (Prout) Rucheospilu atrapes trujiloi Prout, 1932: 39. Holotype 9, MEXICO: Jalapa (Trujillo) (BMNH) [examined]. [Racheospilu jucunda Felder & Rogenhofer?; Druce, 1898: 535. Misidentification.] Distribution. Mexico. Sjnchloru bident$ru (Warren) Rucheospila Warren, : 449. Holotype 6, COLOMBIA: (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia; Ecuador; Peru. Qnchlora bistriata (Warren) Microloxiu bistriata Warren, 1897: 426. Lectotypc 6, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Synchlora concinnariu (Schaus) Racheo.@ila concinnariu Schaus, 19 12: ,ectotype d, COSTA RICA: Sixaola R., iii (genitalia slide no. 57,593; Type No ; USNM), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 11 1 [examined]. Distribution. Mexico?; Guatemala?; Belize?; Honduras?; Costa Rica. Synchlora cupedinuriu cupedinaria (Grote) Racheospilu cupedinaria Grote, 1880: Lectotype 6, U.S.A.: Florida, Enterprise, 24.v. (Schzmr<) (BMNH), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 168 (as the type ) [examined]. Synchlora louisu Hulst, 1898: 159. Holotype 6, U.S.A.: S. Florida, Cocoanut Grove (USNM) [not examined]. [Synonymized by Dyar, 1908: 171.] Synchlora cupidenaria Dyar, 1908: [Incorrect subsequent spelling of cupedinaria Grote.] Distribution. Bahamas; Puerto Rico?; Virgin Is; St Kitts?; [U.S.A.]. Synchlora cupedinaria guadelupensis Herbulot Synchloru cufedinuria guadelupensis Herbulot, 1988a: 103; fig. 7. Holotype 6, GUADETDUPE: Acomat, 8.iii (Lalanne-Cassou) (HERB) [not examined]. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Synchlora decorata (Warren) Racheospila decorata Warren, : 449. Holotype d, ECUADOR: Chimbo, c m ( 1000 ft ), vii (Roxnberg) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Ecuador; Peru? Synchlora delicatulu (Dognin) Aplodes delicutula Dognin, 1909: 87. Holotype 6, FRENCH GUIANA: St Laurent du Maroni (USNM) [not examined].

88 3'16 L. hl. PI'I'KIN Distribution. French Guiana. Synchlora dependens dependens (Warren) Racheospila dependens Warren, 1904a: 25. Lectotype 8, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, c m ('6000 ft'), xi (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; HhINH), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 111 [examined]. Distribution. Peru; Bolivia? Sjnchlora dependm indepmdem (Prout) Racheo.$ila dependens independpiis Prout, 1916: 166. Holotype 8, PERU: Carabaya, Oconeque, c m ('7000 ft'), vii (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. Didtibution. Peru.,fi,nchlora dependem megastigma (Warren) Racheospila megastigma Warren, 1905a: 45. Holotype 9, COSTA RICA: Tuis (HMNH) [examined]. Dictribution. Costa Kica. Sjnchlora dei)enden.r tumefncta (Prout) Rarlwospila tumeficla Prout, 19 10a: 236. Holotype 8, COLOMBIA: -l'orne, viii (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Panama?; Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador? kyyrichlora despicuta (Prout) Kacheospila de.$irata Prout, 1932: 27. Holotype d, FRENCH GUIANA: St Jean du Maroni (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. French Guiana; Brazil? Synchlora dilucida (Warrcn) Miiroloxia dilucida Warren, 1900: 135. Holotype 8, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil Synchlora PphiPpiaria (Moschler) Cambogia eph$piaria Moschlcr, 1886: 68. Lectotype d, JAMAICA (MNHU), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 111 [examined]. Didribution. Jamaica. Synchora expulsata expulsata (Walker) Eucrostis expulsata Walker, 1861: 566. Holotype 9, BRAZIL: Ega (BMNH) [examined]. Rarheo.$ila sigillaria ah.(?) intensa Warren, 1900: 139. Distribution. Colombia; Venczuela; Guyana; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia.

89 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 397 Synchlora expulsata atrapoides (Prout) Racheospila expulsata atrapoides Prout, 1932: 39. Holotype 6, MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Orizaba [stated as Jalapa], iv (Schaus) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica. Synclilora fringillata (Schaus) comb. nov. Ap1ode.J fringillata Schaus, 1897: 16 I. Lectotype, BRAZIL: Parana, Castro (Type No ; USNM), here dcsignated [examincd]. Distribution. Brazil. Synchlora frondaria frondaria Guenke Synchlorajondaria Guenie, 1857: 376. Lectotype $2, FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne (coll. Guenke) (BMNH), designated by Prout, 1932: 41 (as the type )[examined]. Nemoria? denticularia Walker, 1861: 536. Lectotype 9, no locality data (Milne Coll.) (BMNH), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 157 [examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1985: 86.1 irhalera minuata Walkcr, 1866: Holotype 9, COLOMBIA?: Santa Marta (Bouchard Coll.) (apparently lost). [Synonymized by Prout, 191 2: Eucrostis albicostariu Herrich-Schaffer, 1870: Type(s) 9, CUBA (not traced). [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1985: 86.1 Synchlora excumaria Packard, 1873a: 76. Izctotype 9, U.S.A: Texas, Waco, x (Befiuge) (MCZC), designated by FerLpson, 1969: 157 [not examined]. [Synony- mized by Ferguson, 1985: 86; synonymized with Nemoria denticularia by Hulst, 1895: 7 1.] Aplodes pallida Warren, 1900: 131. Holotype 6, BONAIRE I: 9-22.vii (Hartert) (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1985: 86.1 Distribution. Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Is; Jamaica; Haiti; Virgin Is; St Kitts; Dominica; St Vincent; Barbados; Grenada; Colombia; Venezuela; Bonaire I.; Guyana; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia; Paraguay; Argentina; Uruguay; W.S.A.]. Sjnchlora gerularia (Hubner) Phaljaena] Geometra ( Geomat. ) ocellata Stoll, [ 1790: 156; p1.34, fig. 9. Type(s), SURINAM (not traced). ljunior homonym of Phalaena ocellata Linnaeus, Comibaena gerularia Hubner [ 18231: 284. [Replacement name for ocellata Stoll.] Phorodesma stollaria Guenke, 1857: 370. [Replacement name for ocellata Stoll.] Racheospila mal;giniplaga Walker, 1861: 583. Ixctotype 6 [cited as 91, BRAZIL [Saunders Coll.) (Type No. LEP ; OXUM), here designated [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1912: C;Pometra rufidorsaria Snellen, 1874: 41. Holotype 6, COLOMBIA: Rio Magdalena, 18.i. 1870/ (Don Nolcken) (RNHL) [not examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1912: Racheo.@a jucunda Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 127, fig. 18. Lectotype 9, BRAZIL: Amazonas (Bates) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymy cited 3y Prout, 1912: Distribution. Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia;

90 308 L. M PITKIN Venezuela; Trinidad; Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador?; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia; Paraguay; Argentina. Literature record: P.S.A.] (Ferguson, 1985: 88). Synchlora hebescens (Prout) comb. nov. Callisteuma hebescens Prout, 1933a: 69. Holotype 8, BRAZIL: Bahia, Alagoinhas, '03 (Prnther, Bras. Exped.) (NHMV) [photograph of holotype examined; 2 d paratypes, same data as holotype, examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Ajnchlora herbaria herbaria (Fabricius) Phalaena herbaria Fabricius, 1794: 162. Type(s), W Indies rin Aniericae meridionalis Insulis'] (@ug) (not traced). Racheospila sitellaria GuenCe, 1857: 374. Lectotype 9, HAITI (coll. Guenee) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 40.1 Geometru congruata Walker, 1861: Holotype 9, West Indies: St Domingo (Tweedie Coll.) (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 40. Cited as synonym of sitellaria by Prout, 19 12: IodiJ indeclururia Walker, : Holotype d, West Indies: St Domingo (Hearse Coll.) (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 40. Cited as synonym of sitellaria by Prout, 19 12: G~ometra cruceofimbriata Herrich-Schaffer, 1870: 182. Type(s) 9 CUBA (not traced). [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 40. Cited as synonym of sitellaria by Prout, 1912: G?ometra attendaria Moschler, 1890: 243. Syntypes 2 9, Puerto Rico (MNHU?)[not examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 40; cited as synonym of sitellaria by Prout, 1912, $nchlora louisu var. (3) hulstiuna Dyar, 1901: 457. Holotype d, U.S.A.: Florida, Palm Beach (USNM) [not examined]. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1985: Uutribution. Cuba; Haiti; Puerto Rico; St Lucia?; P.S.A.]. Synchlora herbaria bonhotei (Prout) Rarhtoqila bonhotei Prout, 19 12: Lectotype d, BAHAMAS: Andros, 1 1.i (Bonhote) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Bahamas. $jnclilora herhaiia dorsuaria (Prou t) L%nchlora dursuaria Prout, 1912: 116. Holotype 8, Antigua (not traced). Distribution. Antigua. Synchlora herbaria intacta (Warren) Lis.rochlora intacta Warren, 1905b: Holotype 8, Dominica (BMNH) [examined]. Uzstribution. Dominica. Synchlora herbaria sanctaecrucis (Prout) Racheospila herbaria sanctae-crucis Prout, 1932: 40. Syntypes 16, 19, VIRGIN IS: Ste Croix (Santa Cruz), 1894 (Hedemann) (NHMV) Lphotographs examined].

91 NEOTROPlCAL EMERALD MOTHS 399 Distribution. Virgin Is. Synchlora indecora (Prout) Rucheuspila pomposa indecoru Prout, 19 16: Holotype 8, MEXICO: Guadalajara, xi [cited as (Schaus) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico; Nicaragua?; Panama? Synchlora irregularia (Barnes & McDunnough) Racheospila irregularia Barnes & McDunnough, 19 18: 134. Lectotypc Q, U.S.A.: Texas, Brownsville (Dorner) (USNM), designated by Ferguson, 1969: 165 [not exainined]. Distribution. P.S.A.], Literature record: Nicaragua (Ferguson, 1985: 90). Sjnchlora isdata (Warren) Racheospila isolata Warren, 1900: 138. Lectotype 9, GRENADA (BMNH), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 112 [examined]. Distribution. Pucrto Rico?; Guadeloupe?; St Vincent?; Grenada. Synchlora leucoceraria (Snellen) Geometra leucoceraria Snellen, 1874: 41. Syntypes 2 8, COLOMBIA: Bogota, 6.vi. (von Nolcken) (RNHL) [photograph of one syntype examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Synchlora magnaria (Bastelberger) Racheospila magnaria Bastelberger, 19 1 Ib: 149. Lectotype 0, MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Jalapa (SMFD), designatcd by Prout, 1932: 39 [as the type ] [transparency examined]. Disiribution. Mexico; Guatemala?; Colombia? Sjnchlora merlinaria (Schaus) Kacheospila merlinaria Schaus, 1940: 306. Holotype 8, PUERTO RICO: Vieques I., Puerto Real, 29.iv (CUIC) [examined]. Distribution. Puerto Rico. Synchlora naenia (Druce) comb. nov. Omphax naenia Druce, 1892: 86. Lectotype 9, MEXICO: Jalapa (Hoge) (BMNH), designated by Prout, 1932: 42 (as the type ) [examined]. Di.rtributiun. Mexico. Synchlora orthugranima (Dyar) comb. nov. Annemoriu orthogramma Dyar, 1912: 90. Lectotype 6, MEXICO: Mineras de Zacualpan, xii.1910, iii.1911 (IMiiller) (genitalia slide no. JFGC 2397; Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Di.stribution. Mexico.

92 400 L. M. PITKIN Sjnchlora pomposa (Dognin) Racheo.r/da pomposa Dognin, 1898: ,ectotypr: 8, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1892 (genitalia slide no. 57,577; Type No ; USNM), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 112 [examined]. Racheospila diaphana Warren, 1901 : 450. Lectotype 9? PERU: Marca, 3000 m [published as 3000 ft], 22.xii (Simons)(BMNH), designated by Pitkin, 15193: 112 [examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1916: Distrz'bution. Ecuador; Peru. The literature record by Delfin-GonxBlex & Beutelspacher (1986: 426) from Mexico is dubious.,synchlora pulchnj5mbria (Warren) Rarheospila pulchr~mbri~ Warren, 1907: 209. Holotype d, SURINAM: Maroe.cvyn[rn?] Valley, Aroewanva Creek, iv (Klages) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Honduras?; Costa Rica; Colombia?; Venezuela; Trinidad; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador?; Peru; Brazil. Synchlora rujilineata rufilineata (Warren) Aploder rujilineata Warren, 1897: 423. Holotype 6, SURINAM: Berg-en-Daal, v (Ellarombt)(genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Rarheospila undulosa Kaye, 1901: 148; pl. 6, fig. 23. Lectotype 8, TRINIDAD: 'Tabaquite (kqe)(bmnh), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 112 [examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: requires confirmation. DiJtribution. Costa Rica?; Colombia?; Venezuela?; 'I'rinidad; Surinam; Guyana?; French Guiana?; Brazil?; Bolivia?; Paracguay? Literature record: Mexico (Delfin- Gonzalez & Beutelspacher, 1986: 426)..$nrhlora rujilinpata albimargo (Prou t) Racheospila rujilineata albimargo Prout, 1932: 39. Lectotype d, COLOMBIA: Muzo, m (Fassl) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 1 12 [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Synrhlora suppraddita (Prout) Racheospila superaddita Prout, 1913: 416. Holotype d, W. COLOMBIA: J' imenez, c. 500 m (' 1600 ft'), vii (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica?; Colombia; Trinidad; Surinam; Guyana; Frcnch Guiana; Brazil; Ecuador; Peru?; Bolivia. Synchlora suppomposa (Prout) kacheospila suppomposa Prout, 1916: 165. Lectotype 9 [syntypes cited as d], ARGENTINA: Tucunian, m, i- ii (Steinbach) (BMNH), designated by Pitkin, 1993: 1 12 [examined]. Distribution. Argentina.

93 Synchlora tenuimargo tenuimargo (Warren) Kacheospila tenuimargo Warren, 1905b: 319. Lectotype S, BRAZIL: Organ Mts, near Tijuco (BMNH), designated [as the tpc ] by Prout, 1932: 39 [examined]. Distribution. Honduras?; Costa Rica; Colombia; Venezuela; Trinidad; Guyana; French Guiana; Brazil; Bolivia; Argentina? Literature record: U.S.A. (Kimball, 1965: 162). Sjnchlora tenuimargo lineimargo (Prout) Rarheospila tenuimacpo lineimacpo Prout, 1932: 39. Holotype 8, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Venezuela?; French Guiana?; Brazil; Bolivia? 9nchlora venustula (Dognin) Racheospila venustula Dognin, 1910: 19. Holotype 8, ECUADOR: near Loja, El Monje, 1893 (Type No ; USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia?; Venezuela?; Trinidad?; French Guiana?; Ecuador; Peru? <ynchlora Tysteraria (Hulst) Racheo.@ila xysteraria Hulst, 1886a: Holotype 9, U.S.A.: Florida (Coll. Huh) (AMNH) [photograph examined]. Distribution. Bahamas?;,Jamaica?; Puerto Rico?; [ U.S.A.]. Literature records: Cuba; Hispaniola; (Ferguson, 1885: 88). Tachychlora Prout, (Figs 50 52, 82, 128, 129, 177, 178, 220) Tacllychlora Prout, 19 12: I9 (key), I 19. Type species: Comibaena Iepidaria hhchler, : 404, by original designation. Adults (Figs 50-52). Antennae bipcctinate in both sexes; interantennal fillet (and usually front of head) white. Wing pattern: ground colour green or occasionally colour predominantly olive; hind wing with brown markings, usually two or more waved brown lines or bands on a cream, yellow or brown background area at base of wing and sometimes extending to outer margin; posterior part of fore wing usually with similar but more diffuse markings. Wings without white antemedial or postmedial lines and without terminal line. Fore wing usually extended at apex. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching, occasionally fused for a short distance. Frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia usually with two pairs of spurs but proximal pair extremely small; without terminal extension. Abdomen sometimes with a few tiny white dorsal spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 8 (Figs 82, 128, 129, 177, 178). Uncus very slender and rod-like. Socii semimembranous and very small. Gnathos a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth. Valva fairly broad at base and tapered, with basal ridge which is usually wrinkled or sometimes with spine, finger or blade-like basal (not basal costal) process. l ranstilla not sclerotized medially. Coremata usually present, as dense hair-like tufts

94 '1.02 L. M. PITKIN on extensible membranous sac. Aedeagus wrinkled in apical half arid often broadened, usually with longitudinal row or patch of small spines. Abdominal sternite 8 usually extended posteriorly as two slight lobes with a shallow notch in between (particularly in intrapunctata, Fig. 82), occasionally almost unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 220). Apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores or more. Ostial region more-or-less unmodified. Ductus bursae sclerotized, slender, strongly curved, longer than pear-shaped corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. Diagn0si.r. Tachychlora resembles Qrochlora and to some extent Rhodochlora in wing pattern but differs from both genera in having a white or occasionally green front of head, not largely brown or orange; other differences are discussed in the diagnoses ofthose genera. Neither Qrochlora nor Khodochlora have a single row or patch of spines on the aedeagus as is typical of Tachychlora. Remarks. The front of the head is green injlora. The basal ridge of the valva is present in,fzmidisca merely as a small wrinkled patch. Distribution. Central and South America extending from Costa Rica to French Guiana, Peru and Brazil. A literature record by Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher (1 986: 427) from Mexico requires confirmation. Species. Fifteen described species plus 1 probable undescribed Costa Rican species. Genitalia examined: amilletes (d and?), baeogonia (d),jauzdisca (d and?),jlora (d), intrapunctata (d), s~~ul~ata (8). Tachychlora amilletes Prout 'Tachychlora amilletes Prout, 1932: 43. Holotype d, COSTA RICA: Orosi, 1200m (Fassc) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Costa Rica; Colombia?; French Guiana?; Brazil? Tac/ychlora baeogonia Prout Tachychlora baeogonia Prout, 1932: 44. Holotype d, E. COLOMBIA: Upper Rio Negro, 800 m (Fassc) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia. Tachychlora clita Prout Tachychlora clita Prout, 1932: 44. Holotype 9, BRAZIL: (Santa Catarina,] Blurnenau, 1885 (Hetschko) (NHMV) [photograph examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Tachychlora explicata Prou t Tachychlora explicata Prout, 1932: 43. Holotype d, BRAZIL: [Para,] Lower Amazon, near Santarem, Taperinha, vi.27 (Zemerny) (NHMV) [photograph examined]. Dirtm'bution. Brazil.

95 NEOTKOPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 403 Tachychlora Javicoma (Warren) Comibaena javicoma Warren, 1906: Holotype d, SURINAM: Surinam R., Geldersland (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Surinam; Brazil; Peru. Literature record: French Guiana (Herbulot, 1988b: 112). Taclzychlora javidisca (Warren) Comibaena Javidisca Warren, 1904a: 20. Lectotype 6, SE PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, xi (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Colombia; Peru. Tachychlora Jora Jones Tachychlorajora Jones, : 350. Lectotype 6, SE. BRAZIL: Parana, Castro, 950 m Uones) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Tachychlora intrapunctata Prout Tachychlora intrapunctata Prout, 1932: 44. Lectotype d, SE. PERU: Carabaya, La Oroya, ft, ix (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. D~stri~utzon. Colombia?; Brazil; Peru. Tachychlora lqidaria (Moschler) Comibaena lepidaria Moschler, : 404. Holotype 6, SURINAM: Paramaribo (MNHU?) [not examined]. Distribution. Surinam. The literature record by Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher (1986: 427) from Mexico is dubious. Tachychlora phaeocona Prout Tachychlora phaeozona Prout, 1932: 44. Holotype 8, BRAZIL: Santos, Alto da Serra, 800 m, 25.ii Uones) (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Tachychlora prasia Prout Tachychloraprasia Prout, 19 16: 167. Holotype 6, PERU: Carabaya, Rio Huacamayo, ft, vi (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined], Distribution. Peru. Tac/pchlora silena (Schaus) Nmoria silena Schaus, 1901: 252. Lectotype, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Brazil.

96 404 I.. M. PITKIN TactLyrhlora subfulvata (Warren) comb. nov. Tachyphyle subflvata Warren, 1906: 427. Holotype 9, FRENCH GUIANA: Maroni R., St Jean, iii (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. Di,rtrihution. French Guiana; Brazil. Tactychlora subjctiptu (Warren) Comibaena subscrzpta Warren, 1897: 424. Holotype 0, VENEZUELA: Cucuta (BMNH) [examined]. Ddribution. Venezuela; Ecuador. Tachychlora uricha (Kaye) Zlichorda uriclza Kaye, 1901: 147; pl 6. Lectotype 6, TRINIDAD: Tabaquite (Urich) (BMNH), designated by Prout, 1932: 44 (as the type ) [examined]. Di.rtribution. Trinidad; Surinam; Brazil? Tachyphyle Butler, fig.^ 53-55, 83, 130, 131, 179, 180, 221, 222) Tachyphyle Butler, 1881: 329. Type species: Tachyp/yle acuta Butler, 1881: 329, by original designation. Ad& (Figs 53-55). Female antennae simple, serrate, or bipectinate. White interantennal fillet typically extending onto upper front of head. Wing pattern: ground colour green, in a few species with brown speckles or other markings; usually with smooth oblique white or silvery postmedial lines, antemedial absent from hind wing and often indistinct on fore wing; lines occasionally brown (waved or smooth); area between antemedial and postmedial lines sometimes lightly overlaid with white or silvery scales; wings without terminal line. Fore wing usually extended and often distinctly falcate at apex, outer margin of hind wing straight or slightly curved. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia usually with two pairs of spurs but apical pair extremely small; occasionally with only one (apical) pair; usually without but occasionally with minute terminal extension. Abdomen sometimes with a few indistinct tiny white dorsal spots. Sternite 3 of male abdomen often without pair of fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases) but fields present in a few species. Genitalia 8 (Figs 83, 130, 131, 179, 180). Uncus short, commonly bifurcate or sometinies tapered to a single short rod. Socii semi-membranous and tiny. Gnathos usually a slender loop with a narrow pointed distal tooth but occasionally (allineatu and oleaster) loop incomplete and without distal tooth. Valva tapered, often strongly, usually broad at basc; with niedio-ventral process, often in the form of one or a small group of spine-like processes but in a few species mcrcly a weak ridge. Vinculum often somewhat elongated and with sides distended (as in Phrudocentra, Figs 118 & 1 19, but less pronounced). lranstilla complete or sometimes not sclerotized medially. Juxta usually large, often reaching transtilla. Coremata usually well developed as dense liair-like tufts on extensible, often long, membranous sac. Aedeagus often with

97 NEUIROPICAL EhlERALD MO I HS 405 one or two apical or subapical processes; processes usually spinose or serrate. Abdominal sternite 8 usually extended posteriorly as two slight lobes with a shallow notch or scoop in between, or with a single notched lobe as in Fig. 83; without midrib. Grnitalia 9 (Figs 221, 222). Apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores or less. Ostial region with large postostial plate often heavily sclerotized, sometimes with less obvious preostial pouch. Ductus bursae usually with short sclerotized antrum but occasionally completely sclerotized, usually much shorter than oval corpus bursae but occasionally as long as this. Corpus bursae without signum. Diagnosis. The reduced apical pair of hind tibial spurs is characteristic of Tachyph_le. Slight reduction of these spurs is occasionally seen in Phrudocentra but those moths have angulate hind wings, not straight edged as in Tachyphyle. 7: nepia, a small atypical species, is exceptional iri lacking the apical pair of spurs entirely but its falcate fore wing distinguishes it from other geometrines that have only one pair of hind tibial spurs. Tacty@hyle resembles Tactyrhlol-a and a few species of Phrudorentra in wing shape. It lacks the wing pattern characteristic of Tactychlora (Figs 53-55) and the male genitalia do not form a pear shape as in Phrudocentra (Figs 118, 119) (see also the diagnoses of TacJiychlora and Phrudocentra). In the male genitalia of Tacr yle the spinelike processes of the valva and the bifurcate uncus are characteristic when these features are present. An undescribed species of Lisrochlora from Costa Rica also has a bifurcate uncus but the genitalia are very different in other respects from those of Tachyphyle. Remarks. The wings of pretiosa are heavily overlaid with white markings and the postmedial lines are strongly curved, not oblique as in most other Tachyphyle species. Speczes. Fifteen described species, plus one probable undescribed Costa Rican species. Genitalia examined: acuta (8 and 9), albispma (d and p), allineata (d), antimima (8 and 9), has$laga (d), rostiscripta (d), nepia (d), oleaster (d), olivia (d), pretiosa (d), undzlineata (8 and 9). Tactyphyle acuta acuta Butler Tachyphyle acuta Butler, 1881: 329. Lectotypc 8, BRAZIL: Amazons, near Santa Cruz, Rio Solimoes, 7.xii (frail) (genitalia slide no ) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Belize?; Panama?; Colombia?; Trinidad?; French Guiana?; Brazil. Tactyptyle acuta aganapla Dyar Tachyptyle aganapla Dyar, 19 13: 309. Holotype 9, MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Misantla, ix (Mz7ller) (USNM) [examined]. Distribution. Mexico. Tachyphyle alhisparsa Warren Ihchyphyle albisparsa Warren, 1907: 210. Lectotype d, SE. PERU: R. hambari, La Oroya, ft, iii (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined].

98 406 Id. M. PII'KIN Diitribution. Costa Rica; Colombia; Venezuela; Trinidad; French Guiana; Brazil; Peru. Tarlyphyle allineata (Warren) Uichorda allineata Warren, 1900: 132. Holotype d, VENEZUELA: Palma Sola (RMNH) [examined]. Dictm'hution. Guatemala?; Costa Rica; Colombia?; Venezuela; Trinidad?; Guyana?; French Guiana?: Brazil? Tachyphyle antimima Prout Tachyphyle antimima Prout, 1932: 45. Lectotype 8, SE. PERU: Carabaya, R. Inambari, La Oroya, ft, iii (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Pcru. Tarhyphyle apicibadia Prout Tachyphyle apicibadia Prout, 1932: 45. Lectotype d, COLOMBIA: Gorgona I., 200 ft, 2O.xi (Colltnette) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Dirtribution. Colombia. Tarhyphyle bas$laga (Walker) Grometra basz$laga Walker, 1861 : 512. 'lype(s) 9, BRAZIL Saunders Coll. (OXUM) [not examined]. Distribution. Belize; Costa Rica; Colombia; Surinam; French Guiana; Brazil; Peru. Tac/&yle rostiscriptn Warren Tarhyplyle costiscripta Warren, 1906: 426. Holotype 8, French Guiana: St Jean du Maroni (Schaus coll.) (USNM) [examined]. TaciyFhyle fuscicosta Warren, 1909: 90. Holotype 6, BRAZIL: Amazonas (Wpper Amazon'), Fonte Boa, ix (h'luges) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 46.1 Distribution. French Guiana; Brazil. Tarlyphyle harnata Schaus 7uchyphyle hamata Schaus, 19 12: 288. Lectotype d ; COSTA KICA: Tuis (Type No ; USNM), designated by Prout, 1932: 45 (as 'the type') [examined]. DiJtribution. Costa Kim. Taciyphyle maiester Dyar Taclzyilyle maiester Dyar, 1914: 228. Holotype 8, PANAMA Panama Canal Zone, [Colon,] Porto Belln, iv (Buck)(USNM) [examined]. Di.ctribution. Panama. Tachyllhyle nepia Prout Tarhyph_yle nepia Prout, 1932: 46. Holotype d, BRAZIL: [Para] near Santarem,

99 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 407 Taperinha, vi,vii.1927 (zerny) (NHMV) [not examined; 1 6 paratype in BMNH examined]. Distribution. Brazil. Tachyphyle oleaster Schaus Tachyphyle oleaster Schaus, 1912: 288. Lectotype 6, COSTA RICA: La Florida, 500 ft, iii ('Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Honduras?; Costa Rica; Colombia? Tachyplyle oliuia (Schaus) Phmdocentra oliuia Schaus, : 253. Lectotype, BRAZIL: Parana, Castro (Type No ; USNM), here designated [examined]. Distribution. Brazil; Paraguay?; Argentina? Tachyphyle pzgratia (Sepp) Phalaena pigraria Sepp [1848]: 39; pl. 16. Holotype, SURINAM: 1 1.v. (larva), 25.v. (moth emerged) (not traced). Distribution. Surinam. TachJvphyle pretiosa Thierry-Mieg) comb. nov. Tachychlora pretiosa Thierry-Mieg, 19 16: 43. Holotype 6, BRAZIL: Santa Catarina (Coll. Tliierry-Mieg) (MNHN) [photograph examined]. Tachyphyle insignis Dognin, 1923a: 19. Holotype 6, BRAZIL: [Santa Catarina,] Joinvillc (Arp) (USNM) [examined]. [Cited as ah. by Prout, 1932: 44.1 Di,rtribution. Brazil. Tachyphyle undilineata Warren Tachyph_yle undilineata Warren, 1900: 140. Holotype 9 [cited as 61, GUYANA: Rio Demerara (BMNH) [examined]. Tachyphyle occulta Warren, : Holotype 6, COLOMBIA: (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 46.1 Distribution. Costa Rica; Colombia; Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Brazil; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia. Telotheta Warren, 1900 (Figs 56, 84, 132, 181, 223, 240) Telotheta Warren, 1900: 140. Type species: Telotheta chlorostipa Warren, 1900: 140 ( = musc$unctata Dognin), by original designation. Adults (Fig. 56). Male antennae strongly bipectinate; female antennae simple or serrate; white interantennal fillet distinct or diffuse. Wing pattern: Bluish green diffusely striated all over with white or colourless flecks, without antemedial, postmedial, or terminal lines; large green discal spots. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Frenulum absent from female. Hind tibia with one

100 .+OR I.. M. PII'KIN (apical) pair of spurs; without distinct terminal extension. Abdomen green mixed with white dorsally, without distinct spots or crests. Sternite 3 of male abdomen without pair ol' fields of modified scales (inferred from absence of enlarged scale bases). Genitalia 8 (Figs 84, 132, 181). Uncus reduced (without rod-like proccss). Socii semimembranous. Gnathos arms resemble horns, strongly sclerotized, curved and pointed, riot fused in a loop. Valve with strongly setose subapical process, transverse sclerotizcd medio-ventral ridge, and slight rounded process of sacculus. Transtilla and juxta fused to form anellar complex surrounding aedeagus. Coremata absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus with weakly sclerotized subapical fingcr-like process. Abdominal sternite 8 with spinose sclerotized posterior margin and two rodlike processes; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Figs 223, 240). Apophyses anteriorcs short, about one-fifth (or less) length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region sclerotized, with various ridges and folds and with preostial structure densely covered in small wart-like projections. Preostial folds form pouches, distinct from abdominal sternite 7. Ductus bursae mainly mernbranous, merged with pear-shaped corpus bursae. Signum small, with two short tapered prongs. Dzagnosic. Teluthetu is distinguished from other geometrincs with more-or-less plain bluish <green wings by the large grecn discal spots. Telothela has very similar male genitalia to Oospila and appears to be closely related; it differs from 0o.Vpila in lacking aldominal crests. Distribution. Central and South America extending from Costa Rica to Venczuela and Peru. Sl/rcies. One species. Genitalia cxamined: (8 and 9 ). Telotheta muscipunctata (Dognin) Geometra muscipunctata Dognin, 1892: 186. Holotype 8, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1891 (LJSNM)[examined]. Iblotheta chlorostipa Warren, 1900: 140. Lectotype 9, ECUADOR: Chimho, 1000 ft, viii (Romberg) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: Distribution. Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; Venezuela; Ecuador; Peru. Thrusychloru Prout, 1932 (F@ 57, 133, 182, 224). Thra.ychlora Prout, 1932: 42. Type species: Melochloru minor Warren, 1907: 205, by nionotypy. Adult3 (Fig. 57). Male antennae not strongly bipectinate; branches not much longer than width of flagellum; female antennae slightly serrate; interantennal fillet white. Wing pattern: plain green, without distinct antemedial and postmedial lines, and without terminal line. Outer margin of hind wing angled at M,. Venation: Sc + R1 and Rs of hind wing touching but riot fused. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; male

101 NBOTROPICAL EhIEFL4LD MOTHS 409 hind tibia with terminal extension. Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia d (Figs 133, 182). Uncus moderately long, very slender and rod-like. Socii moderately sclerotized, long and narrow. Gnathos a slender loop, extended slightly as a broad distal plate. Valva iiarrow and slightly tapered, without processes. Coremata absent or not noticeably developcd. Aedeagus without any spines. Abdominal sternite 8 with minimal development of lobes and a trace of midrib. G'enitaliu 9 (Fig. 224). Apophyses anteriores short, about one-third length of apophyses posteriores. Postostial plate large, with transverse band of ridges; sclerotization extending partially around ostial opening. Ductus bursae membranous, shorter than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae without signum. Diacgnosis. Thrasychlora resembles Phrudocentra, particularly P. fupillata, but lacks the dark markings on the under-side of the wings typical of that genus. The genitalia differ in many respects; 'Thrayhloru has much more strongly developed male socii and the gnathos is modified (compare Fig. 133 with Figs 1 18, 1 19), and the female ductus bursae is not sclerotized as in Phiudocentra (compare Figs 224 and 212). Distribution. Known from Costa Rica, Peru and Bolivia. Species. One species. Genitalia examined: (8 and 9). 7hrasychlorn minor (Warren) h!felochlora minor Warren, 1907: 205. Holotype 8, PERU: Carabaya, R. Huacamayo, ft, vi (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom ; BhINH) [examined]. Distdmtion. Costa Rica; Peru; Bolivia. Xanthoxena Warren, 1900 (Figs 58, 225, 241). Xanthoxena Warren, 1900: Type species: Xanthoxena imitans Warren, 1900: 1 3 1, by original designation. Adults (based on female, male unknown) (Fig. 58). Antennae hipectinate with long branches; without white interantennal fillet. Wing pattern: bright yellow with dark brown band at outer margin of wings and on costa of fore wing, without discal spots. Venation: Sc + R, and Rs of hind wing touching but not fused. Frenulum absent from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs. Thorax and abdomen yellow or brown and yellow, without spots or crests. Genitalia S. Unknown. Genitalia 9 (Figs 225, 241). Apophyses anteriores short, about one-third length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region sclerotized, with preostial pouch distinct from abdominal sternite 7. Postostial plate large, ventral surface with shallow horseshoeshaped pouch. Ductus bursae membranous, merged with pear-shaped corpus bursae. Signum small, with straight platelike ridge. Dzagnosis. Xanthoxena is easily distinguished from other Geometrinae by its yellow and dark brown wing pattern but it bears a strong mimetic resemblance to the Cjllopoda

102 4 I 0 L. M. PIlKIN group of genera (Sterrhinae). Sterrhinae differ from Geometrinae in the position of the vein M, in the hind wing. Distribution. Known only from Panama arid Ecuador. Specits. One described species, plus 1 possible undescribed species from Panama. Genitalia examined: (9). Xanthoxena imitans Warren Xanthoxena imitans Warren, 1900: Lectotype 9, ECUADOR: Cachabi, low country, i (Rosenberg) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Bislribulion. Ecuador. Xenopepla Warren, 1907 (Fks 5.9,85, 134, 183). Xtnoptpla Warren, 1907: Type species: Xenopepla,flavinigra Warren, 1907: 2 10, by monotypy. ildults (based on male, female unknown) (Fig. 59). Male antennac strongly bipcctinate; without white interantennal fillet. Wing pattern: ground colour dark brown with yellowish green, yellow or orange patches on each wing. Outer margin of hind wing distinctly or slightly scalloped and fore wing sometimes also scalloped; scalloped margins extended particularly at apex and vein M, of fore wing and at M, of hind wing. Venation: Sc + R, and Ks of hind wing fused at a point. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; male hind tibia with fairly short terminal extension. Abdomen mid or dark brown, without spots or crests. Stcrnite 3 of male abdomen with pair of Gelds of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia c? (Figs 85, 134, 183). Uncus reduced (without rod-like process). Socii sclerotized, tapered and pointed. Gnathos a slender loop with a small pointed distal tooth. Valva narrow, slightly tapered, without processes. Coremata a weakly developed brush not on distinct sac. Aedeagus with two narrow sclerotized prongs arising from short broad proximal stem. Abdominal sternite 8 extended posteriorly as two slight lobes with a shallow notch or scoop in between; with trace of midrib. Genitalia 9. Unknown. Diagnosis. The structure of the male genitalia, with reduced uncus and rigid socii, indicates a closc relationship with Synchlora but Xenopeplu is very different from that genus, and from all other New World Geometrinae, in wing pattern and shape. Distribution. Known only from South America: Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.,Species. l wo species. Genitalia examined: Javinigra (8). Xenopepla bicuneata Prout Xtno@epla bicuneata Prout, 191 Oa: 238. Holotype 8, COLOMBIA: El Congo, vii (BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Colombia.

103 NEOTKOPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 11 Warren Xenopeplajavznigra Warren, 1907: Holotype 6, PERU: Huanuco, Cushi, 1900 m Huffmanns) (genitalia slide Geom ; BMNH) [examined]. Distribution. Peru; Bolivia? Xerochlora E erkguson, 1969 (F@ 60, 1.75, 1 8 4, 22 6) Xerochlora Ferguson, I 969: Type species: 3jnchlora uirid$allens Hulst, 1896: 3 15, by original designation. Adults (Fig. 60). Male antennae bipectinate with short branches, maximum length of branches little more than twice width of flagellum; female antennae slightly serrate or simple; interantennal fillet whitish or cream. Wing pattern: fairly thinly scaled olive or yellowish green, finely striated or mottled with diffuse whitish or transparent markings; costal margin of fore wing with transverse brown and cream striations. Antemedial and postmedial lines indistinct, waved or irregular, whitish with darker green shading on median side; discal spots darker green, indistinct (absent from some North American moths); wings without terminal line. Hind wing with very slightly scalloped outer margin, most noticeably angled at vein M,. Venation: Sc + R, and Ks of hind wing fuscd at a point or for a very short distance. Frenulum weak or absent from female. Hind tibia with one (apical) pair of spurs in male, one or two pairs of spurs in female (rnamzaria, the only Neotropical species, usually has two pairs in female but apical pair sometimes small); male hind tibia with fairly short terminal extension (very small in some Neotropical males). Hind tarsi short in male, often little more than half length of tibia, somewhat less short in female. Abdomen mottled brown with very indistinct pale spots (Neotropical species) or plain (North American species). Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales. Genitalia 6 (Figs 135, 184). Uncus slender, rod-like and pointed. Socii slender, slightly shorter than uncus. Gnathos weakly sclerotized and incomplete, with arms not joined in a loop, not fused with tegumen; without distal tooth. Valva narrow, slightly tapered or almost parallel-sided, usually with sparse row of bristles or hairs on median ridge; median ridge sometimes prominent at base of valva with several tiny papillae. Juxta usually a narrow cone-shape. Coremata usually consist of hair-like tufts on extensible membranous sac but absent or vestigial in the type species. Aedeagus usually with fine longitudinal ridges ending in small serrations at apex. Abdominal sternite 8 more-or-less unmodified; without midrib. Genitalia 9 (Fig. 226). Apophyses anteriores short, about one-third (or often much less) length of apophyses posteriores. Ostial region with semi-membranous preostial pouch and large postostial plate (very large in the only species known from the Neotropical region). Ductus bursae membranous, usually much shorter than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae almost round, without signum. Diagnosiy. Xerochlora resembles Chlorissa, Chlorochlamys and Chloropte?yx (see also the diagnoses of those genera). It is distinguished from these by the indistinct or waved postmedial lines, together with the distinctly striated costa of the fore wing and lack

104 412 L hf PITRIN of terminal line. The male genitalia differ from those of Chlorochlamys and ChloroptegJx in that the basal part of the gnathos is not fused with the tegumen. Dirtrzbuhon. Predominantly in southern U.S.A. but known in Central Amcrica from Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Spfries. Five species (1 Neotropical). Genitalia examined: masonaria (8 and 9). Xfrochlora maronaria (Schaus) Nemora lszc] masonaria Schaus, 1897: 161. Lectotypc 9, MEXICO: peracruz,] Jalapa (genitalia slide no Hodges) (USNM), designated (cited as Holotype) by Ferguson, 1969: 219; pl. 40, fig. I [examined]. Chlosochlamys masonaria f: bperalla Prout, 1933a: 62. Holotype d, COSTA KICA: Juan Vinas, 2.vii (Schaus) (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymized by E erguson, 1969: Dirtribution. Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica; [U.S.A.]. 1 am most gratefld for the loan and provision of material, host-plant records and other information invaluable for this work and for the kind co-operation of the following: Dr Daniel Janzen; Dr Rodrigo Gamez, Dr Jorge Jimtncz and the staff of INBio; Dr Douglas Ferguson and the staff of the USNM; Dr John Rawlins and others at the CMNH; DrJcrry Powell; and Mr C. Herbulot. Visits to Costa Rica and to institutions in the U.S.A. were partially supported by National Science Foundation grants to Dr Daniel Janzen at the University of Pennsylvania. I also thank my colleagues, especially Dr Malcolm Scoble and Dr Jeremy Holloway for helpful comments on the manuscript and Mr Mark Parsons for testing the key. The colour photographs were taken by Mr Bernard D Abrera; black-and-white photographs wcrc taken by Mr Peter York, Photographic Unit, BMNH.

105 NEOTROPICAL EMERA1,D MO'I'HS 413 Figures 61 and 62. Wing venation. 6 1,.-\'moriu remolu; 62, Synchhru gecluluria. The arrow indicates thc veins Sc + R, and Rs of the liiiid wing, dctail of which is shown enlarged below the main fiprcs.

106

107 NEOTH wic:,us EMERALD MOTHS 415

108

109 NEO I ROPICAI, EMEKA1.D hloths 417 Figures Male genitalia. 90, Chloirssa ciec$ipnj; 9 I, Chlorociilamys chloroleucarza; 92, Ch/oroptely.x opalaria (holotype); 93, Chloroptclyx subnrfrvcens; 94, Dichorda oblaquata; 95, Dichorda unijbnnis.

110 I.. M. PTTKIN Figurea 96 I 01. Malc genitalia. 96, Dzihurdup/inra oplaynria; 97, Euallova ~ u66~arza~a (kctotype); 98, Fu~ulm.itr\ doir17niru~a; 99, Lkeana niiieocilznnn; 100, Chathosocia eucriues (holotype); 101, Hyalochlora spleiuit=m.

111 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 419 Figures Male genitalia. apzcata; 103, Hydata su6fenestraria (holotype); 104, Hydnta projiciens (holotype); 105, Li\sothora htutu; 106, ~issoch~ora manostipa; 107, hphochorista o?tho?isma (holotype).

112 -120 L. hl PITKIN I 111

113 NEO'I'KOPICAI, ERIERALL) hioi'hs 42 1,'> 118 FiLpres Male genitalia. 1 14, Pachycopris raduratu; 1 15, PachJicopsiJ tridentata; 1 16, Paron~#hacode~ pmpulchru (holotype); 11 7, Parompharodes rubrimorgo; 1 18, Phrudocentratra am; I 19, Phrudocentra pupiilata (lectotype).

114 12 2 Figures Malr piitalia. 120, Phnrdocentm jaccidu (lectotypc); rhanis; 122, Pnerilorhlorn nibior (holotype); 123, h hodochloru hn\icnslalzs unicolor. 124, Rhodochloru rufnria; 1 2.5, Svnchlorn dependmi iim rpunden I.

115 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 423 FiCqres Male genitalia. 126, Synchlora expulsata atrapodes (holotype); 127, Synchlora orthogramma; 128, Tacachychlora Jauidisca (lectotype); 129, Tachychlora intrapunctata (lectotype); 130, Tachphle acuta (lectowe); 131, Tac/pph$e albispam (lectotype).

116 12 I I,. hi. I'ITRIN

117 NEOTROPICAI, EILIEKALI) MOTHS 141, 1 I 143 '. 146 \ Figures Male geriilalia (artleagusj. 141, Clilorndilamjs chloreoleucaria; 142, Chlorote?yx opalaria (holotype); 143, Dicliorda nbliquata; 144, Dichorda unz&nrik 145, Dichordnphnra aplagaria; 146, Eualloea subbihsciata (lectotpe); 147, Eucrostes dominicuria; 148, Eueuna niueociliaria; 149, Gnuthosocia eucrinpr (holotype); 150, I{yalochlora splendens; 15 I, Hydata apicata; 152, Hvdata projiciens (holotypej; 153, Hydata subjmestraria (holotypej; 1 54, Lii.mhlnra latuta; 155, Lissochlora manostigma.

118 126 I,. M. PITRIN J I 169 \ Figures I56 1 G9. Malr genitalia (aedeagus). 156, Luphochoritta orthorirma (holotype); 157,.Neagathia lorrz@zla; 158, Aemonu pacjficaria; 159,.Neocraszs nbjcurata; 160, Nenrraszs eximia (holotype); 16 I, Oospila cpinguemarttlata; 162, Oospila mplimacula; 163, Pachycopsis caducata; 164, Pachvcop.ir tndmtata; 165. Pnromphacode.c pt-rpukhm (holotypc); 166, Paromphacoder mbrima<p; 167, Phrudocentra assa; 168, Phrudocentra puppi/ln/a (kctotype); 169, Phrudocentra,flaccida (kctotype).

119 184. NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS r( 180 Figures I 70 ~ Male genitalia (aedragusj. 170, Poecilochlora minor (holotypej; 171, Qrochlora rhanis; 172, Rhodochlora basirostalis unicolor; I 73, Khodochlm mfann; 171, Synchlora dependens independens; 175, Synrhlom expulsata atrapoides (holotypej; 176, Synchlora orthogamma; 177, Tachychlora jauidixa (lectorype); 178, Tachyrhlora iiztrapunctata (lectotype); 170, Tarlqphyle arutn (lrctotypej; 180, Tachyphyle alhi.cparta (Irctotypej; 181, ~rhlhelu musc$unrlala; 182, ni?n.yrh/ora miiior (holntylx); 183, hqixp/n,feni~in@a(holot).1x; 184,.\ erochlora matonaria.

120 -1 8 L. hl. I ITKIN I 1 i 188 \. 189

121 Figures Female genitalia. 191, Chloi-optey opalaria; 192, Dichorda un$rmis; 193, Dzchordophora aplqana; 1'34, DyJcheilia inoinntu (holotypc); 195, Euulh subbfafajciata; I SG, Eucrostes domznicana.

122 430 L. M. PITKIN \ ( 202 Figures Fcrrialc gcnidia. 197, fhaiza niaeociliaria; 198, E!yalochlora.$lendem; 199, Hphta.stigmatica?; 200, Llctochlora alhoriliaria; 20 I, I,irsorhlol-a,~ed~~ (paratypc); 202, Ir,phoc/zon,ttn diiamnta?.

123 NEOTROPICAL EhlI:KALD MO'I'HS 43 1 \ Fi<pres Female genitalia. 203, h4ethydata auster; 204, Neqathia comptata; 205, Nenzoria carolinae (paratype); 206, Nmoria enna; 207, Ourpila con/undaria; 208, Pachycopsis malina.

124 I.. hl. PITKIN 1 \.X Fiqirv Female genitalia. 209, f ar/ycup pju. ttider~tnlu (holoq,r); 210, Parotnphucodes retulana (holotype); 2 I 1, Patorr~phumd~.! ruhtirnaxo; 2 12, Phrudocentra pupillata; 213, Poecilochlura mitiu7; 214, QrorIilo7a rhani,r.

125 NROTROPICXT, EMERiZIJD ILlOTHS 433 I /, \ \ 1 % Figures Female genitalia. 2 15, Rhodochlora rosuz/ia&ij (lertotype); 2 16, Rhodochlura nlfaria; 2 17,.$nchlora expulsata atrapoiiles; 2 18, S>Inchlora deperideiir; 2 19, ksynchlora orthogramma; 220, Tnchychlora amilleles.

126 434 I. M. PITKIN,*I, --- Figures Fcmalc genitalia. 221, Taclyphyle acuta; 222, Tachyptyle albisparsa; 223, Telotheta musctpunrtata; 224, 77irqychlora minor, 225, Xanlhoxena imitanr; 226, Xerochlora masonaria.

127 NEOTROPICAL EMERALD MOTHS 435 Figures , Female genitalia (signum). 227, Anomphax gnoma; 228, Qscheilia znornata (holotype); 229, Eualloeu.rubb$asciata; 230, I :ueana niueociliaria; 23 1, 232, Iissochlora albociliuria; 233, Lophorhorista diuersatu?; 234, Nortoria.scriptaria; 235, Oospila conhndaria; 236, Parompliarodes resularia (holotype); 237, Rhodochlora rujanu; 238, Synrhlr,ra dqpqndc?is; 239, Svnchlora e.ypu/sata atrapoide,r; 240, Tilotheta musc$unctata; 241, Xanthoxena irnitani.

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129 NEOTROPICAI, ER.1ERALD MOTHS 437 Dognin P HttCroceres nouveaux de I Amtriyue du S~id. Mimoires de la Soriiti entoemolu&que de Belgique 19: I 77. Doph P HktkrocPres riouveaux dc I Amkrique du Sud. Memoires d~ la Sociitti entonzolo,pyue de Befgique 22: 1-54, Dognin P HCterocPres nouveaux dc I Amkrique du Sud. Anna1e.r de la LYococii/i entomologique de Belgique 57: Do@ P Hitirocires noul1eau.x de I Amirique du,sud 9: 36 pp. Rcnnes. Dognin P. 1923a. Hitirocires nouueaux de 1:4miriqiie du #Sud 23: 34 pp. Rennes. Dognin P. 1923b. Hi/iro(??eJ noweaia de Mmirique du Sud 24: 17 pp. Rennes. Druce H Biologia Centmli-Ameiirnna 2: 622 pp, Druce H Descriptiorrs ofsome new species of Heterocera from tropical South America, and two new species of Geometridae from West Africa. Anna15 and Magazine of.ahtura1 History 7: Dyar HG Notes on the winter Lepidoptera of Lake Worth, Florida. Proceedings ofthe Entomological SocieQ of Warhington 4: Dyar HG The geometrid genus Ruclwospila. The Canadian Entomologist 40: 171. Dyar HG Descriptions of new species and genera of Lepidoptera from Mexico. Proceedings ofthe linited state^ National Museum 38: Dyar HG Descriptions of new species and genera of I,epidoptera, chiefly from Mexico. Proceedings ofthe United States.A ational Mu.reum 42: Dyar HG Descriptions of nrw Lepidoptrra, chiefly from Mexico. Proceedings of the linited States National Museum 44: Dyar HG Report on the 1,epidoptera of thc Smithsonian Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone. Proreedings ofthe United StateJ National Museum 47: Dyar HG Descriptions of new Lrpidoptera from Mexico. Proceedings ofthe United States National Museum 51: Dyar HC Descriptions of new Lepidoptera from hlexico. Proceedinp cfthe United States,National hlueum 54: Dyar HG New American moths and notes (1,epidoptera). hectutor Inscitiae Menstnrus 10: Dyar HG Some new American moths (Lepidoptera). Znsecutor lnscitiae Menstruus 13: Edwards H Notes on Mexican Lepidoptera with descriptions of new species. Papilio 4: Fabricius JC Species Inseetorum exhibentes eorum Dgerentias.rpec$ca.c, Synonyma auctomm, h a natalia, Metamorphosin adiectis Obsmutioni6us, Descn$tionzbu.r 2: 5 I7 pp. Hamburgi et Kilonii. Fabricius JC Entomologia Jystematica aendata et aucta 3(2): 349 pp Hafniae. Felder R, Rogenhofer AF Reire der istestemichischen Fregatte 3Vovara um die Erde 2(5): pls 12 I 140. Wien. Ferguson DC A revision of the moths of the subfamily Grometrinae of America north of Mexico (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Bulletin gthv Pmhody Museum gnatuatural History. New Haven, Colin. 29: 1 251, pls Ferguson DC Geometroidea, Geometridac (part). In: Dorninick RB, et al., 7he moths ofamerica north 0fMe.xi~o 18(1): xxi pp, pls 1-4. Fletcher DS Four new species of Geometridac (moths) from Rancho Grande, North-central Verlezuela. <OO~U~~ZCQ 37: , PI. 1. Forbes WTM Lepidoptera of Ncw York and neighboring states, pt. 2. Mmzoirs. Coniell Unizarsify A4gTicultural Experiment Station No.274: Graef EL Description of a new Aplodes. Bulletin ofthe Brookhn Entomological Socie$ 3: 87. Greene E A diet-induced developmental polymorphism in a caterpillar. Science 243: 577, , colour figs. Grossbeck JA New speric.; and one new genus of Geometridae. Journal ofthe New York Enfomologicaf Sock9 18: Crote AR New species of N. Am. moths. The Canadian Entomologist 12: 2 I Grote AR New species and notes on structure of moths and genera. 77ze Canadian Entomologist 15: GuenCe A Uranides et Phalknites 1. In: Boisduval & Guenee, Histoire naturelle des Insectes, Species ghiral des Iipzdopt2res 9: [ij-lvi Gumppenberg CF. von Systema Geometrarum zonae temperatioris septentrionalis Lpart 11. Nova Acta Academiae CJwsareae Leopoldino Curolinae gmanirae natume curiosorum 49: Hampson GF On the Geometridae, Pyralidae and allied families of Heterocera of the Lesser Antilles. 77ze Annals and Magazine offlatural History (6) 16: Hampson GF The Lcpidoptera-l halaenae of the Bahamas. 7he Annals anda4agazine ofnatural Histoy (7) 14: Herbulot C Un nouvel Hyalochlora (Lepidoptera Geometridae). Lnmbzlkonea 76: Herbulot C Nouveaux Geometridar des Moluqucs, d hfrique et dhkrique du Sud. Mircellanea Entomalopica 49: 57-70, pl. 3. Herbulot C Nouveaux Geornctridae des Petites Antilles (Lep.). Lnmbillionea 86: Herbulot C. 1988a. Nouveaux Geometridae de Guadeloupc et de la Martinique (Lepidoptera). Miscellanea Entomolo&a 51:

130 19. 4:38 L. kf. PITKIN Herbulot C. 1988b. Expcdition H. (11, Tciiilgo?t I987 rn Guyane FranCaisc (Lepidoptcra C~eometridae). 22fi.rcc/lanea ~~,~~~~l~l~llj~lj,~lec~ 51: I I I I 20. Herbulot C. 1988c. Nouveaux Geometridae dr L'Ecuador, du Pkrou et de la Rolivie (Lrpidoptrra). Miscellanecc Entomologica 51: Herbulot C 'I'rois noweaux Geometrinae de 1,'Ameriquc du Sud (1,epitioptera.~ Geomrtridae). Lambillionea 91: Hemch-Schaffer GAW. [1853] Samrnlung neuer odrr u:en& behannter au.r,rereuropnisclzer Schmetterlinge. 1. Scr. I. PIP 1 -[96]. Kegensburg. Herrich-Schaffer CAW Die Schmetterlingc dc.r lnsel Chha nach naturlichen Exemplaren urld NOI~LPII drs Hcrrri Dr. Guiidliich in Hal)ana. Comrpondenz-Blatt des loolo~i~rh-nrinrrcili~~hen Verrin.\ in Regensburg 24:!)7 Inn, In Holloway JD [1994]. The moths of Borneo: tkniily Gcurricrritlac, sirl~6irnily Eiinoininae. 7heL%lalffyan.)%~/ure,7ourna/ 47: 1-309, monochronic pls, colour pls I ~ Holloway JD The moths of Borneo: family Geomctridae, subfamilies Oenochrominae, Desmobathrinac and (kometrinae. 'The,\la/iycin ~Voture,7oirmnl 49: , monochrome pls, cdour pk Hiibner J [1825]. Verieirhnirs bekannter Schrne/tlir/ge /rtc/. 43 I pp. Augsburg. Hubner J ZulrC&.:ur Samm/~ui,q moti,rrher Schmeftlingr [ric] Erstes hundcrr. 40 pp, figs I 200. Augshurg. Hulst GD. 1886a. New species of Geometridar, NIL 2. IMomologzra 2he~cana 2: Hulst GD. 1886b. Notrs on some Fpecirs of Geometridac, Nv. 2. (Gec~rnetrinae). Entomolo@ca.hericana 2: Hulst GD Ncites on typcq of North American Geomctrina in Eiiropran collections. IV. Entomological,Vrw 6: Hulst GD A classification of the Geometrina ofnorth America, wilh cl~~srriptions of ncv, genera and species. Ticiirxvfions UJ dv Ammicm f?7i/o71ioln,@rd Sncir!~ 23: , pls 10, 1 I. Hulst GD Descriptions of new genera and species of thr Geometrina of North.4merica. 'The (,knciciim EnfodugiAt30: 113~121, ; , Inoue H Lepidoptera: Gcometridac. fnvcla Jal,f~nira 1 (4): I06 pp, pk 1 7. Jones ED Dcsrriptiuns of nrw moths from south-east Brazil. f'rucredzn,qa o/ fhr <odo,q~a/ hir@ oflhdon 1921: Kaye WJ A prrliminary catalogue of the Lepidoptera Hcterocera (if Trinidad. 7raruarfioiu ofthe Enfornological Sotie& oflondon 1901: , pls 5, 6. Kimball CP The Iqidoptera 01 Florida. Arlhrupods OfFlorida and ~~rt~hbnn'ng Land Areas 1: v pp, pls Kirby WF Lepidoptcra. ~oo/o,qical Recurd, Lcindon, 15: I mots AB laepidnptri-a, In: Tuxen SI,, ed. laxonurnisti glossa? qfgenz/al/u 271 zn~ectr. Copenhagrn: kfunksgaard I Linnaeus C L$t/tnca.&turae, Editio 10. 1: 824 pp. Holmiac. Maassen P In: Weymer G, Miiahsr n, P. Iypidoptmen gesammell a$ einer Re& durch Colombia, K~~IILI~IIT, Pen?, /hadun,,h,pfinien und BdizlieIi in den Jahren 1868~-1877 i~on A/$hoiei Sfiihrl. xi pp, pls 1b9. Berlin. McGuffi WC Guitlc~ tci chi: Grometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). 1. SubFamily Sterrhinae. ~2fmiozrc?/fire Entomolo@a/,Society of Canada 50: Millisre P Irono,pfJhitz e/ de,~cr$tion de rhenil/e.r rt fipdoptt?res inididits 2: 506 pp, pls 5 I 100. Paris. Moore F ze Lepidoptrra U/(,~9/07e 3: vi pp. pls 114~ ,ondon. Moschler HB Britrigr Lur Schmetterlings-E'auna von Surinam. I\?. I'rr/ianr/l~~ii,~en der <ooln,~i:sitrh~bota~zi~chcn Geerellschaft in Il'ien 31: , pls 17, 18. Moschler HB Beitrage zur Schmettcrlings-~auna von Jamaira. ilhhand/ungrn drr Senrkrnbergischen na/uijur~henr/er/ Ge~ellxhqfl 14: 2.5 H4 [ + 3 pp]. Moschler HB Die Lepidopteren-Fauna der lnsel Portorico. Ahhimdl~ii/,~ri/ der Sentkrnh~rgirchen 7zafurJr.schenden C;rdlJchaJ 16: ti9 360, Oberthiir C RCvision iconographiquc dcs cspi-ces clt- P1i;ilhitc.s (Groriirtra, Linni.). i9ude.r de ~ ~jdo~t~rulu~~e mi/mie 12: , ligs Packard AS. 1873a. Descriptions of ncw ilnirriran Phalacnidae. tlnmca/ Report ofthe TruJfees$the Peabody.Acadmp (!/.srin,r-r (1872) 5: Packard AS (:aralogue nf the Phalacnidar of California. No. 2. Proceedin,q uf [he Bu\/oT/ LSuriu!v q/.hiltural Ffi.r/oy 16: 13-40, pl. 1. Packard AS I\ monograph of the geometrid moths or Phalaeriidae of the 1Jnitc.d States. In: Hayden W3 Report offhe United.State (;uolo,gira/.suumpy ojthe 7emtorirs 10: 1 607, pls I Patocka J Dir Puppen der Spanner Mittelcuropas (L,epidoptcra, Geometridar): Charaktrristik und Bestimmungstabclle cler Gatturrgvn. 7jjd iioor Entomologie 137: 27-56, figs Pearsall RF One of our neglectcd 11s" (Gromrtridav). 7Ae Canadim Entomohgirt 40: 197. Pearsall RF new geoinetrid genus, and a new species from thc extreme southwrst. 7he Canadian ~i~fo~~olo~i~f 43: Pitkin LM Nrotropical Emerald moths of' the genera?\ii.mona, Limxhlora and Chauam'ella, with particular rcli.rence 10 thc s1xcic.h of Cnsta Ric-a (Lrpidoptera: Geometridae, Geomctrinae). Bulletin oj?he Nitu~al!fi\tq.\fuseunz. (Entomology) 62: ,

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132 L. hl. PII'KIN Walker F Lict of& cpecimm ef ~e~i;dop/~?~iu.s rn.wl.\ in the collectiun Uf the Bnhh LWnmam 1860, part 20: 1 ~276; 1860, part 21: ; 1861, part 22: ; 1861, part 23: ; [1863] part 26: ; 1866, part 35: Supplement - part 5: London. Walsh BD On certain remarkable or exceptional larvae, coleopterous, lepidopterous and dipterous, with descriptions of scveral ncw genera and species injurious to vegetation, which have already hccn published in agricultural journals. Pruceedings of the Bustun So&& r?f.nnturnl Hihqi 9: Warren W New Kenera and spe of Geometridae. JVuivtuk zuolugicae 1: Warren W New species and genera of Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Xuutuk?uologcae 2: Warren W Ni:w gcnera and species of'rhyrididae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae, from South and Ckntral America arid the West Indies, in the Tring Museum..NuuitntPs <UU~U~ZC~F 4: Warren W New genera and specirs of' American Drcpariuiidae, 'l'hyrididae, Epipieniidae, and Gromelridae.,Vbiu/u/e, ~oolu~irae 7: Warren W New American moths..nuuitnlec Xmilo&ae 8: Warren W. 1904a. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. fluoitates zuoolugicae 11: I 173. Warren W. 1904b. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geomrtridae. N071itnte5 ~ooooolqyicn~ 11: Warren W. 1905a. New Thyrididae, Ilraniidac, arid Gcometridae from South and Central America..Nuoitates?iiuhgzcue 12: Warren W. 1905b. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. Nuuitata Zoubgicne 12: Warren W Descriptions of nrw genera and species of American geometrid moths. Procpediizg of the IJniled.Yale3.Vnlional MuJeum 30: Warren W American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Gromet dae in thc Tring Museum..Nunitntes zuulugicae 14: Warren W New American Uraniidae and Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Nuoatuler Zuuluyicne 16: 69 ~ Westwood JO An introduction to the modern class$catiun ofinsects. 2, Synop.si.c ofthr gmnnn?f Hritirh imecls. Pp London. Zeller PC Bcitragr zur Krnntniss der nor~lattierikanischen Nachtfalter, besonders der Microlepidopteren. Fdaridlunyen der zuulogkch-butanischen Gesellschaj in LVien 22: