Multiple inductive pathways control the timing of flowering. Long-day photoperiod Gibberellins (GA) Vernalization Autonomous pathway
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1 Multiple inductive pathways control the timing of flowering Long-day photoperiod Gibberellins (GA) Vernalization Autonomous pathway
2 Induction of flowering Multiple cues
3 Photoperiodism Duration of the Light Period As a result of seasonal changes in daylength, plants have evolved systems to ensure viability of seeds: - protection before winter - coincide with the rainy/dry seasons Photoperiodism - plant ability to detect and respond to day length
4 Photoperiodic Response Short Day Plant (SDP) - flower when the day length is less than the Critical Day Length Long Day Plant (LDP)- flower when the day length is greater than the Critical Day Length Day Neutral- flower without respect to day length
5 PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL OF FLOWERING A short-day plant will not flower until it s exposed to a continuous dark period exceeding a critical length. For a long-day plant, flowering occurs when the night length is shorter than the critical length.
6 Photoperiodic Response
7 Photoperiodic Regulation Plants actually measuring NIGHT length That means that during short day periods of the year by interrupting or splitting a long night with a relatively short photoperiod the plant perceives a short night and a long day even though the natural day length has not changed
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9 Classes of Photoperiodic Plants Obligate - plant that must absolutely meet the day length requirement to flower Facultative - plant that will flower under most photoperiods but will flower most readily when the photoperiodic requirement is met
10 PHYTOCHROME IS A LIGHT DETECTOR THAT MAY HELP SET THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK How does a plant actually measure photoperiod? Photoreceptive pigments phytochromes are proteins with a light-absorbing component.
11 What Is Phytochrome? Phytochrome is a pigment found in some plant cells that has been proven to control plant development. This pigment has two forms or phases in can exist in. P-red light sensitive (Pr) and P far red light sensitive (Pfr) forms. The actual plant response is very specific to each specie, and some plants do not respond at all. R FR
12 La struttura del fitocromo Un dimero di 1200 aminoacidi con numerosi domini e 2 molecole di cromoforo. Cromofori 660 nm 730 nm Pr Pfr Si lega alle membrane
13 The chromophore group is a linear tetrapyrrole that differs in the conformation and absorption spectrum of its P R state clearly from its P FR state. It is mainly produced in darkness and exists first of all as P R (or P 660 ). The exposure to light of the wave length λ = 660 nm (red) transfers it into P FR (or P 730 ; FR = far- red). P FR is re-transferred into P R by exposure to light of the wave length λ= 730 nm. P R is the biologically inactive, P FR the biologically active state.
14 How Phytochrome Works?
15 660 nm Synthesis Pr Red Light (Fast) Far Red Light Dark Reversion Pfr 740 nm Destruction Vegetative (Non-Flowering) (Slow) Reproductive (Flowering)
16 Mid-Summer Sunlight 660 nm 740 nm Synthesis Pr Red Light (Fast) Far Red Light Pfr Destruction Dark Reversion Vegetative (Non-Flowering) (Slow) Reproductive (Flowering) Long-Day Plants Need Low Pr!
17 660 nm Synthesis Pr Red Light (Fast) Far Red Light Pfr Dark Reversion Long Night 740 nm Destruction Vegetative (Non-Flowering) (Slow) Reproductive (Flowering) Long-Day Plants Need Low Pr!
18 Mid- Summer Sunlight 660 nm Synthesis Reproductive (Flowering) Pr Red Light (Fast) Far Red Light Dark Reversion (Slow) Pfr 740 nm Destruction Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Short-Day Plant Need Low Pfr!
19 Long Night 660 nm 740 nm Synthesis Pr Red Light (Fast) Far Red Light Dark Reversion Pfr Destruction Reproductive (Flowering) (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Short-Day Plants Need Low Pfr!
20 PLANTS HAVE INTERNAL CLOCKS As we have body activities that change with time of the day, plants display rhythmic behaviour too. Circadian rhythm: o Innate biological clock of about 24 hours. o Persists when organism not exposed to environmental cues. o E.g. bean plant still sleeps at the same time of day even when kept in constant light or dark. O Hence circadian rhythms occur with or without external stimuli. o These are controlled by biological clocks.
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