Mende ian Genetcs. MAIN ~ Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele. How Genetics Began

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Mende ian Genetcs. MAIN ~ Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele. How Genetics Began"

Transcription

1 ctiofl 2 ~eadim9 Preview Essent~ questions p what is the significance of Mendel s experim~ts to thestudy of genetics? what is the law ofrsegregation and the law of independent assortment? i whatarethepo55~e offspring from a cross usi a Punnett square? - Review vocabulary 5~gregati~ the separation of allelic genes that typically occurs during meiosis New vocabulary genetics allele dominant recessive homozygous heterozygous genotype phenotype law of segregation hybrid law of independent assortment Mu lingual eglossary Figure 7 Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics. ICI I UiY9 it). I: Mende ian Genetcs MAIN ~ Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele. Real-World Reading Link There are many different breeds of dogs, such as Labrador retrievers, dachshunds, German shepherds, and poodles. You might like a certain breed of dog because of its height, coat color, and general appearance. These traits are passed from generation to generation. How Genetics Began In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk and a plant breeder, published his findings on the method of inheritance in garden pea plants. The pass ing of traits to the next generation is called inheritance, or heredity. Mendel, shown in Figure 7, was successful in sorting out the mystery of inheritance because of the organism he chose for his study the pea plant. Pea plants are true-breeding, meaning that they consistently produce off spring with only one form of a trait. Pea plants usually reproduce by self-fertilization. A common occur rence in many flowering plants, self-fertilization occurs when a male gamete within a flower combines with a female gamete in the same flower. Mendel also discovered that pea plants could easily be crosspollinated by hand. Mendel performed cross-pollination by transfer ring a male gamete from the flower of one pea plant to the female reproductive organ in a flower of another pea plant. Connection History Mendel rigorously followed various traits in the pea plants he.red. He analyzed the results of his experiments and formed hypotheses concerning how the traits were inherited. The study of genetics, which is the science of heredity, began with Mendel, who is regarded as the father of genetics. Reading Check Infer why it is important that Mendel s experiments used a true-breeding plant. S pt c. ct The Inheritance of Traits Mendel noticed that certain varieties of garden pea plants produced specific forms of a trait, generation after generation. For instance, he noticed that some varieties always produced green seeds and others always produced yellow seeds. In order to understand how these traits are inherited, Mendel performed cross-pollination by transferring male gam etes from the flower of a true-breeding green-seed plant to the female organ of a flower from a true-breeding yellow-seed plant. To prevent self fertilization, Mendel removed the male organs from the flower of the yellow seed plant. Mendel called the green seed plant and the yellow-seed plant the parent generation also known as the P generation. Section 2 Mendelian Genetics 277

2 Figure 8 The results of Mendel s cross involving true-breeding pea plants with yellow seeds and green seeds are shown here. Explain why the seeds in the F, generation were all yellow Generation (P) (pure-breeding) Yellow peas (male) x Green peas (female) Concepts in Motion Jr Animation First filial generation (F1) All yellow Self-fertilization I Second filial generation (F2) 622 yellow :21 3:1 Video BrainPOP CAREERS IN BIOLOGY Genetics Laboratory Technician A technician in a genetics laboratory assists a researcher by conducting experiments and helping to maintain the lab. F1 and F2 generations When Mendel grew the seeds from the cross between the green-seed and yellow-seed plants, all of the res offspring had yellow seeds. The offspring of this P cross are called t first filial (F1) generation. The green-seed trait seemed to have disap. peared in the F1 generation~ and Mendel decided to investigate whe the trait was no longer present or whether it was hidden, or masked. Mendel planted the F1 generation of yellow seeds, allowed the plan to grow and self-fertilize, and then examined the seeds from this The results of the second filial (F2) generation the offspring from cross are shown in Figure 8. Of the seeds Mendel collected, 622~s yellow and 21 were green~ which almost is a perfect 3:1 ratio of yel to green seeds. Mendel studied seven different traits seed or pea color, flower color, seed pod color, seed shape or texture, seed pod shape, stem length, and flower position and found that the F2 generation plan from these crosses also showed a 3:1 ratio. Genes in pairs Mendel concluded that there must be two forms the seed trait in the pea plants_yellow-seed and green~seed_ah1dlt each was controlled by a factor, which now is called an allele. An is defined as an alternative form of a single gene passed from gene~ tion to generation. Therefore, the gene for yellow seeds and the green seeds are each different forms of a single gene. Mendel concluded that the 3:1 ratio observed during his expctl could be explained if the alleles were paired in each of the plans H called the form of the trait that appeared in the F, generation do and the form of the trait that was masked in the F1 generation In the cross between yellow-seed plants and green-seed plant5~ the) low seed was the dominant form of the trait and the green seed W~5 recessive form of the trait. 278 chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

3 gre~ king he er tie onlinail When he allowed the F1 generation to self-fertilize, jendel showed that the recessive allele for green seeds had not disap ared but was masked. Mendel concluded that the green-seed form of trait did not show up in the F1 generation because the yellow-seed form of the trait is dominant and masks the allele for the green seed form of the trait. When modeling inheritance, the dominant allele is represented by a capital letter, and the recessive allele is represented by a lowercase let ter. An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozth ~ (ho muh ZI gus) for that trait. Homozygous, yellow seed lards are YY and green-seed plants are yy. An organism with two differ ~nt alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous (heh tuh roh ZY gus) for that trait, in this case Yy. When alleles are present in the heterozygous state, the dominant trait will be observed. GenotYPe and phenotype A yellow-seed plant could be homozy gous or heterozygous for the trait form. The outward appearance of an organism dbes not always indicate which pair of alleles is present. The organism s~de pairs are called its genotype. In the case of plants with yellow seeds,their genotypes could be YY or Yy. The observable charac teristic or ~htward expression of an allele pair is called the phenotype. The phenotype of pea plants with the genotype yy will be green seeds. Mendel ~!aw of segregation Mendel used homozygous yellow-see4~hd green-seed plants in his P cross. In Figure 9(A), the top drawingshcws that each gamete from the yellow seed plant contains one Recall that~thë chromosome number is divided in half during meiosis. The resulting gai~hetes contain only one of the pair of seed-color alleles. The bo~~pm.drawing in Figure 9(A) shows that each gamete from the green-seedi~lant contains one y allele. Mendel s law of segregation states that the two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. During fertil ization, two~alleles for that trait unite. The third drawing in Figure 9(B) shows the alleles uniting to produce the genotype Yy during fertilization. All resulting F1 generation plants will have the genotype Yy and will have yellow seeds because yellow is domi nant to green These heterozygous organisms are called hybrids. VOCABULARY WORD ORIGIN Homozygous and Heterozygous come from the Greek words homos, meaning the same; hetero, meaning other or different; and zygon, meaning yoke Figure 9 During gamete formation in the YYor yy plant, the two alleles separate, resulting in Yoryin the gametes. Gametes from each parent unite during fertilization. YYyellow pe Grows into plant Gamete formation Gametes (pollen or eggs) Gametes (one pollen grain and one egg) Fertilization Seed F1 Hybrid development e rows into plant )Ygreen pea Gamete formation Gamete formation Fertilization Zygote Y= yellow-determining allele y= green-determining allele Yy= yellow pea showing dominant trait Section 2 Mendelian Genetics 279

4 P Yellow pea w Green pea 1~ I F1 F2 ~. Male gamete N Female gamete V Yellow pea Male... Female Self-fertilization 1 Yellow peas Green pea Figure 1 During the F1 generation self-fertilization, the male gametes randomly fertilize the female gametes. Figure 11 The law of independent assortment is demonstrated in the dihybrid crass by the equal chance that each pair of alleles (Yy and Rr) can randomly combine with each other. Predict how many possible gamete types are produced. Alleles in Gamete Possible allele parental formation combinations cell in gametes Monohybrid cross The diagram in Figure 1 shows how Mendel continued his experiments by allowing the Yy ~ self-fertilize. A cross such as this one that involves hybri~ for single trait is called a monohybrid cross. The Yy plants Prod two types of gametes male and female each with either the or y allele. The combining of these gametes is a ran omeveni This random fertilization of male and female gametes resnj~. the following genotypes YY, Yy, Yy, or yy, as shown in Figur~1 Notice that the dominant Y allele is written first, whether it came from the male or female gamete. In Mendel s F1 cross, there are three possible genotypes: YY, Yy, and yy; and the typic ratio is 1:2:1. The phenotypic ratio is 3:1 yello seethto green seeds. Dijiybrid cross Once Mendel established inheritance pat. terns of a single trait, he began to examine simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant. In gard peas, round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). If Mendel crossed homozygous yellow, round-seed pea plants with homozygous green, wrinkle-seed pea plants, the P cross co be represented by YYRR x yyrr. The F1 generation genotype would be YyRr yellow, round-seed plants. These F1-genera. tion plants are called dihybrids because they are heterozygo for both traits. Law of independent assortment Mendel allowed F pea plants with the genotype YyRr to self-fertilize in a dihyb cross. Mendel calculated the genotypic and phenotypic rat of the offspring in both the F1 and F2 generations. From results, he developed the law of independent assortment which states that a random distribution of alleles occurs dim ing gamete formation. Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis. As shown in Figure 11, the random assortment of alleles results in four possible gametes: YR, Yr, yr or yr, each of wh equally likely to occur. When a plant self-fertilizes, any of the four allele combinations could be present in the male gamete, and any of the four combinations could be present in the fern gamete. The results of Mendel s dihybrid cross included nine different genotypes: YYRR, YYRr, YYrr, YyRR, YyRr, Yyrr~ yy yyrr, and yyrr. He counted and recorded four different pheno types: 315 yellow round, 18 green round, 11 yellow wri and 32 green wrinkled. These results represent a phenotyp ratio of approximately Reading Check Evaluate How can the random distrib of alleles result in a predictable ratio? yr+ yr~ Punnett Squares In the early 19s, Dr. Reginald Punnett developed what is known as a Punnett square to predict the possible ffspiinig cross between two known genotypes. Punnett squares maket easier to keep track of the possible genotypes involved in a 2 Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

5 T = Ability to roll tongue t = Inability to roll tongue Gamete types x Tt O Gamete types L_h --$t + 4 o-- Tt rid punnett uare monohybrid cross Can you roll your tongue like the person pictured in Figure 12? Tongue-rolling ability is a dominant trait, which can be represented by T Suppose both parents can roll their tongues and are heterozygous (Tt) for the trait. What possible phenotypes could their children have? Examine the Punnett square in Figure 12. The number of squares is determined by the number of different types of alleles T or t pro duced by each parent. In this case, the square is 2 squares x 2 squares because each parent produces two different types of gametes. Notice that the male gametes are written across the horizontal side and the female gametes are written on the vertical side of the Punnett square. The possible combinations of each male and female gamete are written on the inside of each corresponding square. Figure 12 The ability to roll one s tongue is a dominant trait. The Punnett square is a visual summary of the possible combinations of the alleles for the tongue-rolling trait. Review Inquiry Personal Tutor Virtual Lab.13.1 Predict Probability in Genetics nquiry Minilab How can an offspring s traits be predicted? A Punnett square can help predict ratios of dominant traits to recessive traits in the genotype of offspring. This lab involves two parents who are both het erozygous for free earlobes (E), which is a dominant trait. The recessive trait is attached earlobes (e). Procedure 1. Read and complete the lab safety form. 2. Determine the gamete genotype(s) for this trait that each parent contributes. 3. Draw a Punnett square that has the same number of columns and the same number of rows as the number of alleles contributed for this trait by the gametes of each parent. 4. Write the alphabetical letter for each allele from one parent just above each column, and write the alphabetical letter for each allele from the other parent just to the left of each row. 5. In the boxes within the table, write the genotype of the offspring resulting from each combination of male and female alleles. Analysis 1. Summarize the possible offspring phenotypes that could occur. 2. Evaluate the phenotypic ratio of the possible offspring. What is the genotypic ratio of the possible offspring? Section 2 Mendelian Genetics 281

6 P YYRR yyrr I Gametes YR yr F1 (all identical) Female YyRr F2 YR Yr yr flflflfl Type Genotype Phenotype Number Phenotypic Ratio yellow Y R round 315 9:16 green Recombinant yyr round 18 3:16 yellow Recombinant V rr wrinkled 11 Male YyRr / green flit wrinkled 32 3:16 1:16 Figure 13 The dihybrid Punnett square visually presents the possible combinations of the possible alleles from each parent. How many different genotypes are found i~ Punnett square? One square has TT two squares Tt, and one square has tt. Therefore, the genoty.pi ratio of the possible offspring is 1:2:1. The pheno ratio of tongue rollers to non tongue rollers is 3:1. Punnett square dihybrid cross Now examine the Punnett square in Figure 13. Noti that in the P cross, only two types of alleles are duced. However, in the dihybrid cross when F1 generation is crossed four types of alleles ft the male gametes and four types of alleles from female gametes can be produced. The resulting phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1 9 yellow round to 3 round to 3 yellow wrinkled to 1 green wrinkjed Mendel s data closely matched the outcome pred by the Punnett square. Pro ability The inheritance of genes can be compared to th probability of flipping a coin. The o coin landing on heads is 1 out of 2, or 1/2. If the same coin is flipped twice, the o landing on heads is 1/2 each time or 1/2 x 1/2, 1/4 both times. Actual data might not perfectly match the p dicted ratios. You know that if you flip a coin yo might not get heads 1 out of 2 times. Mendel s results were not exactly a 9:3:3:1 ratio. However, larger the number of offspring involved in a cr the more likely it will match the results predict by the Punnett square. Section 2 Section Summary I The study of genetics began with Gregor Mendel, whose experiments with garden pea plants gave insight into the inherita of traits. I Mendel developed the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. I Punnett squares help predict the offspring of a cross. Assessment Understand Main Ideas 1. ~ Diagram Use a Punnett square to explain how a dominan allele masks the presence of a recessive allele. 2. Apply the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment giving an example of each. 3. Use a Punnett square In fruit flies, red eyes (R) are dominant to pink eyes (r). What is the phenotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous male and a pink-eyed female? Think Critically 4. Evaluate the significance of Mendel s work to the field of genetics. MATH in Biology 5. What is the probability of rolling a 2 on a six-sided die? What is the p bility of rolling two 2s on two six-sided die? How is probability used in study of genetics? 282 Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Assessment Online

7 di 3 neadii~9 preview Essential Questions p How does the process of melosis produce genetic recombination? How can gene linkage beused to create chromosome maps? e ~ Why is polyploidy important-tothe field of agriculture? ed :.it the 3nt Review Vocabulary protein: large, complex polymer essential to all life that provides structure for tissues and organs and helps carry out cell metabolism New Vocabulary genetic recombination polyploidy Multilin eg Figure 14 Genes that are linked together the same chromosome usually travel together in the gamete. Calculate the number of possible corn binations if two or three of these gam etes were to combine. Gene Linkage and Polyploidy MAIN ~ The crossing over of linked genes is a source of genetic variation. Real-World Reading Link You might have seen many varieties of roses at a garden center that range in color from red to pink to white. Plant breeders use scientists knowledge of genes to vary certain characteristics in an effort to make their roses unique. Genetic Recombination Connection The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment is called genetic recombi nation. The possible combinations of genes due to independent assort ment can be calculated using the formula 2 ~, where n is the number of chromosome pairs. For example, pea plants have seven pairs of chro mosomes. For seven pairs of chromosomes, the possible combinations are 2~, or 128 combinations. Because any possible male gamete can fer tilize any possible female gamete, the number of possible combinations after fertilization is 16,384 (128 x 128). In humans, the possible number of combinations after fertilization would be 223 x 223, or more than 7 trillion. This number does not include the amount of genetic recom bination produced by crossing over. Gene Linkage Chromosomes contain multiple genes that code for proteins. Genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome are said to be linked and usually travel together during gamete formation. Follow closely related genes A and B in Figure 14 through the process of meio sis. The linkage of genes on a chromosome results in an exception to Mendel s law of independent assortment because linked genes usually do not segregate independently. Meiosis I Meiosis II Homologs separate A Replicated homoiogous thromosom~ Centromeres separate and gametes form A a a Section 3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy 283

8 Figure 15 This chromosome map of the X chromosome of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was created in Gene linkage was first studied using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Thousands of crosses confirmed that linked genes usu. ally traveled together during meiosis. However, some results revealeti that linked genes do not always travel together during meiosis. Scien. tists concluded that linked genes can separate during crossing over. Chromosome maps Crossing over occurs more frequently genes that are far apart than those that are close together. A drawing a chromosome map shows the sequence of genes on a chromosome can be created by using crossover data. The very first chromosome maps were published in 1913 using data from thousands of fruit fly crosses. Chromosome map percentages are not actual chromosome distances, b they represent relative positions of the genes. Figure 15 shows the first chromosome map created using fruit fly data. Notice that the higher th~ crossover frequency, the farther apart the two genes are. Lab~ Map Ch osomes Inquiry Mini Where are genes located on a chromosome? The distance between two genes on a chromosome related to the crossover frequency between them. By comparing data for several gene pairs, a gene s relative location can be determined. procedure 1. Read and complete the lab safety form. 2. obtain a table of the gene-pair crossover frequencies from your teacher. 3. Draw a line on a piece of paper and make marks every 1 cm. Each mark will represent a crossover frequency of 1 percent. 4. Label one mark near the middle of the line A. Find the crossover frequency between Genes A and on the table, and use this data to label B the correct distance from A. 5. Use the crossover frequency between genes A and C and genes B and C to infer the position of gene 6. Repeat steps 4 S for each gene, marking their positions on the line. Analysis 1. Evaluate whether it is possible to know the location of a gene on a chromosome if only one other gene is used. 2. Consider why using more crossover frequencies would result in a more accurate chromosome map 284 Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

9 1 strawberries (8n) in a cross, the exchange of genes is directly related to the cross over frequency between them. This frequency correlates with the relative distance between the two genes. One map unit between two genes is equivalent to 1 percent of the crossing over occurring between th Genes that are farther apart would have a greater frequency crossing over. Coffee (4,,) P ~P 1 y such Figure as strawberries 16 Various and commercial coffee, are polyploids. plants, Most species have diploid cells, but some have polyploid cells. Polyploidy is the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism. A triploid organism, for instance, would be designated 3n, which means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy rarely occurs in animals. In humans, polyploidy is always lethal. Roughly one in three species of known flowering plants are polyploid. l olyploid plants are selected by plant growers for their desirable charac teristics. Commercially grown bread wheat (6n), oats (6n), and sugar cane (8n) are polyploid crop plants. Polyploid plants, such as the ones shown in Fi re 16, often have increased vigor and size. ection 3 Assessme t Section Summary Understand Main Ideas I Genetic recombination involves both 1. Analyze how crossing over is related to variation. crossing over and independent assortment. 2. Draw Suppose genes C and Dare linked on one chromosome and genes I Early chromosome maps were created c and dare linked on another chromosome. Assuming that crossing over based on the linkage of genes on the does not take place, sketch the daughter cells resulting from meiosis, show chromosome. ing the chromosomes and position of the genes. I Polyploid organisms have one or more extra 3. Describe how polyploidy is used in the field of agriculture. sets of all chromosomes. Think Critically 4. Construct a chromosome map for genes A, B, C and using the following crossing over data: A to =25 percent A to 8=3 percent Cto D=1 5 per cent B to =5 percent; B to C=2 percent. 5. Evaluate what advantage polyploidy would give to a plant breeder. Biology 6. Write a short story describing a society with no genetic variation in humans. Assessment Online Quiz Section 3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy 285

Essential Questions. Meiosis. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education

Essential Questions. Meiosis. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Essential Questions How does the reduction in chromosome number occur during meiosis? What are the stages of meiosis? What is the importance of meiosis in providing genetic variation? Meiosis Vocabulary

More information

Name Date Class CHAPTER 10. Section 1: Meiosis

Name Date Class CHAPTER 10. Section 1: Meiosis Name Date Class Study Guide CHAPTER 10 Section 1: Meiosis In your textbook, read about meiosis I and meiosis II. Label the diagrams below. Use these choices: anaphase I anaphase II interphase metaphase

More information

Ch. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics. p

Ch. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics. p Ch. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics p. 270 - 10.1 Meiosis p. 270-276 Essential Question Main Idea! Meiosis produces haploid gametes Where are the instructions for each trait located in a cell?! On

More information

Introduction to Genetics

Introduction to Genetics Introduction to Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel B.1.21, B.1.22, B.1.29 Genetic Inheritance Heredity: the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring The study of heredity in biology is

More information

Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 1: Meiosis Section 2: Mendelian Genetics Section 3: Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Click on a lesson name to select. Chromosomes and Chromosome Number! Human body

More information

Mendelian Genetics. Introduction to the principles of Mendelian Genetics

Mendelian Genetics. Introduction to the principles of Mendelian Genetics + Mendelian Genetics Introduction to the principles of Mendelian Genetics + What is Genetics? n It is the study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms. n Genes control each trait of a living

More information

is the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden.

is the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden. 11-1 The 11-1 Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel is the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary

More information

Introduction to Genetics

Introduction to Genetics Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) This section describes how Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in garden peas and what his conclusions

More information

Name Date Class. Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Name Date Class. Meiosis I and Meiosis II Concept Mapping Meiosis I and Meiosis II Complete the events chains about meiosis I and meiosis II. These terms may be used more than once: chromosomes, condense, cytokinesis, equator, line up, nuclei,

More information

Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel

Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) What is the principle of dominance? What happens during segregation? Gregor Mendel s Peas (pages 263 264) 1. The

More information

Genetics. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics

Genetics. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics Genetics Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Reproductive cells, which pass on genetic traits from the parents to the child, are produced by the process of meiosis. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance

More information

Ch 11.Introduction to Genetics.Biology.Landis

Ch 11.Introduction to Genetics.Biology.Landis Nom Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) This section describes how Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in garden peas and what his conclusions were. Introduction (page 263)

More information

Name Class Date. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 33

Name Class Date. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 33 Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Chapter Vocabulary Review Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition of each term. 1. genetics a. likelihood that something will happen 2. trait

More information

Interest Grabber. Analyzing Inheritance

Interest Grabber. Analyzing Inheritance Interest Grabber Section 11-1 Analyzing Inheritance Offspring resemble their parents. Offspring inherit genes for characteristics from their parents. To learn about inheritance, scientists have experimented

More information

1. What is genetics and who was Gregor Mendel? 2. How are traits passed from one generation to the next?

1. What is genetics and who was Gregor Mendel? 2. How are traits passed from one generation to the next? Chapter 11 Heredity The fruits, vegetables, and grains you eat are grown on farms all over the world. Tomato seeds produce tomatoes, which in turn produce more seeds to grow more tomatoes. Each new crop

More information

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Test A CHAPTER 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term, number, or phrase that best answers each question. 1. How many

More information

I. GREGOR MENDEL - father of heredity

I. GREGOR MENDEL - father of heredity GENETICS: Mendel Background: Students know that Meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells that are not identical, allowing for genetic variation. Essential Question: What are two characteristics about Mendel's

More information

Unit 8 Meiosis and Mendel. Genetics and Inheritance Quiz Date: Jan 14 Test Date: Jan. 22/23

Unit 8 Meiosis and Mendel. Genetics and Inheritance Quiz Date: Jan 14 Test Date: Jan. 22/23 Unit 8 Meiosis and Mendel Genetics and Inheritance Quiz Date: Jan 14 Test Date: Jan. 22/23 UNIT 8 - INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Although the resemblance between generations of organisms had been noted for

More information

Mendel and the Gene Idea. Biology Exploring Life Section Modern Biology Section 9-1

Mendel and the Gene Idea. Biology Exploring Life Section Modern Biology Section 9-1 Mendel and the Gene Idea Biology Exploring Life Section 10.0-10.2 Modern Biology Section 9-1 Objectives Summarize the Blending Hypothesis and the problems associated with it. Describe the methods used

More information

Family resemblance can be striking!

Family resemblance can be striking! Family resemblance can be striking! 1 Chapter 14. Mendel & Genetics 2 Gregor Mendel! Modern genetics began in mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas

More information

Name Class Date. KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

Name Class Date. KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous

More information

Advance Organizer. Topic: Mendelian Genetics and Meiosis

Advance Organizer. Topic: Mendelian Genetics and Meiosis Name: Row Unit 8 - Chapter 11 - Mendelian Genetics and Meiosis Advance Organizer Topic: Mendelian Genetics and Meiosis 1. Objectives (What should I be able to do?) a. Summarize the outcomes of Gregor Mendel's

More information

Biology Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics

Biology Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Biology Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Meiosis - The mechanism that halves the number of chromosomes in cells is a form of cell division called meiosis - Meiosis consists of two successive nuclear

More information

genome a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another gene the passing of traits from one generation to the next

genome a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another gene the passing of traits from one generation to the next genetics the study of heredity heredity sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait genome a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another gene trait the passing

More information

Chapter 11 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS

Chapter 11 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Chapter 11 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel I. Gregor Mendel A. Studied pea plants 1. Reproduce sexually (have two sex cells = gametes) 2. Uniting of male and female gametes = Fertilization

More information

-Genetics- Guided Notes

-Genetics- Guided Notes -Genetics- Guided Notes Chromosome Number The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance genes are located in specific on chromosomes. Homologous Chromosomes chromosomes come in, one from the male parent and one

More information

UNIT 3: GENETICS 1. Inheritance and Reproduction Genetics inheritance Heredity parent to offspring chemical code genes specific order traits allele

UNIT 3: GENETICS 1. Inheritance and Reproduction Genetics inheritance Heredity parent to offspring chemical code genes specific order traits allele UNIT 3: GENETICS 1. Inheritance and Reproduction Genetics the study of the inheritance of biological traits Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring = Inheritance - heredity is controlled

More information

Meiosis and Mendel. Chapter 6

Meiosis and Mendel. Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel Chapter 6 6.1 CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS Key Concept Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. Body Cells vs. Gametes You have body cells and gametes body cells

More information

Genetics (patterns of inheritance)

Genetics (patterns of inheritance) MENDELIAN GENETICS branch of biology that studies how genetic characteristics are inherited MENDELIAN GENETICS Gregory Mendel, an Augustinian monk (1822-1884), was the first who systematically studied

More information

Reinforcement Unit 3 Resource Book. Meiosis and Mendel KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

Reinforcement Unit 3 Resource Book. Meiosis and Mendel KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. 6.1 CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. Your body is made of two basic cell types. One basic type are somatic cells, also called body cells,

More information

Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel

Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel UNIT 3 GENETICS Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel 1 hairy ears (hypertrichosis)- due to holandric gene. (Y chromosome)-only occurs in males. Appears in all sons. 2 Polydactyly- having extra fingers Wendy the

More information

Interactive Biology Multimedia Courseware Mendel's Principles of Heredity. Copyright 1998 CyberEd Inc.

Interactive Biology Multimedia Courseware Mendel's Principles of Heredity. Copyright 1998 CyberEd Inc. Interactive Biology Multimedia Courseware Mendel's Principles of Heredity Copyright 1998 CyberEd Inc. Mendel's Principles of Heredity TEACHING OBJECTIVES The following subject areas are illustrated throughout

More information

9-1 The Work of Gregor

9-1 The Work of Gregor 9-1 The Work of Gregor 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Mendel 1 of 32 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel s Peas Gregor Mendel s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel

More information

Unit 6 Reading Guide: PART I Biology Part I Due: Monday/Tuesday, February 5 th /6 th

Unit 6 Reading Guide: PART I Biology Part I Due: Monday/Tuesday, February 5 th /6 th Name: Date: Block: Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel Section 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis 1. How do gametes differ from somatic cells? Unit 6 Reading Guide: PART I Biology Part I Due: Monday/Tuesday, February

More information

Guided Notes Unit 6: Classical Genetics

Guided Notes Unit 6: Classical Genetics Name: Date: Block: Chapter 6: Meiosis and Mendel I. Concept 6.1: Chromosomes and Meiosis Guided Notes Unit 6: Classical Genetics a. Meiosis: i. (In animals, meiosis occurs in the sex organs the testes

More information

Heredity and Genetics WKSH

Heredity and Genetics WKSH Chapter 6, Section 3 Heredity and Genetics WKSH KEY CONCEPT Mendel s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. Vocabulary trait purebred law of segregation genetics cross MAIN IDEA:

More information

THE WORK OF GREGOR MENDEL

THE WORK OF GREGOR MENDEL GENETICS NOTES THE WORK OF GREGOR MENDEL Genetics-. - Austrian monk- the father of genetics- carried out his work on. Pea flowers are naturally, which means that sperm cells fertilize the egg cells in

More information

11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel. The Work of Gregor Mendel

11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel. The Work of Gregor Mendel 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel s Peas! Gregor Mendel s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. " Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. His work was important

More information

11.1 Traits. Studying traits

11.1 Traits. Studying traits 11.1 Traits Tyler has free earlobes like his father. His mother has attached earlobes. Why does Tyler have earlobes like his father? In this section you will learn about traits and how they are passed

More information

Unit 7 Genetics. Meiosis

Unit 7 Genetics. Meiosis NAME: 1 Unit 7 Genetics 1. Gregor Mendel- was responsible for our 2. What organism did Mendel study? 3. Mendel stated that physical traits were inherited as 4. Today we know that particles are actually

More information

Genetics_2011.notebook. May 13, Aim: What is heredity? Homework. Rd pp p.270 # 2,3,4. Feb 8 11:46 PM. Mar 25 1:15 PM.

Genetics_2011.notebook. May 13, Aim: What is heredity? Homework. Rd pp p.270 # 2,3,4. Feb 8 11:46 PM. Mar 25 1:15 PM. Aim: What is heredity? LE1 3/25/11 Do Now: 1.Make a T Chart comparing and contrasting mitosis & meiosis. 2. Have your lab out to be collected Homework for Tuesday 3/29 Read pp. 267 270 p.270 # 1,3 Vocabulary:

More information

Class Copy! Return to teacher at the end of class! Mendel's Genetics

Class Copy! Return to teacher at the end of class! Mendel's Genetics Class Copy! Return to teacher at the end of class! Mendel's Genetics For thousands of years farmers and herders have been selectively breeding their plants and animals to produce more useful hybrids. It

More information

Cover Requirements: Name of Unit Colored picture representing something in the unit

Cover Requirements: Name of Unit Colored picture representing something in the unit Name: Period: Cover Requirements: Name of Unit Colored picture representing something in the unit Biology B1 1 Target # Biology Unit B1 (Genetics & Meiosis) Learning Targets Genetics & Meiosis I can explain

More information

Natural Selection. Population Dynamics. The Origins of Genetic Variation. The Origins of Genetic Variation. Intergenerational Mutation Rate

Natural Selection. Population Dynamics. The Origins of Genetic Variation. The Origins of Genetic Variation. Intergenerational Mutation Rate Natural Selection Population Dynamics Humans, Sickle-cell Disease, and Malaria How does a population of humans become resistant to malaria? Overproduction Environmental pressure/competition Pre-existing

More information

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 10 Before you go on Review the answers to the following questions to test your understanding of previous material. 1. Most organisms are diploid. What does

More information

Animal Genetics - MENDELU

Animal Genetics - MENDELU Mendel and his experiments Animal Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) was born in Heinzendorf, (nowadays in the Czech Republic). During the period in which Mendel developed his theory of heredity,

More information

Biology 211 (1) Exam 4! Chapter 12!

Biology 211 (1) Exam 4! Chapter 12! Biology 211 (1) Exam 4 Chapter 12 1. Why does replication occurs in an uncondensed state? 1. 2. A is a single strand of DNA. When DNA is added to associated protein molecules, it is referred to as. 3.

More information

Chapter Eleven: Heredity

Chapter Eleven: Heredity Genetics Chapter Eleven: Heredity 11.1 Traits 11.2 Predicting Heredity 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance Investigation 11A Observing Human Traits How much do traits vary in your classroom? 11.1 Traits

More information

HEREDITY: Objective: I can describe what heredity is because I can identify traits and characteristics

HEREDITY: Objective: I can describe what heredity is because I can identify traits and characteristics Mendel and Heredity HEREDITY: SC.7.L.16.1 Understand and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits, that this hereditary information. Objective: I can describe

More information

Outline for today s lecture (Ch. 14, Part I)

Outline for today s lecture (Ch. 14, Part I) Outline for today s lecture (Ch. 14, Part I) Ploidy vs. DNA content The basis of heredity ca. 1850s Mendel s Experiments and Theory Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Introduction to Probability

More information

VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous chromosome sexual reproduction meiosis

VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous chromosome sexual reproduction meiosis 6.1 CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous

More information

Meiosis. ~ fragmentation - pieces split off and each piece becomes a new organism - starfish

Meiosis. ~ fragmentation - pieces split off and each piece becomes a new organism - starfish ** We are starting with section 3 because in order to understand Genetics, we must first understand how the cells and chromosomes divide to form the gametes! Meiosis 5 3 Just know the ones that are highlighted!

More information

Chapter 5. Heredity. Table of Contents. Section 1 Mendel and His Peas. Section 2 Traits and Inheritance. Section 3 Meiosis

Chapter 5. Heredity. Table of Contents. Section 1 Mendel and His Peas. Section 2 Traits and Inheritance. Section 3 Meiosis Heredity Table of Contents Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Section 2 Traits and Inheritance Section 3 Meiosis Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Objectives Explain the relationship between traits and heredity.

More information

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Mitosis and meiosis were first described in the late 800s. The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes.

More information

Chapter 11 Meiosis and Genetics

Chapter 11 Meiosis and Genetics Chapter 11 Meiosis and Genetics Chapter 11 Meiosis and Genetics Grade:«grade» Subject:Biology Date:«date» 1 What are homologous chromosomes? A two tetrads, both from mom or both from dad B a matching pair

More information

Labs 7 and 8: Mitosis, Meiosis, Gametes and Genetics

Labs 7 and 8: Mitosis, Meiosis, Gametes and Genetics Biology 107 General Biology Labs 7 and 8: Mitosis, Meiosis, Gametes and Genetics In Biology 107, our discussion of the cell has focused on the structure and function of subcellular organelles. The next

More information

Guided Reading Chapter 1: The Science of Heredity

Guided Reading Chapter 1: The Science of Heredity Name Number Date Guided Reading Chapter 1: The Science of Heredity Section 1-1: Mendel s Work 1. Gregor Mendel experimented with hundreds of pea plants to understand the process of _. Match the term with

More information

THINK ABOUT IT. Lesson Overview. Meiosis. As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located.

THINK ABOUT IT. Lesson Overview. Meiosis. As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. Notes THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures?

More information

Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity. 7 th Grade Cells and Heredity (Mod A) Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity

Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity. 7 th Grade Cells and Heredity (Mod A) Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity 7 th Grade Cells and Heredity (Mod A) Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity Give Peas a Chance What is heredity? Traits, such as hair color, result from the information stored in genetic

More information

T TT Tt. T TT Tt. T = Tall t = Short. Figure 11 1

T TT Tt. T TT Tt. T = Tall t = Short. Figure 11 1 Chapt 11 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The principles of probability can be used to a. predict the traits of the offspring of genetic

More information

Introduction to Genetics

Introduction to Genetics Introduction to Genetics We ve all heard of it, but What is genetics? Genetics: the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Ancient ideas

More information

Unit 5: Chapter 11 Test Review

Unit 5: Chapter 11 Test Review Name: Date: Period: Unit 5: Chapter 11 Test Review 1. Vocabulary you should know. Recommendation (optional): make flashcards, or write the definition down. Make sure you understand the meanings of all

More information

1 Mendel and His Peas

1 Mendel and His Peas CHAPTER 3 1 Mendel and His Peas SECTION Heredity BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is heredity? How did Gregor Mendel study heredity? National

More information

Lesson Overview Meiosis

Lesson Overview Meiosis 11.4 As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures? What cellular

More information

12.1 Mendel s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

12.1 Mendel s Experiments and the Laws of Probability 314 Chapter 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity 12.1 Mendel s Experiments and the Laws of Probability By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the scientific reasons for the success of

More information

Lesson Overview 11.4 Meiosis

Lesson Overview 11.4 Meiosis Lesson Overview 11.4 Meiosis THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the

More information

Family Trees for all grades. Learning Objectives. Materials, Resources, and Preparation

Family Trees for all grades. Learning Objectives. Materials, Resources, and Preparation page 2 Page 2 2 Introduction Family Trees for all grades Goals Discover Darwin all over Pittsburgh in 2009 with Darwin 2009: Exploration is Never Extinct. Lesson plans, including this one, are available

More information

What is a sex cell? How are sex cells made? How does meiosis help explain Mendel s results?

What is a sex cell? How are sex cells made? How does meiosis help explain Mendel s results? CHAPTER 6 3 Meiosis SECTION Heredity BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a sex cell? How are sex cells made? How does meiosis help explain

More information

The Work of Gregor Mendel

The Work of Gregor Mendel 11-1 The 11-1 Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel Who was Gregor Mendel? Define genetics. Define heredity. In Mendel s time there were primarily two hypotheses concerning the mechanism of heredity.

More information

Just to review Genetics and Cells? How do Genetics and Cells Relate? The cell s NUCLEUS contains all the genetic information.

Just to review Genetics and Cells? How do Genetics and Cells Relate? The cell s NUCLEUS contains all the genetic information. Just to review Genetics and Cells? How do Genetics and Cells Relate? The cell s NUCLEUS contains all the genetic information. It s called: DNA A. Describe what Gregor Mendel discovered in his experiments

More information

BENCHMARK 1 STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2017

BENCHMARK 1 STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2017 BENCHMARK 1 STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2017 Name: There will be semester one content on this benchmark as well. Study your final exam review guide from last semester. New Semester Material: (Chapter 10 Cell Growth

More information

GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. CHAPTER 6 Meiosis and Mendel GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis Gametes have hal the number o chromosomes that body cells have. 6.2 Process o Meiosis During meiosis,

More information

Table of Contents. Chapter Preview. 5.1 Mendel s Work. 5.2 Probability and Heredity. 5.3 The Cell and Inheritance. 5.4 Genes, DNA, and Proteins

Table of Contents. Chapter Preview. 5.1 Mendel s Work. 5.2 Probability and Heredity. 5.3 The Cell and Inheritance. 5.4 Genes, DNA, and Proteins Table of Contents Chapter Preview 5.1 Mendel s Work 5.2 Probability and Heredity 5.3 The Cell and Inheritance 5.4 Genes, DNA, and Proteins Chapter 5 Preview Questions 1. What carries the instructions that

More information

Family Trees for all grades. Learning Objectives. Materials, Resources, and Preparation

Family Trees for all grades. Learning Objectives. Materials, Resources, and Preparation page 2 Page 2 2 Introduction Family Trees for all grades Goals Discover Darwin all over Pittsburgh in 2009 with Darwin 2009: Exploration is Never Extinct. Lesson plans, including this one, are available

More information

Directed Reading B. Section: Traits and Inheritance A GREAT IDEA

Directed Reading B. Section: Traits and Inheritance A GREAT IDEA Skills Worksheet Directed Reading B Section: Traits and Inheritance A GREAT IDEA 1. One set of instructions for an inherited trait is a(n) a. allele. c. genotype. d. gene. 2. How many sets of the same

More information

Heredity and Evolution

Heredity and Evolution CHAPTER 9 Heredity and Evolution Genetics Branch of science that deals with Heredity and variation. Heredity It means the transmission of features/ characters/ traits from one generation to the next generation.

More information

Biology Chapter 10 Test: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Biology Chapter 10 Test: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Class: Date: Biology Chapter 10 Test: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. A gamete has one-half the number of chromosomes of a regular body cell.

More information

Introduction to Genetics

Introduction to Genetics Introduction to Genetics We ve all heard of it, but What is genetics? Genetics: the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Ancient ideas

More information

Parents can produce many types of offspring. Families will have resemblances, but no two are exactly alike. Why is that?

Parents can produce many types of offspring. Families will have resemblances, but no two are exactly alike. Why is that? Parents can produce many types of offspring Families will have resemblances, but no two are exactly alike. Why is that? Meiosis and Genetic Linkage Objectives Recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual

More information

1 Mendel and His Peas

1 Mendel and His Peas CHAPTER 6 1 Mendel and His Peas SECTION Heredity 7.2.d California Science Standards BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is heredity? Who was

More information

Solutions to Problem Set 4

Solutions to Problem Set 4 Question 1 Solutions to 7.014 Problem Set 4 Because you have not read much scientific literature, you decide to study the genetics of garden peas. You have two pure breeding pea strains. One that is tall

More information

Summary The Work of Gregor Mendel Probability and Punnett Squares. Name Class Date

Summary The Work of Gregor Mendel Probability and Punnett Squares. Name Class Date Chapter 11 Summary Introduction to Genetics 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel The scientific study of heredity is called genetics. Gregor Mendel used purebred pea plants in a series of experiments to understand

More information

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Essential knowledge: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring Objective: You will be able to construct a

More information

Biol. 303 EXAM I 9/22/08 Name

Biol. 303 EXAM I 9/22/08 Name Biol. 303 EXAM I 9/22/08 Name -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This exam consists of 40 multiple choice questions worth 2.5

More information

Darwin, Mendel, and Genetics

Darwin, Mendel, and Genetics Darwin, Mendel, and Genetics The age old questions Who am I? In particular, what traits define me? How (and why) did I get to be who I am, that is, how were these traits passed on to me? Pre-Science (and

More information

UNIT 8 BIOLOGY: Meiosis and Heredity Page 148

UNIT 8 BIOLOGY: Meiosis and Heredity Page 148 UNIT 8 BIOLOGY: Meiosis and Heredity Page 148 CP: CHAPTER 6, Sections 1-6; CHAPTER 7, Sections 1-4; HN: CHAPTER 11, Section 1-5 Standard B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular

More information

Meiosis -> Inheritance. How do the events of Meiosis predict patterns of heritable variation?

Meiosis -> Inheritance. How do the events of Meiosis predict patterns of heritable variation? Meiosis -> Inheritance How do the events of Meiosis predict patterns of heritable variation? Mendel s peas 1. Genes determine appearance (phenotype) 2. Genes vary and they are inherited 3. Their behavior

More information

Chapter 10.2 Notes. Genes don t exist free in the nucleus but lined up on a. In the body cells of animals and most plants, chromosomes occur in

Chapter 10.2 Notes. Genes don t exist free in the nucleus but lined up on a. In the body cells of animals and most plants, chromosomes occur in Chapter 10.2 Notes NAME Honors Biology Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine individual traits Genes don t exist free in the nucleus but lined up on a Diploid and Haploid Cells In the

More information

Objectives. Announcements. Comparison of mitosis and meiosis

Objectives. Announcements. Comparison of mitosis and meiosis Announcements Colloquium sessions for which you can get credit posted on web site: Feb 20, 27 Mar 6, 13, 20 Apr 17, 24 May 15. Review study CD that came with text for lab this week (especially mitosis

More information

Unit 4 Review - Genetics. UNIT 4 Vocabulary topics: Cell Reproduction, Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Genetics

Unit 4 Review - Genetics. UNIT 4 Vocabulary topics: Cell Reproduction, Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Genetics Unit 4 Review - Genetics Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction Mendel s Laws of Heredity Patterns of Inheritance Meiosis and Genetic Variation Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Cell Reproduction/Cell Cycle/

More information

Chapter 1: Mendel s breakthrough: patterns, particles and principles of heredity

Chapter 1: Mendel s breakthrough: patterns, particles and principles of heredity Chapter 1: Mendel s breakthrough: patterns, particles and principles of heredity please read pages 10 through 13 Slide 1 of Chapter 1 One of Mendel s express aims was to understand how first generation

More information

Chapter 4 Lesson 1 Heredity Notes

Chapter 4 Lesson 1 Heredity Notes Chapter 4 Lesson 1 Heredity Notes Phases of Meiosis I Prophase I Nuclear membrane breaks apart and chromosomes condense. 3.1 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Metaphase I Sister chromatids line up along

More information

Big Idea 3B Basic Review. 1. Which disease is the result of uncontrolled cell division? a. Sickle-cell anemia b. Alzheimer s c. Chicken Pox d.

Big Idea 3B Basic Review. 1. Which disease is the result of uncontrolled cell division? a. Sickle-cell anemia b. Alzheimer s c. Chicken Pox d. Big Idea 3B Basic Review 1. Which disease is the result of uncontrolled cell division? a. Sickle-cell anemia b. Alzheimer s c. Chicken Pox d. Cancer 2. Cancer cells do not exhibit, which can lead to the

More information

Teaching unit: Meiosis: The Steps to Creating Life

Teaching unit: Meiosis: The Steps to Creating Life Lesson Title: Meiosis Teacher s Name: I. Identification Course title: Biology/Life Science Teaching unit: Meiosis: The Steps to Creating Life CDE Standards Addressed: Biology/Life Sciences a. Students

More information

Cell Division: the process of copying and dividing entire cells The cell grows, prepares for division, and then divides to form new daughter cells.

Cell Division: the process of copying and dividing entire cells The cell grows, prepares for division, and then divides to form new daughter cells. Mitosis & Meiosis SC.912.L.16.17 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. 1. Students will describe

More information

Heredity.. An Introduction Unit 5: Seventh Grade

Heredity.. An Introduction Unit 5: Seventh Grade Heredity.. An Introduction Unit 5: Seventh Grade Why don t you look like a rhinoceros? The answer seems simple --- neither of your parents is a rhinoceros (I assume). But there is more to this answer than

More information

Yesterday s Picture UNIT 3D

Yesterday s Picture UNIT 3D Warm-Up Blood types are determined by a single gene with several alleles. The allele encoding the Type A phenotype (I A ) is dominant to the allele encoding the Type O phenotype (i). Determine the phenotype

More information

Dropping Your Genes. A Simulation of Meiosis and Fertilization and An Introduction to Probability

Dropping Your Genes. A Simulation of Meiosis and Fertilization and An Introduction to Probability Dropping Your Genes A Simulation of Meiosis and Fertilization and An Introduction to To fully understand Mendelian genetics (and, eventually, population genetics), you need to understand certain aspects

More information

Lesson Overview Meiosis

Lesson Overview Meiosis 11.4 THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures?

More information

F1 Parent Cell R R. Name Period. Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes

F1 Parent Cell R R. Name Period. Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Name Period Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes 1. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? 2. Explain the law of segregation. Use two different

More information