The Honey Bee Pollinators Charlie Vanden Heuvel BG BEES

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1 The Honey Bee Pollinators Charlie Vanden Heuvel BG BEES

2 Homework Identify 10 plants that require pollination Identify 5 pollinator species Pollinators

3 Pollinators Honey Bee Biology Behavior Communication Challenges Nutrition Varroa Destructor Mite Viruses Colony Collapse Disorder Questions Parking Lot

4 Pollinators Honey Bee Apis mellifera Bumble Bee - Bombus Leafcutter Bee - Megachile family of bees Hummingbird - Trochilidae

5 Some crops pollinated by bees - Three-quarters of the world s crops need to be pollinated by insects, mostly bees. Fruits, vegetables, nuts and edible oil crops are most at risk from the decline of pollinators.

6

7 Hummingbird Flap Wings 80 times per second Fly right, left, up, down, backwards, and even upside down Hover by flapping their wings in a figure-8 pattern Eat flower nectar, tree sap, insects and pollen

8 Hummingbirds Poorly developed sense of smell; Attracted to the colors red, pink, orange, and yellow; Hover at, rather than land on, their flowers; and Have a long bill and tongue.

9 Leafcutter Bee Capable of doing job of 20 honey bees Collect pollen on hairs on the underside of their abdomens

10 Bumble Bee Form colonies approximately 50 Feed on nectar, using their long hairy tongues to lap up the liquid Pollen to feed their young Forage using color and spatial relationships to identify flowers to feed from

11 Detect both the presence and the pattern of electric fields on flowers Detect the temperature of flowers Capable of buzz pollination in which they dislodge pollen from the anthers by creating resonant vibration with their flight muscles

12 Honey Bee

13

14 Have a short proboscis, Cannot see red, Must land and crawl, and Attracted to sweet fragrances. Honey Bee

15 The Honey Bee Evolution of primitive bees 100 million years ago (mya) Proliferation of vegetarian bees 65 mya Coinciding with the proliferation of flowering plants.

16 Queen Cast System Adults Three Different Bees Worker Drone

17 Evolution of Social Structure EUSOCIAL - 3 primary characteristics 1. Cooperative care of young 2. Reproductive division of labor in females (i.e. Caste system) 3. Overlap of generations caring for young

18 Life Stages

19 The Queen Reproductive female Two functions Lay Eggs Produce Pheromones

20 Virgin queen Newly emerged queen is not yet mated. She gains her strength for a few days Mates with drones outside the colonies (in specific area termed Drone Congregation Areas) Mating fills her spermatheca with sperm from several (10+) males Will not mate again Ready to lay eggs in 3 or so more days

21 Drone (male) A colony might have zero to depending on the season Their mission - mate with a virgin Queen of other hives

22 Cleaners Often first chore Cleaning = Hygienic behavior Cleaning involves Remove dead/dying brood Removing old capping's Removing debris Removing granulated honey Coating insides of brood cells Propolyzing cracks and stabilizing movable parts inside hive

23 Caring For Brood Nurse Bees Care for larvae Produce brood food Ratio of one nurse to 2-3 larvae

24 Tending The Queen A retinue of workers tend queens Feed queen Lick queens body Touch queen s antennae Attendants pass among sisters, passing information about the queen s pheromones Too little pheromone and queens begin their own replacement

25 Bee Hive Work Food processing honey/pollen Ripening storage/packing

26 Exercise 1

27 The trumpet flower, for our exercise, is red in color, Has an upside-down tube shape, Has no landing spot, and Has little fragrance.

28 Question 1 In the trumpet flower, the nectar is located at the bottom of the long, curved blossom. Which animal(s) are more likely to get nectar from the trumpet flower? Why?

29 Question 2 Would the flower s color attract the honeybee? Why or why not?

30 Question 3 Which animal do you think would make the best pollinator for the trumpet flower?

31

32 Food for all the family When it comes to keeping the colony fed.

33 Food Processing Nectar is passed from collector bee to hive bee honey ripening both active & passive Pollen is deposited directly by field bee house bees pack and process Water is passed to hive bee from collector Propolis used by hive bee directly from collector

34 Food Exchange Returning foragers pass their honey stomach contents to house bees to continue ripening of nectar Spread the queen pheromones Unify the hive with its unique hive odor

35 Comb Building Four Wax Glands Secrete wax, Cap cells & Construct comb

36 Nest Homeostasis Maintain constant ideal nest temperature (= homeostasis) Special incubator workers specialize in generating heat (in thorax) & stand over capped pupae up to 30 minutes Heater bees enter empty cells in brood & generate additional heat

37 Scent Fanning Distributes Nasanov (scent) Gland Pheromone

38 Guarding

39 Honey Bee Communication Dr. Seeley A bee colony is just like a factory Securing Raw Materials The need to stimulate foraging during nectar flows The shake Wakes up sleeping foragers. Waggle dance Gives direction to foragers. Manufacturing Operations The need to stimulate receiving and storing when foragers arrive Tremble dance Stimulates food storers. Beep Tells tremble dancer to stop.

40

41 Honey Bee Lifecycle 1. Egg Laid 2. Hatches to Larvae 3. Larvae Stage 4. Hatches to Pupae 5. Pupae Stage 6. Pupae 7. Adult Hatches a. Cleaner b. Nurse c. Hive cleaner d. Hive cleaner e. Forager f. Receiver/Guard g. Death

42 Exercise 2 Imagine a world without bee-pollinated plants: the Bee- Free Zone. You going to attend a barbecue in the Bee-Free Zone and that hamburgers are on the menu. Choose a hamburger or hot dog from the grill.

43 Hamburger or Hot Dog Choose what you will have with your hamburger or hot dog

44 If all the animal pollinators were to become extinct, which of the foods listed below could you not have with your hamburger or hot dog? Mustard Ketchup Pickles Bee-Free Barbecue Lemonade Potato Chips Strawberry Milkshake Cheese French Fries Hot Fudge Sunday Apple Pie Mayonnaise Onions Tomatoes Watermelon

45

46

47 Colony Collapse Disorder - CCD Are bees endangered because of the use of insecticides? In particular due to the class of chemicals known as neonicotinoids

48

49

50

51

52

53 You are what you eat Honey Bee Nutrition Nutrition Nutrition is the first line of defense Optimal nutrition required to: Boost the immune system Boost detoxifying enzymes Decrease susceptibility to pests and pathogens

54 Nutrition Special emphasis given to winter survival rates Fat winter bees stand a better chance of survival High pollen diets needed to survive winter: Primary source of protein Crucial when rearing winter bees Shown to be effective in reducing nosema symptoms Vitellogenin is enhanced through good nutrition A longevity enzyme that allows bees to live up to 300 days

55 Pollinators under pressure

56 Pesticides

57 Varroa Destructor Mite

58

59 It s important to test for mite levels Monthly, spring through fall Levels can increase dramatically month to month It s essential to treat for mites Different treatments at different times of year Constant attention being given to resistance issues Honey bee drift is an issue Varroa Destructor Mite Mites are a reality since 1987 At least 3% of bees end up in a hive other than their own

60 Viruses Viruses A million-fold increase in viral infection rate Emerging diseases are among the greatest threats Major viruses in Oregon Deformed Wing Virus Lake Sinai Virus (LSV-2) Transmitted by mites (think Zika virus) Of great concern: Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) Most widely distributed and contagious insect virus on the planet!

61 Deformed Wing Virus Viruses Viruses

62 An eye opener California almond groves 33% of all colonies in the U.S. service the CA almond groves That s 2 million hives in almonds in February Hives rent out at $185 each ($370,000,000) CHALLENGE: What happens to bees after the 3-week bloom? WHAT HAPPENS: Some come to Oregon/Washington to pollinate the orchards Some go to the Dakotas for sweet clover and alfalfa Problem: Large scale transformation into corn and soybeans

63 Organizations that are helping

64 Questions Charlie Vanden Heuvel

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