Photosynthesis: Location

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1 Photosynthesis: Location The chloroplast is the location of photosynthesis. * The thylakoids have a disc shape and are bound by a membrane. They contain chlorophyll. * These thylakoid discs are arranged in stacks called grana (sing. granum). * The grana are surrounded by a fluid called the stroma. * The structures are easily identifiable in an electron micrograph. Photosynthesis: Basics

2 Photosynthesis: Purpose Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture light energy to manufacture sugars. Light 6H2O + 6CO2 Chlorophyll 6O2 + C6H12O6 12H2O + 6CO2 Light Chlorophyll 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O You can see that these equations represent the same reaction; one has just canceled some water. You need to memorise one of these. Photosynthesis: Basics

3 Wavelength Absorption The colours of visible light are characterised by different wavelengths. Objects appear coloured only because particular wavelengths of light are reflected. This reflected light is detected by our retina and then interpreted as a colour by our brain. Wavelengths that are not reflected are absorbed. Photosynthetic pigments are responsible for absorbing light to drive the photosynthesis. Thus... Plants appear green Chlorophyll reflects green light Green light is poor for photosynthesis Photosynthetic pigments of different colours exist including... * Chlorophyll a (blue-green) * Chlorophyll b (yellow green)...and some other pigment families such as carotenoids (orange) and xanthophylls (yellow) Photosynthesis: Wavelength Absorption

4 Location The mitochondrion is the primary location for respiration. It consists of; * A smooth outer membrane * An inner membrane whose many folds make up the cristae * A fluid rich intermembrane space * The matrix Do not rely too much on shape. Mitochondria can look like a ball, jellybean or cigar! Cellular Respiration: Location

5 Aerobic Cellular Respiration You will be familiar with this equation from Yr 11 6O2 + C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO Oxygen + Glucose Water + Carbon Dioxide + 38 ATP This basic equation applies to aerobic respiration and you need to memorise this. The energy captured as ATP and sent to where it is needed elsewhere in the cell. What does this suggest to you about cells possessing high numbers of mitochondria? Cellular Respiration: Aerobic

6 Cellular Respiration: Supplying Energy to Metabolic Reactions ATP powers most of the processes in a cell including: * Muscle movement * Active Transport ATP also provides the necessary activation energy to * Synthesise organic compounds (endergonic, anabolic reactions) * Speed up many exergonic, catabolic reactions. You use HEAPS of ATP. Here are some estimates * 10 million molecules per muscle cell per second! * The average vertebrate consumes its own body weight in ATP every day! It is important, therefore, that ATP/ADP is recyclable- like a rechargeable battery. Respiration is the metabolic reaction that recharges ADP to ATP. Cellular Respiration

7 The ATP Cycle Remember this? ATP is the most important molecule for the transport of usable chemical energy in cells. Anabolic reactions build molecules Catabolic reactions break down molecules Endergonic reactions absorb energy Exergonic reactions release energy The ATP Cycle After it unloads energy its terminal phosphate group an ADP molecule can undergo a second reaction that adds a new phosphate group and reloads it as ATP. Cellular Respiration: The ATP Cycle

8 Anaerobic Respiration: Lactic Acid & Alcohol Fermentation In anaerobic respiration oxygen is not available to drive the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain. * Instead the cell enters either a lactic acid or alcohol fermentation stage. * Lactic acid or ethanol are the final products of glucose catabolism. Overall the only ATP produced in this reaction was from the glycolysis stage making fermentation highly inefficient. Lactic Acid Fermentation- Animals Remember the word equations C6H12O6 2CH3CH(OH)COOH + 2 Glucose Lactic Acid + 2 ATP Alcohol Fermentation- Yeast and other Microorganisms C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 2 Glucose Ethanol + 2 ATP + Carbon Dioxide Cellular Respiration: Anaerobic

9 Respiration and Evolution: Interesting Facts Aerobic Respiration recovers about 40% of the energy in glucose- more efficient than a modern car engine. Many of the most successful organisms in existence are anaerobic and thus only achieve 3% efficiency. Facultative bacteria are able to meet energy demands by either aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Respiration and Evolution

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