2/6/2011. Essentials of Biology. 6.1 Overview of Photosynthesis. Investigating Photosynthesis
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1 Investigating Photosynthesis Essentials of Biology Sylvia S. Mader One of the first questions. When a tiny seedling grows into a tall tree with a mass of several tons, where does all that mass come from? Chapter 6 Photosynthesis Lecture Outline Chandelier Tree 315 ft. high and 21 ft. in diameter Giant Redwood tree at Drive Thru Tree Part, Leggett, CA Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1. Van Helmont s Experiment (1643) Put soil in pot and took mass Took a seedling and took mass Put seed in soil...watered...waited five years... the seedling became a tree. Mass of soil barely changed. He concluded that the mass came from water 2. Priestly s Experiment (1771) Put a lit candle in a bell jar and The flame died out. Placed a mint plant in the jar with the candle and Flame lasted longer Concluded plants release a substance needed for a candle to burn He determined that plants release oxygen He determined the the hydrate in the carbohydrate portion of photosynthesis 3. Experiment Jan Ingenhousz (1779) Put aquatic plants in light... produced oxygen Put aquatic plants in dark... No oxygen He determined: is needed to produce oxygen 6.1 Overview of Photosynthesis PSN occurs in plants, algae, some protists and some prokaryotes Why is PSN the most important chemical process on earth? Provides food nearly all organisms Transforms solar energy into chemical energy of carbohydrates. 4. Melvin (1948) He determines carbon s path to make glucose Known as the s Figure 6.1 1
2 Autotrophs ( self feeders ) Photosynthesis Overview PSN is the process by which autotrophs use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water Flowering plants Green portions carry on photosynthesis. enters & O 2 exits leaves through stomata. Roots absorb water. and H 2 O diffuse into mesophyll cells and then into chloroplasts. Figure 6.2a An overview of photosynthesis Figure 6.3 Photosynthesis Overview Figure 6.3 H 2O Chloroplast Two sets of Occur in thylakoid membrane Chlorophyll absorbs solar LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana) ADP + P CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma), & O 2 produced H and O 2 come from H 2 O Occur in stroma O 2 Sugar taken up and used to reduce to produce carbohydrate BioFlix: Photosynthesis Page 88 Photosynthetic process Begins with the end products of cellular respiration: and H 2 O Hydrogen atoms removed from water are added to carbon dioxide. Solar energy is required. O 2 is a byproduct of the oxidation of water. End product is CH 2 O or glucose C 6 H 12 O Reactions Leaf pigments absorb solar energy. travels as waves Shorter wavelengths contain more energy. Longer wavelengths contain less energy. Vision and photosynthesis are adapted to use visible light Figure 6.4 2
3 Figure 6.5 What determines the color of a leaf? Electron pathway of light Capture sun s energy and stores in the form of a hydrogen ion (H + ) gradient Gradient used to produce is also produced. What colors of light does a green leaf absorb? Color(s) reflected? Why do leaves change color? Chlorophyll covers up other pigments that are always present e.g. Carotenoids (orange); xanthophylls (red) The Interdependence of the Reactions & the Cycle H 2O ADP + P Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at Figure 6.6 O 2 CH 2O The Steps of the Reactions A mechanical analogy for the light Electron acceptor Electron acceptor Energy Energy for synthesis of PHOTOSYSTEM I Energy Mill makes PHOTOSYSTEM II Figure 6.6 Photosystem 2 Photosystem 1 3
4 H 2O Ligh t O2 ADP + P stroma CH 2O 2/6/2011 Making, & O 2 with Sunlight chloroplast (Low H + ) Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at Figure 6.7 (High H + ) Steps of the Reactions Photosystem II Solar energy energizes electrons. Electrons escape to electron acceptor molecule. Sent through electrons transport chain Replacement electrons obtained by splitting water Releases oxygen gas as waste product Electron Transport Chain Series of carriers pass electrons along releasing energy. Energy stored in form of H + gradient Will be used to make Photosystem I Solar energy energizes electrons. Electrons captured by another electron acceptor molecule Electrons and a hydrogen passed to to become Replacement electrons come from electron transport chain. 6.3 The Cycle Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at Cycle Reactions Powered by??? and??? produced by the light Occurs in the??? of the chloroplast End product is??? 3 steps reduction 3. Regeneration of first substrate, RuBP 3 RuBP Regeneration of RuBP 3 Rubisco Unstable C 6 Intermediate 3 C 6 reduction 6 3PG 1. Carbon Dioxide Fixation from the atmosphere attached to RuBP by RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) 6 carbon molecule split into two 3 carbon molecules. Key molecules of the Cycle Figure 6.8 RuBP ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate 3PG 3-phosphoglycerate BPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 4
5 H 2O Ligh t O2 ADP + P stroma CH2O H2O Ligh t O2 ADP + P CO2 stroma CH2O 2/6/ RuBP Regeneration of RuBP 3 intermediate 3 C 6 reduction 6 3PG 6 BPG 2. Reduction of Carbon dioxide ADP + 6 P Uses (for H) and some (for energy) from light G3P reacts to produce glucose & other organic molecules 3 ADP + 3 P 3 3 RuBP 3 Regeneration of RuBP intermediate 3 C 6 reduction 6 3PG 6 BPG ADP + 6 P 3. Regeneration of RuBP One G3P made into glucose or other organic molecules. 5 G3P used to reform RuBP (5 carbon molecule) Uses from light 5 G3P 6 G3P 6 Key molecules of the Cycle 6 G3P 6 Key molecules of the Cycle Figure 6.8 Net gain of one G3P Glucose and other organic molecules RuBP ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate 3PG 3-phosphoglycerate BPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Figure 6.8 Net gain of one G3P Glucose and other organic molecules RuBP ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate 3PG 3-phosphoglycerate BPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Why is G3P possibly the most important molecule for life? 6.4 Other types of Photosynthesis Plants and algae can make any molecule they need from G3P! Amino acids Fatty acid and glycerol Glucose for energy needs Nucleotides for DNA and RNA Sucrose for transport through plant Starch for storage Cellulose for cell walls cellulose G3P glucose phosphate sucrose amino acids glycerol fatty acids starch Plants are adapted to their climate When temperature and rainfall are moderate Use C 3 photosynthesis C 3 plants C 3 compound formed first after Figure 6.9 The fate of G3P Figure 6.10 Carbon in C 3 plants C 3 plants in Hot and Dry Weather in a C 3 plant, blue columbine day mesophyll cell G3P RuBP C 3 Water loss can be deadly! Close stomata to prevent water loss Limits water loss, but intake stops O 2 builds up; results in photorespiration Photorespiration a farmer s worst enemy! Rubisco uses O 2 instead of Destroys RuBP Limits growth in C 3 plants Common C 3 Plants wheat, rice, barley, potatoes, sugar beet, soybeans, many grasses 5
6 Figure 6.11 Comparison of C 3 and C 4 plant anatomy Carbon dioxide in C 4 plants Daytime C 3 plant and light both in Mesophyll cells An advantage in cool, wet weather C 4 plant C 4 plants partition Avoids O 2 exposure to Rubisco Allows stomata to stay closed (conserving water) Advantage in hot dry weather C 4 compound formed after 1 st Partitioning of pathways in space Mesophyll cells shield bundle sheath cells from buildup of O 2. Chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells carry out only. Common C 4 Plants Corn, sorghum, millet, and sugarcane Figure 6.12 CAM photosynthesis Crassulacean acid metabolism Most succulents in a desert environment Partitioning in time CAM plants open stomata at night when it is cooler. Use C 3 molecules to fix forming C 4 molecules Store C 4 molecules in vacuoles Close stomata during the day to avoid water loss Release stored when and available from light reaction Figure 6.13 night Carbon dioxide in a CAM plant C 4 G3P day in a CAM Plant, Pineapple Evolutionary trends C 4 plants most likely evolved in, and are adapted to, areas of high light, high temperature, and limited rainfall. More sensitive to cold C 3 plants do better than C 4 plants below 25 C CAM plants compete well with C 3 or C 4 when the environment is extremely arid. CAM is quite widespread 6
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