Landscape Plants and Climate Change. Dr. Laura G. Jull Dept. of Horticulture, UW-Madison

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1 Landscape Plants and Climate Change Dr. Laura G. Jull Dept. of Horticulture, UW-Madison

2 Talk Outline What is climate change? Cold hardiness and climate change Provenance and seedling variability Dormancy and global warming Heat tolerance Photosynthesis and respiration Heat stress avoidance and tolerance Trees for 2050 What to do to combat climate change?

3 What is Climate Change? ü Climate change or global warming ü Greenhouse gases, such as CO 2, naturally occur in atmosphere to some degree ü Help trap radiation, warm air and land ü Since 1800 s, humans have caused larger amounts of these gases to be released into atmosphere ü Sources: burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gasoline, natural gas ü Clear cutting forests, particularly in tropics releases significant levels of CO 2

4 Atmospheric CO 2 Readings at Mauna Loa Observatory ( )

5 What is Climate Change? ü Climate change/global warming ü Causing general warming over the earth ü Climates over the planet impacted ü Subtle to drastic changes in temperature, precipitation, occurrence of catastrophic storms (tornadoes, floods, hurricanes) ü Can urban trees make a difference in combating or greatly reducing climate change?

6 Cold Hardiness and Climate Change

7 Cold Hardiness ü Ability to survive the freezing of water in plant tissues ü Hardiness can also involve heat, drought, moisture, salt stress, etc. ü Cold hardiness zone maps is a measure of average, annual, minimum winter temperatures ü Does not report temperature extremes, annual rainfall, summer temperature extremes, night temperatures; rare events ü Plants hardy to zone 5: Wisconsin vs. Nebraska vs. western Montana

8 1990 U.S.D.A. Plant Hardiness Zones

9 2012 U.S.D.A. Plant Hardiness Zones

10 Dormancy and Global Warming

11 Dormancy As plants go dormant, buds will not grow even though all other conditions are favorable Condition of rest develops within each bud or seed of temperate zone plants To overcome true dormancy, buds must be exposed for 4-8 weeks to low temperatures (-4 to 10 C or F), depending on the species, or else will not break bud Maximum dormancy occurs in early winter (December), gradually decreasing to late winter (March)

12 Dormancy Without adequate chilling, plants may not leaf out or are very slow to leaf out, or may die Once chilling hour temperature requirements met, plant no longer dormant, just quiescent Starts to grow once temperatures are adequate for growth Disadvantage if growth starts too early in spring and late hard frost occurs Particularly a problem in some exotic plants as may be more temperature dependent vs. photoperiod dependent like many native plants

13 Heat Tolerance

14 Heat Tolerance American Horticultural Society Heat Zone Map ü Based on average, annual days above 86 F ü Lower the heat zone, the cooler the climate, ex. Zone 2 vs. 5 ü Wisconsin has four heat zones: 2: Northeast WI and near UP border 3: North central WI and Door County 4: Eastern, western and central WI 5: Extreme southern and western WI

15 Heat Tolerance Heat zones important in southern and western U.S. Important in northern U.S. in urban areas, particularly with lots of concrete and buildings nearby and limited planting space ü Ex. Paper birch prefers heat zones 3 and below

16

17 Heat Effects on Plants Main effect of high temperature stress is increased water use Water availability often limited Leaves loose water via transpiration as temperatures rise Stomates begin to close, cooling effect stopped Fewer carbohydrates available for growth, pigment generation, defense Poor heat tolerant plants burn up carbs made during night

18 Projected changes in summer average temperature and rainfall for two Midwestern states (Hayhoe et al. 2010)

19 Native Environment Native Environment? Betula papyrifera: paper birch, canoe birch

20 Cornus alternifolia: pagoda dogwood

21 Abies balsamea: balsam fir

22 Photosynthesis and Respiration

23 Photosynthesis and Respiration Each 10 C increase in temperature, respiration doubles (Q 10 Principle) High night temperatures crucial in amount of heat stress versus day temperatures Some plants (peppers, tomatoes, tropical plants) need high temperatures for sugar production

24 Sun (top) and shade (bottom) leaf anatomy

25 Photosynthesis CO 2 H 2 O O 2 Carbs Storage Respiration Plant Growth Defense

26 Heat Stress Optimum temperatures for Ps below 86 F (30 C) ü Above temperature compensation point, Ps cannot replace the CO 2 used in respiration, but respiration rates climb ü High night temperatures increase dark respiration ü Carbohydrate reserves decline (less stress tolerant, less growth, reserves for defense, increase pest susceptibility) ü Less anthocyanin production (leaf, flower, and fruit color) ü Rapid increase in transpiration, eventual death ü Fruit looses its sweetness

27 Heat Stress Above temperature compensation point ü Structure and stability of cell membranes is compromised (excessive fluidity of membrane lipids causing leakage of ions) ü Toxicity (release of ammonia in cell) ü Biochemical lesions within cell ü Membrane disruption, denaturation of proteins (breakdown) ü Uncoupling of the chloroplast energy transfer mechanism

28 Symptoms of Heat Injury Scorching of leaves and fruit Sunscald on bark Leaf abscission Inhibits shoot growth (less meristematic activity) Inhibits root growth: death of root tips and whole roots Death

29 Native range of Atlantic white-cedar

30 Northern versus southern provenances of AWC

31 Treatments Six provenances: AL, FL, NC, NJ, CN, and MA Five temperatures: 22/18, 26/22, 30/26, 34/30, 38/34ºC Photoperiod: 16 hr, 600 umol/m 2 /sec

32 MA, CN, NJ, NC, AL, FL provenances at 34/30 C MA, CN, NJ, NC, AL, FL provenances at 30/26 C

33 Heat Stress Avoidance and Tolerance

34 Avoidance to Heat Stress Plants avoid excessive heating by decreasing their solar radiation absorption Reflective leaf hairs and waxes Leaf rolling and vertical leaf orientation Production in some species of small, highly dissected leaves (minimize the boundary layer thickness and maximize conductive and convective heat loss)

35 Avoidance to Heat Stress Insulation: thicker bark and cuticle Some plant parts (fruit) can decrease respiration as temperature increases Decrease absorption of radiant energy: cuticle, reflective leaf surface, energy not transmitted Transpirational cooling (evaporative)

36 Tolerance to Heat Stress Gradual, cumulative exposure to high temperatures preconditions plants (less in spring, more in summer) Starvation prevention: Ps changes to increasing temperatures, slowly acclimates

37 Tolerance to Heat Stress Synthesis of heat shock proteins ü Improved thermal tolerance ü Act as protective agents (help prevent enzyme inactivation and protein breakdown) ü Scavenge denatured proteins ü Decreases membrane breakdown by increasing lipid saturation ü Produced in cell nucleus and/or chloroplast ü Once returned to normal growing temperatures, heat shock protein synthesis stops

38 Human intervention Plant shade trees and vines to shade and cool environment around sensitive plants Plant groundcovers or use mulch to help cool soil and reduce evaporation Prune lower branches to increase air circulation Use evaporative cooling: irrigation, sprinklers, rain does this too

39

40 Shading of newly planted shrubs

41 Assortment of plants are irrigated Rooftop Garden in Wilmington, NC (near the beach)

42 Climate Change and Trees? ü Trees can affect climate change ü Use and sequester atmospheric CO 2 via photosynthesis ü As trees get larger over time, ability to sequester and store more carbon in plant tissues (trunk wood and roots) increases dramatically compared to herbaceous, annual or grass species ü However, global CO 2 emissions far exceeds amount used and stored in trees in a year

43 Trees for 2050 Study of 50 tree species best suited for a warming Midwestern climate (Bell 2013) ( ü Projected 40 tree species likely to survive and thrive in 2050 ü Projected 10 tree species will not grow well in this area and will begin to decline under worse case model scenario ü Shagbark hickory, basswood, littleleaf linden (GREENSPIRE ), Amur maackia, American hophornbeam, Katsuratree, Sargent cherry, Norway spruce, Serbian spruce, Black Hills spruce

44 Climatic Suitability of American Linden and Autumn Gold ginkgo from

45 Trees for 2050 Climate change modeling indicates some trees at northern edge of hardiness will do a bit better in slightly warmer conditions in 2020, however ü By 2050, 10 out of 50 trees species will not do well (20%) ü By 2080, 39 out of 50 tree species will not do well (78%) ü Only 11 (22%) of the original 50 tree species will do well by 2080 if current global warming and CO 2 emissions climb at today s rates

46 What to do to Combat Climate Change? ü So what can we do to combat climate change? ü Reducing CO 2 emissions critical globally ü Significantly reduce use of fossil fuels in energy and agricultural systems ü Reduction of waste, garbage by recycling more ü Lowered birth rates especially in overpopulated countries, uses more resources ü Stricter air quality standards globally ü Greatly reduce amount of deforestation and burning of tropical rainforests

47 What to do to Combat Climate Change? ü So what can we do to combat climate change? ü Use of carefully sited shade trees cool environment in summer and dramatically reduce use of electricity for a/c and power plant emissions ü Trees planted near buildings can reduce summer energy use by 70% ü Evergreens and trees can slow harsh winter winds and reduce energy use for heating by 30% ü Improving the soil by incorporating a dense layer of processed charcoal (biochar)

48 Average Life Expectancy of Street Trees Downtown: 7 years City Average: 32 years Best City Site: 60 years Rural Site: 150 years Must increase species diversity: 20:10:5 rule Proper plant health care over entire tree life Watering will become essential for some species

49 Have a Great Day and Think Spring!

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