LAB: Whole Plant Transpiration
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1 Name Date Period LAB: Whole Plant Transpiration LAB OBJECTIVE The major survival challenge for terrestrial (land) plants is the loss of water to the environment through transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from a plant s surface, most typically through its leaves stomata. In this lab, you will investigate how different environmental conditions affect the water balance a terrestrial, vascular plant. OVERVIEW You will place plants in each of the following conditions: 1.) LIGHT (plant placed under a 100W lamp) 2.) HUMID (plant sprayed with water and then wrapped in a plastic bag) 3.) WINDY (plant placed in the direct path of a fan) 4.) CONTROL (plant placed in the room, but not in the path of the fan or the lamp) As an indication of water loss from the plants, you will measure how much mass the plants lose after several days in the above conditions. PREDICT RECORD YOUR HYPOTHESES Which condition will cause the plants to lose the most mass (due to water loss)? Which will cause the plants to lose the least mass? Why? MODEL YOUR HYPOTHESES On the following page, draw what you predict will happen to the plants in each condition. Be sure to include and clearly label the following elements: o appropriate plant vasculature and leaf structures o capillary action/cohesion/adhesion/h-bonds o stomata o transpiration of water molecules o the relative amount of free water in the plants leaves vs. in its immediate environment o the relative water potential in the plants leaves vs. in its immediate environment 1
2 VISUAL MODELS OF HYPOTHESES LIGHT CONDITION HUMID CONDITION WINDY CONDITION CONTROL CONDITION 2
3 INVESTIGATE MATERIALS 4 plants (all the same species, different sizes are okay) 5 plastic baggies 5 rubber bands (or twist ties) scale spray bottle fan (for windy condition) lamp with 100 W bulb (for light condition) labeling tape and sharpie plastic tray (to collect dirt and fallen leaves) PROCEDURE DAY 1 1. Using the plastic tray, gather 4 plants and place them in the plastic tray. 2. Wrap the root ball (and surrounding dirt) of each plant in a small plastic bag. Use a rubber band or twist tie to secure the bag in place. (If the dirt appears dry, water it lightly before securing the plastic bag.) 3. CONTROL CONDITION: a. Label one plant C (for control) and add your initials. b. Measure and record the mass of the plant in DATA TABLE 1. c. Place the plant in a part of the room with moderate light and no draft. 4. LIGHT CONDITION: a. Label one plant L (for light) and add your initials. b. Measure and record the mass of the plant in DATA TABLE 1. c. Place the plant under the 100 W lamp in the room. 5. WINDY CONDITION: a. Label one plant W (for windy) and add your initials. b. Measure and record the mass of the plant in DATA TABLE 1. c. Place the plant in front of the fan (set on low) in the room. 6. HUMID CONDITION: a. Label one plant H (for humid) and add your initials. b. Mist the plant well with water and cover it with another plastic bag. Secure in place as before. c. Measure and record the mass of the plant in DATA TABLE 1. d. Place the plant in a part of the room with moderate light. 7. Answer analysis question #1. DAY 2 1. Measure and record the mass of each plant in DATA TABLE 1. Calculate the percent change in mass and enter these data in the data table. Calculate the class averages and graph the data appropriately. 3
4 DATA DATA TABLE. Plant percent change in mass due to water loss. Condition Initial Final mass Percent change in mass (%) mass (g) (g) Final Mass Initial Mass Initial Mass Light CLASS AVERAGE Percent change in mass (%) Humid Windy Control Graph the average rate of water loss (percent/day) for each condition. To consider are the independent variable s data points continuous or discontinuous? What type of graph should you make? 4
5 ANALYSIS QUESTIONS 1. Why did you wrap the root ball (with the surrounding dirt) in a plastic bag? 2. Were there any variables that were not held constant among the different conditions? If so, what changes would you make to the experimental set up if you repeated this experiment? 3. How did each condition affect the water potential gradient between the leaf tissue and the environment? Explain. 5
6 4. Plants will close many of their stomata when in dry, hot conditions. What is the advantage of this response to the environment? What is the disadvantage of this response? 5. Describe BOTH metabolic and structural features that have evolved in plants that are well adapted to hot, arid (dry) conditions. Explain how/why each feature provides a survival advantage for the plant. (HINT: Refer to Chapter 10.4 and 36.4.) 6
7 6. All members of the Coleus plant genus have large (broad), thin leaves. What type of climate most likely characterizes this plant s natural habitat? Explain your answer. 7
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