CMG GardenNotes #312 Insect Anatomy and Growth. External Structure
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1 CMG GardenNtes #312 Insect Anatmy and Grwth Outline External structures, page 1 Head, page 2 Thrax, page 4 Abdmen, page 4 Internal structure and physilgy, page 5 Grwth and metamrphsis, page 6 Insect names, page 9 Identificatin and classificatin f insects is based n their structure and physilgy. A basic understanding f insect physilgy will enable the gardener t identify mst insects t rder and sme t family. External Structure The exterir bdy wall, called an exskeletn, prvides the structural supprt fr the insect. It is cmpsed f five distinct layers made f waxy lipprteins and chitin (a cellulse like plymerized glucsamine). The acid resistant exskeletn prtects the insect frm excessive dryness, humidity, and disease rganisms. This external skeletn is smewhat cylindrical and typically made up f 21 hardened, ring-like segments. These segments are arranged in three grups r bdy regins, the head, thrax and abdmen. The bdy may be cvered by setae (hairs) and may have external prtuberances, such as hrns, spines, r spurs. [Figure 1] Figure 1. Bdy regins f beetle (left) and caterpillar (right). [Line drawing: Clrad State University Extensin] 312-1
2 Head The head serves as a sensry center and fr the intake f fd. Main features f an insect's head include the eyes, antennae, and muthparts. Eyes Insects have tw types f eyes. T detect mvement, mst adult insects have a pair f lateral cmpund eyes cmprised f multiple mmatidium (crnea). The number f mmatidia in the eye determines hw well insects see. Fr example, dragnflies have apprximately 50,000 per eye, huse flies abut 4,000 and ants abut 50. These large cmpund eyes ften ccupy the greater prtin f the insect head. Insects with large cmpund eyes are ften predatrs, while insects with small cmpund eyes are ften the prey. [Figure 2] The celli r simple eyes are used fr light respnsiveness. Tw r three are typically lcated between the larger cmpund eyes n mst insect adults. Sme immatures may have ne t eight lateral celli. [Figure 2] Figure 2. Grasshpper head; nte large eyes, three celli between eyes, and large mandibles (chewing muthparts). [Line drawing: David Whiting] Antennae All adult insects and many immature stages have a pair f segmented antennae, used fr sensry functin. Many mdificatins in frm ccur and these variatins are ften used in identificatin. Muthparts The mst remarkably cmplicated structural feature f insects is the muth. Muthparts are mdified fr varius types f feeding, chewing, r sucking. The mandibles r chewing muthparts mve hrizntally n insects. Insects with chewing muthparts cnsume the plant r insect they are feeding upn. [Figure 3] Figure 3. Chewing muthparts f a beetle. [Phtgraph by David Whiting] Sucking-type muthparts vary greatly fr different feeding habits. Piercingsucking muthparts are typical f the Hemiptera (true bugs), Hmptera (aphids, scales) and bld sucking lice, fleas, msquites, and the s-called biting flies. These are designed t punch and suck n the plant s sap, victim s bld, r in the case f predatry insects t suck ut the insides f the victims. [Figures 4 & 5] 312-2
3 Figure 4. Piercing-sucking muthparts f a cicada Insects with piercing-sucking muthparts feed n plant sap, bld, r in the case f predatrs, their victim s insides. They d nt cnsume the plant r insect tissues. [Phtgraph by David Whiting] Figure 5. Lapping muthparts Flies are an example f an insects with lapping muthparts.. [Line drawing: Clrad State University Extensin] The siphning type fund in butterflies and mths is a lng ciled tube designed t suck up nectar. It lks like a cinnamn rll ciled up under the head. [Figure 6] Figure 6. Siphning muthparts Butterflies and mths have a ciled siphning tube. T reach the nectar in flwers, the unciled tube may be lnger than the butterfly s bdy. [Line drawing: Clrad State University Extensin] Intermediate types f muthparts include the rasping-sucking type fund in thrips, and the chewing-lapping types fund in hney bees, wasps, and bumble bees. Thrax The thrax is made up f three segments (prthrax, mesthrax and metathrax). Legs A pair f legs is attached n each thrax segment. The insect s leg cnsists f five independent mvable parts. Legs may be specially adapted fr leaping, walking, digging, grasping, swimming, etc. Wings Insects may have ne r tw pairs f wings r n wings. The wings are attached t the latter tw thrax segments. The wing venatin (arrangement f the veins) is different fr each species f insect and is ften a means f identificatin. Wing surfaces are cvered with fine hairs, scales r may be bare. On beetles, the thickened frnt wing, call elytra, serves fr prtectin when nt in flight
4 Figure 7. Types f insect wings: (A) scaly wing f mths and butterflies, (B) armr-like (elytrn) and membranus wings f beetles, (C) feather wings f thrips, (D) membranus wing f a fly, (E) half-leathery/half-membranus wings (memelytrn) f true bugs, and (F) wings f grasshppers. Line drawing: Clrad State University Extensin] Abdmen The abdmen may have eleven r twelve segments, but in mst cases they are difficult t distinguish. Prlegs (fleshy leg-like prjectins) ccur n sme larva such as caterpillars and sawfly larva. Prlegs, with tiny crchet-type hks n the bttms help the insect cling t plants. [Figure 8] Figure 8. Prlegs (leg-like appendages n the abdmen f caterpillars and sawfly larvae) have small crchet-like hks that help the insect cling t plants. [Line drawing: Clrad State University Extensin] 312-4
5 Sme insects have a pair f appendages called cerci at the tip f the abdmen. The pinchers n earwigs are the best-knwn example f cerci. Cerci may be shrt, as in grasshppers, termites and cckraches, extremely lng as in mayflies, r curved as in the earwigs. They are sensry structures and may be used fr defense r capturing prey. [Figure 9] Figure 9. Earwig with cerci (pinchers) n end f abdmen. Sme grups have additinal lng segmented filaments, which appear like antennae. [Figure 10] Figure 10. Silverfish with three filaments n end f abdmen. The females f sme insects have a prminent structure fr depsiting eggs, called an vipsitr. In bees, wasps, and ants the vipsitr is mdified int a stinger. [Figure 11] Figure 11. Hrntail with large vipsitr n end f abdmen The spiracles, external penings used fr respiratin, are als present n the abdmen. Digestin, respiratin, excretin, and reprductin are the main functins f the abdmen. Internal Structure and Physilgy The muscular, digestive, circulatry, respiratry, nervus, and reprductive systems f insects are highly efficient. The insect's skeletal system has already been discussed as part f the external structure. While insect muscles are very small, they are very strng and ften capable f extremely rapid cntractins. Grasshppers are said t have ver 900 distinct muscles and sme caterpillars ver 4,000. In cmparisn t humans, insect muscle tissues are very strng. The circulatry system f insects is an pen type. The bld is pumped by the heart frm the abdmen tward the head, bathing the rgans in the bdy cavity. Bld functins t transprt nutritive materials t the tissues and t carry away certain wastes. With a few exceptins, the bld f insects cntains n red crpuscles, and plays n part in respiratin. The respiratry system cnsists f a series f slender branching tubes r tracheae, which divide and subdivide thrughut the bdy. Mvement f xygen and carbn dixide is primarily by diffusin. Breathing-like mvements help t ventilate the tracheae
6 Insects have a tw-part nervus system. The sympathetic nervus system cntrls functins f the heart, digestin, respiratin, and pssibly ther systems. The peripheral nervus system cntrls sensry stimulatins frm the external envirnment. Mst insect reprductin is sexual, (the unin f an egg cell frm the female with the sperm cell frm the male). Sme species are capable f prducing yung withut fertilizatin (parthengenesis). A few species carry the eggs internally, giving birth t live yung (vviviparus). Glands f the insect reprductive systems are similar t that fund in higher animals. Grwth and Metamrphsis The series f events frm egg t adulthd cnstitutes the insect's life cycle. The life cycle varies fr each insect species. Fr example, msquites under ptimum envirnmental cnditins may develp frm egg t adult in 10 days, whereas the peridical cicadas require 13 t 17 years t cmplete their life cycle. An understanding f an insects' life cycle is a critical element in insect management practices. Because the exskeletn cannt expand sufficiently t accmmdate an increase in size, it is cast ff during the prcess called mlting. The number f mltings varies cnsiderably in the insect wrld. The frm f an insect between successive mlts is called an instar. The pupa is a nn-feeding stage during which the larval structures are transfrmed int adult structures. Ccn refers t pupal cases made f silk frm the mdified salivary glands f the larva. Chrysalis is a term that dentes the pupa f a butterfly. Metamrphsis One f the mst distinctive features f the insect wrld is metamrphsis, the marked r abrupt change in frm, structure, and habit. Fur basic types f metamrphsis are bserved in the insect wrld. N Metamrphsis Upn hatching frm the egg, the yung insect with "n metamrphsis" develpment lks exactly like the adult except fr size and minr differences in spines and setae (hairs). Size is the majr change between each instar. Sme species may mlt after sexual maturity. The yung and adults live in the same envirnment, and have the same types f muthparts and feeding habits. These grups f very primitive, wingless insects include the Thysanura (silverfish) and Cllembla (springtails). [Figure 12] Figure 12. N Metamrphsis f silverfish: frm egg (left), nymphs, and adult (right) 312-6
7 Simple Metamrphsis In simple metamrphsis, the insect ges thrugh three basic changes, egg, nymph, and adult. The nymphs typically g thrugh three t five instars. Sme bks further divide simple metamrphsis int gradual and incmplete types. In gradual metamrphsis, the newly hatched insect resembles the adult in general bdy frm, but lacks wings and external genital appendages. With each successive mlt, the nymph resembles the adult mre than it did in the previus instar. Bth nymphs and adults have the same type f muthparts and fd habits. Grasshppers, squash bugs, and aphids are examples f insects with gradual metamrphsis. [Figure 13] Figure 13. Simple- Gradual Metamrphsis f stink bug: frm left t right: egg, nymphs, and adult. Incmplete metamrphsis is characteristic f sme rders with aquatic nymphs, such as Emphemerptera (mayflies), Odnata (dragnflies), and Plecptera (stneflies). The changes that ccur during the immature instar stages are mre prnunced than in the case f insects with gradual metamrphsis, but nt nearly s dramatic as in cmplete metamrphsis. The yung, called nymphs r naiads, are aquatic insects fund in rivers and streams, while the strikingly different flylike adult is aerial. [Figure 14] Figure 14. Simple- Incmplete Metamrphsis f Dragnfly frm egg (left), naiads, and adult (right) Cmplete Metamrphsis Insects with cmplete metamrphsis have fur develpmental stages; eggs, larva, pupa, and adult. The insect may have several instars and mlts as a larva, but it des nt pick-up the characteristics f the adult with each mlting. The larval stage is primarily an eating and grwing state. All larvae have chewing r mdified chewing muthparts. [Figure 15] 312-7
8 Figure 15. Cmplete metamrphsis f beetle frm left t right: egg, larva (grub), pupa, and adult. Varius names apply t the larvae f insects frm different rders. Beetle larvae are knwn as grubs, butterfly and mth larvae are called caterpillars, and the larvae f flies are knwn as maggts. Grubs typically have three pair f legs n the thracic segment and n prlegs n the abdmen. Caterpillars have three pair f legs n the thracic segment and up t five pair f prlegs (fleshy leg-like structures n the abdmen). By cmparisn, sawfly larvae have mre than five pair f prlegs. Maggts are typically legless. When the larvae have attained maturity, they cease t feed and fllwing a perid f inactivity transfrm int the pupa stage. In the pupa stage the insect usually remains inactive and des nt feed, but underges marked physilgical and mrphlgical changes. The insect emerges frm the pupa stage as a functinal adult. In the case f many insects, prvisins are made by nature t prtect the helpless pupa. Sme seek prtectin in the grund, while thers hide under the bark f trees. Sme spin ccns f silk (mths) r pupate in the last larval skin (flies). The primary functin f the adult insect is reprductin. In many insect grups, the adults die sn after mating and laying eggs. Sme adults d little r n feeding. Insects with cmplete metamrphsis may have entirely different types f muthparts and fd habits in the larval and adult stages. Fr example, caterpillars (larva f butterflies and mths) have chewing muthparts and feed n a variety f materials, while the adults have siphning muthparts and nrmally feed n plant nectar. Flea larvae feed n inert rganic materials with their chewing muthparts, while the adults suck the bld f their hsts. Diapause is defined as a state r perid f suspended activity in any stage f the life cycle. This state is initiated r terminated by envirnmental stimuli, such as phtperid (length f the daylight), temperature, misture, nutritin, r a cmbinatin f these. Diapause shuld nt be cnfused with the cycles in metamrphsis. Because eggs and pupa are nn-feeding stages, they are resistant t insecticides. This is imprtant pint t remember when dealing with insect management. Insect Names All insects are classified int rder, family, genus and species using scientific Latinized names. Scientific names are unique fr that insect thrughut the wrld. Genus names always begin with a capital letter, and species names are written entirely in lwer case. Scientific names are printed in italics r underlined. In technical papers, the first entry f an insect name is fllwed with the name f the authr whm first described the species. Fr example the hney bee, first described by Linnaeus is written Apis mellifera Linnaeus. Cmmn names, generally used by the public, ften refer the insect t its grups such as rders, subrders, families r subfamilies, rather than individual species
9 Fr example, "beetle" applies t all species in the rder Cleptera; leaf beetle" applies t species in the family Chrysmelidae. Generally, nly the insect species cmmnly knwn by the public have cmmn names. Mst insect species ccurring in the wrld d nt have a cmmn name. Mst cmmn names f insects that cnsist f a single wrd (i.e., beetles, earwigs, thrips, r termites) refer t an entire rder. Mst cmmn names applied t families cnsist f tw r mre wrds, the last being the name f the larger grups. Fr example, Carrin beetles, lady beetles, bark beetles, and blw flies. Sme cmmn names are used fr insects in mre than ne rder, such as "fly" and "bug". The crrect use and spelling f these wrds will help yu identify rders. When a "bug" belngs t the Hemiptera rder (ften referred t as the "true bugs") it is written as tw wrds (bed bugs, stink bugs, water bugs). When it des nt belng t this rder, it is written as ne wrd (swbugs, pillbugs, ladybugs). The same principle applies t "flies" and the fly rder Diptera. Insects in the Diptera (fly) rder are written as tw wrds (huse fly, deer fly, flwer fly). When the fly-like insect is f anther rder, it is written as ne wrd (dragnfly, stnefly, Mayfly). Additinal Infrmatin CMG GardenNtes n Identify Insects #310 Identifying Insects: Reference and Study Questins #311 Taxnmy f Arthrpds (Insects and Insect Relatives) #312 Insect Anatmy and Grwth #313 Insect Orders #314 Key #1 Key t Insects Assciated with Gardening #315 Key #2 Key t Insect Orders #316 Wrksheet: Identifying Insects #317 Hmewrk: Identifying Insects Authr: David Whiting, Cnsumer Hrticulture Specialist (retired), Clrad State University Extensin. Line drawings frm USDA. Phtgraphs by David Whiting. Reviewed by Mary Small, Clrad State University Extensin. Clrad Master Gardener GardenNtes are available nline at Clrad Master Gardener training is made pssible, in part, by a grant frm the Clrad Garden Shw, Inc. Clrad State University, U.S. Department f Agriculture and Clrad cunties cperating. Extensin prgrams are available t all withut discriminatin. N endrsement f prducts mentined is intended nr is criticism implied f prducts nt mentined. Cpyright Clrad State University Extensin. All Rights Reserved. CMG GardenNtes may be reprduced, withut change r additins, fr nnprfit educatinal use. Reviewed July
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