Aspects of the use of honeybees and bumblebees as vector of antagonistic micro-organisms in plant disease control
|
|
- Reginald Hicks
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Aspects of the use of honeybees and bumblebees as vector of antagonistic micro-organisms in plant disease control J.J.M. van der Steen 1, C.J. Langerak 2, C.A.M. van Tongeren 2 & A.J. Dik 3 1 Applied Plant Research, Research Unit Bees, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Ambrosiusweg 1, 5081 NV Hilvarenbeek, The Netherlands; 2 Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 65, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3 Applied Plant Research, Research Unit Glasshouse Horticulture, PO Box 8, 2670 AA Naaldwijk, The Netherlands Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.) are used for pollination in agriculture and horticulture. The morphological and behavioural characteristics of bees make them good pollinators. Thanks to this, bees may also be used as vector of antagonistic micro-organisms for plant disease control, both preventive and curative. To determine the practical consequences of this way of plant disease control, research has started on the two main aspects: the impact of the antagonist on the vector itself and the impact on the transmission of Botrytis aclada into seeds of onion. Preliminary tests for method development have been carried out to determine the impact on honeybees and bumblebees and on the dissemination of the antagonist over the flowering plants. Results: Trichoderma harzianum and PGBY1 have no negative impact in the brood of honeybees and bumblebees. Honeybees are rather effective vectors to transfer the antagonist Ulocladium atrum to onion flowers and this resulted in transfer into the seeds. Keywords: antagonists, seed transmission, organic seed, Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Trichoderma harzianum, PBGY1, Allium cepa, Botrytis aclada, Ulocladium atrum, ARSA, PLYS-agar Several plant pathogenic micro-organisms enter the plant through open flowers and can infect the seeds in that way. Spores of antagonistic micro-organisms present on flowers can successfully compete with the possible pathogens. Disseminating antagonistic micro-organisms by honeybees and bumblebees can reduce plant infections. Kovach et al. (2000). showed in a 4-years study that the dissemination of Trichoderma harzianum to control Botrytis cinerea on strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), both honeybees and bumblebees could effectively transport T. harzianum from the hive into the flowers. This resulted in a better control of Botrytis than the spray application of T. harzianum Similar results were obtained by Yu & Sutton (1997) in the control of B. cinerea in raspberry using Gliocladium roseum. By transporting antagonists it is unavoidable that this antagonistic material also enters the brood nest of the bees. Since a healthy brood nest is an essential stimulant for the foraging activities of the bees and since fungi and yeast may be able to cause infections of the brood, the effect of two antagonistic micro-organisms is tested on the honeybee and the bumblebee brood. This study is divided into two parts: Part 1: the impact of the antagonistic micro-organisms T. harzianum T39 and PBGY1 on the brood of the honeybee (A. mellifera L.) and the bumblebee (B. terrestris L.). Part 2: the dissemination by honeybees and the detection of the antagonistic micro-organism Ulocladium atrum in onion seeds (Allium cepa) for the control of Botrytis aclada infection in onion seeds. MATERIAL AND METHODS Part 1 The impact of the antagonistic micro-organisms T. harzianum T39 and PBGY1 on the brood of the honeybee (A. mellifera) and the bumblebee (B. terrestris) Honeybee (A. mellifera) brood test Honeybee worker brood development takes 21 days egg: 3 days, larva: 6 days and pupa: 12 days. The brood develops in a fixed cell in a fixed location on the comb. Therefore infection and checking of the subsequent impact on the development can be carried out with marked brood cells. In two colonies, per colony 25 cells containing eggs, 25 cells containing larvae aged 0 to 4 days and 25 cells containing larvae aged 4 to 6 days were selected. The position of these cells on the PROC. NETH. ENTOMOL. SOC. VOLUME
2 42 INSECTS AS VECTORS frame was marked on a transparent (overhead) sheet. To each selected cell, 5 µl sucrose solution 12.5 ± 2.5% containing T. harzianum T39 / µl was administered (2.67 g Trichodex / litre). The same was done in two colonies in which sucrose solution 12.5 ± 2.5% containing 10 7 spores of PBGY1 / ml was applied. The two control colonies were treated similarly with 5 µl sucrose solution 12.5 ± 2.5% per cell. The sucrose concentration was based on the food offered to larvae in an artificial honeybee rearing (Wittmann 1982). The concentrations of T. harzianum T39 and PBGY1 tested, were based on the concentrations that had showed to reduce B. cinerea infections in cucumber and tomato (Dik et al. 1999). According to test scheme 1, treated brood was removed from the cell, rinsed 3 times in 10 ml sterile demineralised water and subsequently homogenised. This material was cultivated on PDA medium or KIMMIG medium for respectively PBGY1 and Trichoderma cultivation. The PDA and KIMMIG mediums were incubated for at least 7 x 24 h at 35 ± 2 C. Bumblebees (B. terrestris) brood test Bumblebee worker brood development takes 30 days egg: 6 days, larva: 14 days, pupa: 10 days (Rothe 1995, Van der Steen, unpublished). The brood development starts with a cluster of about 10 eggs. This egg clump is situated on top of a pupa cell. During the development separate cells are constructed for individual larvae. This results in a chaotic brood nest in which the location of cells changes all along. Therefore administration of T. harzianum and PBGY1 and checking of the subsequent impact on the development is carried out by infecting the entire brood nest and checking old larvae and adults according to test scheme 2. Prior to the administration of the test suspensions the queen was removed in order to stop the oviposition after treatment of the brood nest. The brood nest of two colonies was sprinkled twice with 2 ml demineralised water containing T. harzianum T39 (2.67 g Trichodex / litre). The same was done to two colonies with demineralised water solution containing 10 7 spores of PBGY1 / ml. The two control colonies were Test scheme 1. Treatment and sampling of honeybee brood Day Treatment and sampling of the brood Brood phase at sampling, 5 larvae/sample 0 Dripping the micro-organisms in the cell 4 Sampling of brood treated in the larval phase 0 to 3 days (L1-L3) Larvae aged 4 to 6 days 6 Sampling of brood treated in the egg phase Larvae aged 3 to 6 days 8 Sampling of brood treated in the larval phase 4 to 6 days (L4-L5) Pupae aged 6 to 8 days 12 Sampling of brood treated in the larval phase 0 to 3 days (L1-L3) Pupae aged 6 to 9 days 17 Sampling of brood treated in the egg phase Pupae aged 8 to 11 days 23 Check on the emergence of the treated brood Test scheme 2. Treatment and sampling of bumblebee brood Situation in the brood nest during administrations of test suspensions Eggs in sealed cells Larvae aged 1 to 9 Larvae aged 10 to 14 Pupae in sealed Adults Day Action days in sealed cells days in open cells cells 0 Queen removal 0 First No exposure Indirect exposure Direct exposure No exposure vector administration 7 Brood check 5 larvae 7 Second Larvae aged 1 to 9 Larvae aged 10 to 14 Pupae in sealed cells Pupae in sealed Adults administration days in sealed cells days in open cells cells Indirect exposure Direct exposure No exposure No exposure vector 14 Brood check 5 larvae 21 Adult check 5 adults 21* Removal of all workers 28 Adult check 5 adults 28** Removal of all workers 35 Adult check 5 adults * Start emergence of adults that were exposed to the test suspension in the larval phase; ** Start emergence of adults that were exposed to the test suspension in the egg phase
3 J.J.M. VAN DER STEEN, C.J. LANGERAK, C.A.M. VAN TONGEREN & A.J. DIK 43 treated similarly with sterile demineralised water. The concentration of T. harzianum T39 and PBGY1 tested, were based on the concentrations that had showed to reduce B. cinerea infections in cucumber and tomato (Dik et al. 1999) According to test scheme 2, treated brood was removed from the cell, rinsed 3 times in 10 ml sterile demineralised water and subsequently homogenised. The adults that had been exposed to T. harzianum T39 and PBGY1 during their development were rinsed in 10 ml sterile demineralised water and subsequently 20 µl of this water was smeared on PDA medium or KIMMIG medium for respectively PBGY1 and Trichoderma cultivation. Of the rinsed workers, the fatbody was dissected and inoculated on PDA medium or KIMMIG medium. The PDA and KIMMIG mediums were incubated for at least 7 x 24 h at 35 ± 2 C. Part 2 The dissemination by honeybees and detection of the antagonistic micro-organism U. atrum in onion seeds (A. cepa) for the control of B. aclada infection of seeds This study was part of a study to optimize organic seed production. In two gauze tents of (8 x 8 x 2.5 m) with 48 flowering onion plants honeybees were introduced. The honeybees were housed in MiniBeuten, were queen right and had brood in all phases. The introducing honeybee colonies and the provision of these colonies with micro-organisms is described in test schemes 3 and 4. In this study both the preventive and curative action of the dissemination of the pathogenic B. aclada and the antagonistic U. atrum 385 by honeybees is tested. J. Köhl of Plant Research International kindly provided an isolate of this antagonist. In order to provide the honeybees with Botrytis and Ulocladium, an adapted pollen dispenser type BeeBooster was placed in front of the MiniBeute. The micro-organisms were mixed with cellulose powder (Cellulos microcryst PH101) in a ratio of 1 ml suspension of the micro-organism (10 6 conidia / ml) + 1 g cellulose powder. This resulted in a dry powder that could easily be picked up by the honeybees as they pass over it. Portions of 1 g powder were placed in the BeeBooster (test schemes 3 and 4) daily. Test scheme 3 (Tent 2). Scheme of the subsequent placing of honeybee colonies in tent 2 and the provision with Ulocladium and Botrytis. Date Activity Action 24 June 2003 Introduction of colony E + Botrytis aclada (2 x 1 g) Infection action 25, 26, 27, 28 June 2003 Adding Botrytis aclada into BeeBooster (1 g) 1 July 2003 Removal of colony E from the tent 1 July 2003 Introduction colony F 8 July 2003 Removal of colony F 8 July 2003 Introduction of colony G + Ulocladium atrum (1 g) Curative action 9, 10 July 2003 Adding Ulocladium atrum into BeeBooster (1 g) 15 July 2003 Removal of colony G 15 July 2003 Introduction colony H 2 July 2003 Removal of colony H * (1 ml suspension conidia/ml in 1 g cellulose) Test scheme 4 (Tent 3). Scheme of the subsequent placing of honeybee colonies in tent 2 and the provision with Ulocladium and Botrytis. Date Activity Action 24 June 2003 Introduction of colony A + Ulocladium atrum (2 x 1 g) Preventive action 25, 26, 27, 28 June 2003 Adding Ulocladium atrum into BeeBooster (1 g) 1 July 2003 Removal of colony A from the tent 1 july 2003 Introduction colony B 8 July 2003 Removal of colony B 8 July 2003 Introduction of colony C + Botrytis aclada (1 g) Infection action 9, 10, 12 July 2003 Adding Botrytis aclada into BeeBooster (1 g) 15 July 2003 Removal of colony C 15 July 2003 Introduction colony D 2 July 2003 Removal of colony D * (1 ml suspension conidia/ml in 1 g cellulose)
4 44 INSECTS AS VECTORS The day, the bee colonies A and E were introduced in the two tents, the onion umbels varied in flowering. Five different stages of flowering of the umbels were distinguished (each umbel consisted of numerous individual flowers): I, no open flowers; II, 20-50% of flowers just opening; III, % of flowers completely open; IV, 50% open and 50% deteriorating and V, 100% deteriorating and filling of the ovary. To relate the efficiency of transmission of the fungi to the degree of flowering, 10 umbels of each flowering stage were marked and at the time of seed harvest used as a reference to classify the maturity of the bulk of the umbels. Two days after introduction of the clean bee colonies B and F, 10 closed, open or deteriorating flowers representative for each maturity class were collected from 5 marked umbels and analysed for presence of either B. aclada or U. atrum. Seed-set in the umbels with lowest maturity (class I) was completed eight weeks after introduction of the bee colonies A and E. All umbels of all maturity classes were harvested at the same time. Three mixed umbel samples per maturity class were created for the two tents (material set 1). Prior to combining umbels of similar maturity, umbels of 6 plants (tent 2) and of 14 plants (tent 3) were kept separately as material set 2. Seeds of both material sets were cleaned in a standard way. Collected flower material and cleaned seeds were analysed on PLYS (Presly) for B. aclada and on ARSA (Pryor et al.) for U. atrum. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Part 1 The impact of the antagonistic micro-organisms T. harzianum T39 and PBGY1 on the brood of the honeybee (A. mellifera) and the bumblebee (B. terrestris) Honeybee brood Dripping 5 µl sucrose solution 12.5% into brood cells of honeybees did not influence the development of the brood. Suspensions of T. harzianum T39 and PBGY1 in sucrose solution 12.5% did also not affect the normal development of the brood. In none of the sampled brood phases, T. harzianum and PBGY1 was found. The study showed that these antagonistic microorganisms did not infect the brood in the egg phase, larval phase aged 0 to 4 days and in the larval phase 4 to 6 days. What exactly limits or inhibits these micro-organisms is not studied but in a honeybee colony among others, the acidity of the food material (royal jelly) produced in the pharyngeal glands, the peroxide and high sugar concentration in the honey, and propolis have strong antibiotic actions. Bumblebee brood Dripping 2-ml sterile demineralised water on the brood nest did not influence the development of the brood. Suspensions of Trichoderma harzianum T39 and PBGY1 in demineralised water did also not affect the normal development of the brood. In none of the sampled brood phases, Trichoderma harzianum and PBGY1 was found. Prior to inoculations of the larval and adult material, the pupae and adults were stored at 21 C for at least 2 days. The study showed that these antagonistic micro-organisms did not infect the brood in the egg phase, larval phase aged 0 to 4 days and in the larval phase 4 to 6 days. What exactly limits or inhibits these micro-organisms is not studied. In bumblebee colonies no natural resistance against micro-organisms is described. Nevertheless in the laboratory rearing unit, the conditions (29 C, 40-60% RH) are such that microorganisms and fungi seldom develop in the brood. An exception is the chalkbrood fungus Ascosphaera apis that can develop rapidly in the bumblebee brood in case the colony is offered pollen containing this fungus. Part 2 The dissemination by honeybees and detection of the antagonistic micro-organism U. atrum in onion seeds (A. cepa) for the control of B. aclada infection of seeds Preventive and curative control effects in onion seed of U. atrum against B. aclada Analysis of flower material after the first introduction of B. aclada in tent 2 and of U. atrum in tent 3 showed only presence of B. aclada in open flowers of umbels from class III whereas U. atrum was only found in deteriorating flowers originating from class IV umbels. This indicated that the bees had transferred the pathogenic and antagonistic fungi from the BeeBooster into the flowering plants. Apparently there seems to be a preference of B. aclada for young open flowers whereas U.
5 J.J.M. VAN DER STEEN, C.J. LANGERAK, C.A.M. VAN TONGEREN & A.J. DIK 45 atrum prefers older and deteriorating flowers, which fits with the saprophytic nature of this antagonist (Kessel et al. 2001). Infection levels of B. aclada in seeds produced under a curative control regime (Table 1) are generally lower than those produced under a preventive control regime (Table 2). As found before in checks on flowers, there is a tendency that umbels with a lower maturity and having more open flowers at the time that contaminated bees were foraging, are more susceptible to the pathogen than more mature umbels with a relative low number of open flowers. The opposite is found for the colonisation of seeds with U. atrum. Both in the curative and in the preventive test situation (Tables 1 and 2) higher levels are found in seeds from umbels with a starting deterioration of the flowers at the time that the bees were actively searching for nectar or honey. It would be speculative to state that lower levels of B. aclada found in combination with higher levels of U. atrum is due to a curative or preventive effect of the antagonist. Reason for this reserve is that no sufficient quantitative data are available from the flower checks half-way the experiment and no control series were included in the experiment of seed producing plants, which got only visits of bees with a pathogen contamination. Nevertheless, we proved that honeybees are rather effective vectors to transfer an antagonist into onion seed in a simple way. Table 1. Infection levels of Ulocladium atrum and Botrytis aclada in seeds produced under a curative control regime (test scheme 3). Seed samples tested differed in maturity at harvest. Maturity class % seed infection with Ulocladium % seed infection with Botrytis set 1: n=110 set 2: n=3x200 set 1: n=150 set 2: n=3x200 class I - * * 5 class II class III -* * 0 class IV class V *no seeds available Table 2. Infection levels of Ulocladium atrum and Botrytis aclada in seeds produced under a preventive control regime (test scheme 4). Seed samples tested differed in maturity at harvest. Maturity class % seed infection with Ulocladium % seed infection with Botrytis set 1: n=6x40 set 2: n=2x200 set 1: n=6x60 set 2: n=2x200 class I 15.0** *** 13.8 class II -* * 9.3 class III class IV class V -* * 4.5 *no seeds available; **n=2x40 seeds; ***n=2x60 seeds REFERENCES Dik, A.J., Koning, G. & Köhl J Evaluation of microbial antagonists for biological control of Botrytis cinerea stem infection in cucumber and tomato. Eur. J. Pl. Path. 105: Dustmann, J.H Biologische Abwehrmechanismen eines Bienenvolkes gegen Krankheiten und Schädlingen. ADIZ 21(1): 2-8. Kessel, G.J.T., Haas, B.H. de, Lombaers van der Plas, C.H., Ende J.E. van den, Pennock-Vos, M.G., Werf, W. van der & Kohl, J Comparative analysis of the role of substrate specificity in biological control of Botrytis elliptica in lily and Botrytis cinerea in cyclamen with Ulocladium atrum. Eur. J. Pl. Path. 107: Kovach, J., Petzoldt, R. & Harman, G.E Use of honey bees and bumble bees to disseminate Trichoderma harzianum to strawberries for Botrytis control. Biol. Contr. 18: Presly, A.H Methods for inducing sporulation of some Botrytis species occurring on onions and leeks. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 85:
6 46 INSECTS AS VECTORS Pryor, B.M., Davis, R.M. & Gilbertson, R.L Detection and eradication of Alternaria radicina on carrot seed. Plant Disease 78: 5, Rothe, U Die Entwicklung von Völker der Dunklen Erdhummel (Bombus terrestris L.) unter Zuchtbedingungen. Praktikum 1995 am Ambrosiushoeve. Forschungszentrum für Insektenbestäubung und Bienenzucht die Niederlande. Southwick, E.E Physiology and social; physiology of the honey bees. In: The hive and the honeybee, pp Dadant and Sons ISBN Steen, J.J.M. van der Het effect van Trichoderma harzianum T39 op het broed van honingbijen (Apis mellifera L). Rapport Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving sector Bijen. Steen, J.J.M. van der Het effect van PBGY1 op het broed van honingbijen (Apis mellifera L.). Rapport Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving sector Bijen.. Wittmann, D Entwicklung von Testverfahren und Experimeten zur Beurteilung von Insekticidwirkungen auf Bienenlarven. Dissertation Eberhard Karl Universität Tübingen. Yu, H. & Sutton, J.C Effectiveness of bumblebees and honeybees for delivering inoculum of Gliocladium roseum to raspberry flowers to control Botrytis cinerea. Biol. Contr. 10:
In-hive pollen transfer between bees enhances cross-pollination of plants
In-hive pollen transfer between bees enhances cross-pollination of plants J. Paalhaar, W.J. Boot, J.J.M. van der Steen* & J.N.M. Calis Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 803, 6700
More informationBee Colony Activities Throughout The Year
Bee Colony Activities Throughout The Year Written by Khalil Hamdan Apeldoorn The Netherlands A honeybee gathering nectar from a flower. Photo source: forestwander.com Bee collecting pollen. Photo source:
More informationHoney Bees QUB Green Champions 9 th April
Honey Bees QUB Green Champions 9 th April 2014 http://www.qub.ac.uk/staff/area/bees/ http://belfastbees.wordpress.com/ Contents The Beekeeping Year Inside the hive Outside the hive Swarming Discussion
More informationHoney Bees. QUB CCRCB 11 th January
Honey Bees QUB CCRCB 11 th January 2018 http://www.qub.ac.uk/staff/area/bees/ http://belfastbees.wordpress.com/ http://belfastbees.wordpress.com/ Contents The Beekeeping Year Inside the hive Outside the
More informationBees. By: Jourdan Wu, Olakunle Olawonyi, Adina Gibson, Elizabeth Peterson. Image drawn by Adina Gibson using Sketchpad 5.1
Bees By: Jourdan Wu, Olakunle Olawonyi, Adina Gibson, Elizabeth Peterson Image drawn by Adina Gibson using Sketchpad 5.1 According to an Article by NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) titled Why We
More informationthe European Honeybee
the European Honeybee Queen 1 queen in every hive the only fertile female in the hive lives 2 to 10 years longer than other bees perform every task in and out of the hive sterile females live for 28 to
More informationAbstract. Introduction
NEW METHOD FOR RAISING QUEENS Hossein Yeganehrad Caspian Apiaries P.O. Box 16058 617, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, V3M 6W6 radbees@hotmail.com Paper 138, Oral Presentation XXXVIIIth Apimondia
More informationHoney Bee Biology Workshop. The Queen. The Drone
Honey Bee Biology Workshop 1. The bee colony 2. Behavioral sequence of workers 3. Worker-queen differentiation 4. Honey bee dances 5. Chemical communications The Queen Longevity: 1-3 years 1. The mother
More informationActivity: Honey Bee Adaptation Grade Level: Major Emphasis: Major Curriculum Area: Related Curriculum Areas: Program Indicator: Student Outcomes:
Activity: Honey Bee Adaptation Grade Level: Grade 5 Major Emphasis: Invertebrates and Their Environments Major Curriculum Area: Science Related Curriculum Areas: Refer to Outdoor Education Curriculum Matrix
More informationAn assessment of Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense as forage crops for Bombus hortorum
An assessment of Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense as forage crops for Bombus hortorum B. BROWN* AND R. R. SCOTT Department of Entomology, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand R. P. MACFARLANE
More informationPeter Dutton. 28 August Halesworth& District
Peter Dutton 28 August 2014 Halesworth& District Bees Hymenoptera - 150,000+ species Sawflies, Wasps, Bees, Ants, Bees - 20,000+ species Most solitary, a few social Honey Bee - The only one which produces
More informationPractical 5 SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF HONEY BEES
Practical 5 SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF HONEY BEES Aim: To understand communication system of a honey bee colony. Introduction Among different insect orders, only 8 have been recognized by insect taxonomists which
More informationBee Behavior. Summary of an article by. Stephen Taber III from Beekeeping in the United States
Bee Behavior Summary of an article by Stephen Taber III from Beekeeping in the United States Bees Sense Organs: Vision Each compound eye is spherical in shape and comprised of some 6,300 cone-shaped facets
More informationSC741 W12: Division of Labor Part I: Fixed- and Variable- Threshold Algorithms
SC741 W12: Division of Labor Part I: Fixed- and Variable- Threshold Algorithms Outline Division of labor in natural systems Ants Bees, wasps Models and mechanisms Fixed-threshold mechanisms Variable-threshold
More informationDrought-induced impacts on honey bee nutrition and productivity --
Drought-induced impacts on honey bee nutrition and productivity -- Final Report Prepared by: Erin E. Wilson Rankin University of California, Riverside Prepared for: National Honey Board i TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationHoney Bees: A Pollination Simulation
Honey Bees: A Pollination Simulation Grade Level(s) 3-5 Estimated Time 2 hours Purpose Students will identify the parts of a honey bee, the stages of its life cycle, and its role in pollination. Materials
More informationHow Does Pollination Work?
How Does Pollination Work? What is pollination? What is pollination? Pollination the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower Fertilization occurs when the male
More informationEffects of Feeding by Liquorice Root Extract on Some Biological Aspects of Honey Bees(Apis mellifera L.)
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 10, Issue 10 Ver. III (October 2017), PP 20-24 www.iosrjournals.org Effects of Feeding by Liquorice
More informationThe Honey Bee Pollinators Charlie Vanden Heuvel BG BEES
The Honey Bee Pollinators Charlie Vanden Heuvel BG BEES Homework Identify 10 plants that require pollination Identify 5 pollinator species Pollinators Pollinators Honey Bee Biology Behavior Communication
More informationApis mellifera scuttelata. Common names: African honeybee also nicknamed the killer bee
Apis mellifera scuttelata Common names: African honeybee also nicknamed the killer bee Description Compared to other Apis mellifera species, the most distinguishing trait of Apis mellifera scutellata is
More informationRearing Honeybee Queens in, Apis Mellifera L. Colonies During the Activity Season of Oriental Wasps Vespa Orientalis L
International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2016 Vol. 12(4):667-674 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 2630-0192 (Online) Rearing Honeybee Queens in, Apis Mellifera L. Colonies During
More informationLesson: Honeybees and Trees
Camp Woodlands/Kindergarten Environmental Literacy Revised 2016 Lesson: Honeybees and Trees Topic/Essential Question: How do honeybees and trees help each other? Unit: Why Are Trees Terrific? Kindergarten
More informationBASIC BEE BIOLOGY. Tammy Horn, KY State Apiarist
BASIC BEE BIOLOGY Tammy Horn, KY State Apiarist THE HONEY BEE COLONY Regardless of the race of bees, the colony will have three castes: One Queen (female) Workers (female), numbers depend upon season Drones
More informationEffect of Insect Pollinators in the Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) "Duke" Cultivar
Original Article Journal of Apiculture 31(4) : 315~322 (2016) DOI: 10.17519/apiculture.2016.11.31.4.315 Effect of Insect Pollinators in the Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) "Duke" Cultivar Mi Ae Kim*, Hyung
More informationCORRELATIVE ANALYSES OF BROOD RATIO AND ROYAL JELLY PRODUCTION
CORRELATIVE ANALYSES OF BROOD RATIO AND ROYAL JELLY PRODUCTION Dr. Li Jianke Zhengzhou College of Animal Husbandry Zhengzhou 450008 Henan China Tel: +86 371 5644923 lijianke@371.net An experiment was conducted
More informationGlossary of Terms used in Beekeeping
Glossary of Terms used in Beekeeping A Abscond The action of bees leave the hive suddenly with few or no remainders. This should not be confused with swarming; it is often due to problems such as poor
More informationPollination A Sticky Situation! A lesson from the New Jersey Agricultural Society s Learning Through Gardening program
Pollination A Sticky Situation! A lesson from the New Jersey Agricultural Society s Learning Through Gardening program OVERVIEW: Pollination is a sticky situation. In this active lesson, students learn
More informationBees: The most important pollinators
Bees: The most important pollinators Bees are complete vegans: All food comes from plants Nectar and pollen from flowers What makes bees effective pollinators: One of the very few insect groups that purposefully
More informationBees Are Cool. Bee First Aid
Bees Are Cool Bees Sting Many people are afraid of bees, but that is because they don t understand them. Bees are pollinators and without pollinators a flower could not make a seed. So you think you could
More informationThe Biology of the Honeybee, Apis Mellifera
Page 1 of 13 The Biology of the Honeybee, Apis Mellifera NOTE: The images found in this document have been redrawn from Mark L. Winston. 1987. The Biology of the Honey Bee. Harvard University Press. Cambridge,
More informationElementary Science: Pollination
Elementary Science: Pollination A collection of hands-on lessons and activities for the elementary classroom that explore the process and importance of pollination and pollinators. Table of Contents A
More information13 November 2005 Volume XIII No. 11
13 November 2005 Volume XIII No. 11 Can you believe we re still seeing butterflies in great abundance in butterfly gardens, even though we have had a couple of nights of light frost? The dry weather must
More informationThe Biology of the Honeybee, Apis Mellifera
The Biology of the Honeybee, Apis Mellifera NOTE: The images found in this document have been redrawn from Mark L. Winston. 1987. The Biology of the Honey Bee. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
More informationNATURE S. Insect Pollinators, Plants, and. The pedigree of honey Does not concern the bee; A clover, anytime, to her Is aristocracy.
NATURE S Insect Pollinators, Plants, and The pedigree of honey Does not concern the bee; A clover, anytime, to her Is aristocracy. Emily Dickenson The basics of cross-pollination 1. The petals attract
More informationIntracolonial nepotism during colony fissioning in honey bees?
Intracolonial nepotism during colony fissioning in honey bees? Juliana Rangel Co-authors: Heather Mattila, Thomas Seeley Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University Apimondia Conference,
More informationPheromones by Ellen Miller November 2015
Pheromones by Ellen Miller November 2015 Greek word pherein to carry Greek word hormone to stimulate A released chemical that triggers a social response in members of the same species The chemical is transmitted
More informationA new view on honeybee defense system based on proteinous antibiotics and phytochemicals
A new view on honeybee defense system based on proteinous antibiotics and phytochemicals Jozef Šim imúth 1, Katarína Bílikov liková 1 and Hans Lehrach 2 1 Dpt. of Molecular Apidolology, Institute of Molecular
More informationWhat factors limit fruit production in the lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium? Melissa Fulton and Linley Jesson University of New Brunswick
What factors limit fruit production in the lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium? Melissa Fulton and Linley Jesson University of New Brunswick Barriers to fruit production Pollinator abundance -specialists
More informationThe Effect of Temperature on Hind wing Vein of Apis cerana cerana during Sealed Brood s Development 1)
The Effect of Temperature on Hind wing Vein of Apis cerana cerana during Sealed Brood s Development 1) Zhou bingfeng 2) Zhu xiangjie Liyue Chenwenfeng Zhangxing Zhouyu Chenyanhuang (College of Bee Science,
More informationIn-hive pollen transfer between bees enhances cross-pollination of plants
LABORATORY OF ENTOMOLOGY In-hive pollen transfer between bees enhances cross-pollination of plants No.: 07.01 Janneke Paalhaar May 2006 - January 2007 Examinator: Marcel Dicke Wageningen UR 1 In-hive pollen
More informationLesson: Honeybees and Trees
Lesson: Honeybees and Trees Topic/Essential Question: How do honeybees and trees help each other? Unit: Why Are Trees Terrific? Kindergarten Environmental Literacy Content Standards: NGSS K-LS1-1. Use
More informationSwarming Biology of Honey Bees
Swarming Biology of Honey Bees Jeff Harris Extension/Research Apiculturist Department Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology Mississippi State University, MS 39762 Reproductive Swarms
More informationEusocial species. Eusociality. Phylogeny showing only eusociality Eusocial insects. Eusociality: Cooperation to the extreme
Eusociality: Cooperation to the extreme Groups form colonies with reproductive and worker castes. Eusociality has evolved most often in insects: Ants Eusocial species Honeybees Termites Wasps Phylogeny
More informationLearning about bees - Maths Questions
Learning about bees - Maths Questions Preparation: Before beginning this activity, cut out each of the hexagons in the Learning about bees - maths questions resource. You may consider pre-assigning the
More informationChemical signals: What is one thing in common between a colony & a human society?
Honey bee pheromones: Biology and relevance to beekeeping What is one thing in common between a colony & a human society? Society: a coherent entity consisted of many individuals To maintain coherence
More informationIn seed crop of onion (Allium cepa L.), the
Research Paper : Studies on the influence of bee attractants on bee visition of Apis dorsata and Trigona sp. on onion (Allium cepa L.) J.S. PATIL, R.B. MOKAT, G.S. KAMATE AND R.V. MUPADE International
More informationPollination of Pumpkin and Winter Squash - Thanks to Bumble Bees! Dr. Kimberly Stoner Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven
Pollination of Pumpkin and Winter Squash - Thanks to Bumble Bees! Dr. Kimberly Stoner Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven Basics of Pumpkin and Squash Flowering and Pollination Separate
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge Pre-U Certificate
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge Pre-U Certificate *2308850209* BIOLOGY (PRINCIPAL) 9790/02 Paper 2 Data Analysis and Planning May/June 2018 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on the Question
More informationBee Basics. Objectives. Honey bees 3/15/2018. All about bees Pheromones in the hive Obtaining bees Foraging and nutrition Protecting pollinators
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Bee Basics Amanda Bennett Extension Educator, ANR March 24, 2018 Southwestern Ohio Beekeeper School Loveland, Ohio Objectives All about bees Pheromones in the hive Obtaining
More informationObjectives. Bee Basics. Apis mellifera. Honey bees 3/13/2019. All about bees Pheromones in the hive Obtaining bees Foraging and nutrition Bee diseases
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Bee Basics Amanda Bennett Extension Educator, ANR Objectives All about bees Pheromones in the hive Obtaining bees Foraging and nutrition Bee diseases March 23, 2019 Southwestern
More information28 3 Insects Slide 1 of 44
1 of 44 Class Insecta contains more species than any other group of animals. 2 of 44 What Is an Insect? What Is an Insect? Insects have a body divided into three parts head, thorax, and abdomen. Three
More informationo Can you find any nectar? Brood? Honey? o Can you find any drones and drone cells? o Can you find the queen bee?
o Can you find any nectar? Brood? Honey? o Can you find any drones and drone cells? o Can you find the queen bee? *NOTE: The queen in Observation Hive #1 has a yellow mark on her. Put the wooden panels
More informationJ. J. M. van der Steen 1, M. Bergsma-Vlami 2 & M. Wenneker 3. Authority, Netherlands
Sustainable Agriculture Research; Vol. 7, No. 1; 2018 ISSN 1927-050X E-ISSN 1927-0518 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Perfect Match: Simultaneous Strawberry Pollination and Bio-Sampling
More informationNational Pollinator week, June 20-26, 2016
FOR THE POLLINATORS National Pollinator week, June 20-26, 2016 Why the focus on pollinators? 75% of all plants on earth require pollination by animals. For humans: fruits, vegetables, seeds/nuts, fibers,
More informationHow much flower-rich habitat is enough for wild pollinators? Answering a key policy question with incomplete knowledge
jbnature.com How much flower-rich habitat is enough for wild pollinators? Answering a key policy question with incomplete knowledge Lynn Dicks, University of East Anglia Co-authors: Mathilde Baude, Stuart
More informationPollinators. Pam Brown University of Florida/IFAS Extension, Retired
Pollinators Pam Brown University of Florida/IFAS Extension, Retired What is Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from male anther to female stigma resulting in fertilization. Pollination results
More informationHoneybees There are more than 22,000 types of bees in the world. Do you know which bees make honey? Without honeybees, you wouldn t have any honey to spread on your toast in the morning. You may have seen
More informationA GENERAL OVERVIEW ON AFB AND EFB PATHOGEN, WAY OF INFECTION, MULTIPLICATION, CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND OUTBREAK
A GENERAL OVERVIEW ON AFB AND EFB PATHOGEN, WAY OF INFECTION, MULTIPLICATION, CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND OUTBREAK C. OTTEN SLVA Ahrweiler/Mayen, Fachbereich Bienenkunde Mayen, Im Bannen 38-54 D-56727 Mayen,
More informationIntroduction to Swarm Robotics
COMP 4766 Introduction to Autonomous Robotics Introduction to Swarm Robotics By Andrew Vardy April 1, 2014 Outline 1 Initial Definitions 2 Examples of SI in Biology 3 Self-Organization 4 Stigmergy 5 Swarm
More informationOutline. 1 Initial Definitions. 2 Examples of SI in Biology. 3 Self-Organization. 4 Stigmergy. 5 Swarm Robotics
Outline COMP 4766 Introduction to Autonomous Robotics 1 Initial Definitions Introduction to Swarm Robotics 2 Examples of SI in Biology 3 Self-Organization By Andrew Vardy 4 Stigmergy April 1, 2014 5 Swarm
More informationUnit G: Pest Management. Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases
Unit G: Pest Management Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases 1 Terms Abiotic disease Bacteria Biotic disease Cultural disease control Disease avoidance Disease resistance Disease tolerance Fungi Infectious
More informationFlower Nectar to Honey:" How Do Bees Do It?! What is Honey?!
Flower Nectar to Honey:" How Do Bees Do It?! Rick Fell! Department of Entomology! Virginia Tech!! Definition:! What is Honey?!!!Honey is the substance made when the nectar and sweet deposits from plants
More information2. Assembly 1. Overview 3. Play
Bee-matching game 2. Assembly You will need a color printer, laminator, scissors, magnets and/or Velcro tape, and hot glue. Additionally, you will need a surface such as a tri-fold board, felt board, etc.
More informationHoneybee colony collapse due to Nosema ceranae in professional apiaries
Honeybee colony collapse due to Nosema ceranae in professional apiaries M. Higes*, R. Martín-Hernández*, E. Garrido-Bailón*, A.V. González-Porto*, P. García- Palencia**, A. Meana**, M.J. Del Nozal***,
More informationLesson: The Buzz on Bees
Lesson: The Buzz on Bees Environmental Literacy Question: How have humans affected the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed? Topic/Essential Questions: How do the structures of plants help them survive in
More informationBOTANY, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 6: PLANT PARTS AND FUNCTIONS Part 4 - Flowers and Fruit
BOTANY, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 6: PLANT PARTS AND FUNCTIONS Part 4 - Flowers and Fruit Script to Narrate the PowerPoint, 06PowerPointFlowers and Fruit.ppt It is not permitted to export
More informationsplit into two groups: a control group and a treatment group. Each beekeeper must have a
Colony assessments The project is beginning this May and lasting through October 2015. Colonies will be split into two groups: a control group and a treatment group. Each beekeeper must have a minimum
More informationPollination, the Grand Interaction Among Flowers, Bees, Growers and Beekeepers
Pollination, the Grand Interaction Among Flowers, Bees, Growers and Beekeepers EASTERN KENTUCKY BEEKEEPING SCHOOL PROGRAM, January 20, 2018 Hazard Community and Technical College John A. Skinner University
More informationGrade 7 Lesson Instructions Friend or Foe? Preparation: Background information: Activity:
Instructions Friend or Foe? You can use monarchs to teach about many things! Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA) uses the monarch butterfly to help students apply their knowledge in other contexts
More informationNonrandom Visitation of Brood Cells by Worker Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Journal of lnsect Behavior, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1991 Nonrandom Visitation of Brood Cells by Worker Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Zhi-Yong Huang 1'2 and Gard W. Otis t Accepted June 28, 1990; revised August
More informationBees. Garden Classroom. 90 minutes. Grade 6 4/10. ESY Berkeley Teaching Staff Edible Schoolyard Project Berkeley, CA. Bees Safety Pollinators Honey
LESSON: 4/10 SIXTH GRADE GARDEN ROTATION STANDARDS ALIGNED: YES Bees PLACE OF LEARNING: Garden Classroom DURATION: 90 minutes GRADE LEVEL: Grade 6 CONTRIBUTOR ESY Berkeley Teaching Staff Edible Schoolyard
More informationThere are approximately 25,000 species of Bee in the World There are almost 4000 species of Bee in North America There are approximately 1000
There are approximately 25,000 species of Bee in the World There are almost 4000 species of Bee in North America There are approximately 1000 different species of Bee in Texas There are only 7-9 species
More informationLesson Plan: Vectors and Venn Diagrams
Prep Time: Minimal Lesson Plan: Vectors and Venn Diagrams Age Level: Can be modified for any grade Materials Needed: Blank Venn diagrams can be printed for students to complete (included in this document),
More informationApiguard Frequently Asked Questions
1. Q: What is Apiguard? A: Apiguard is thymol in a slow-release gel used to control varroa mites in honeybee colonies. Apiguard is a product suitable for use in organic farming in the European Union. 1/5
More informationAn Alternaria Leaf Spot of the Sugar Beet
An Alternaria Leaf Spot of the Sugar Beet J. S. MCFARLANE, ROY BARDIN AND WILLIAM C. SNYDER 1 A hitherto unreported disease of the sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L., incited by a parasitic species of Alternaria
More informationFlower Species as a Supplemental Source of Pollen for Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Late Summer Cropping Systems
Flower Species as a Supplemental Source of Pollen for Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Late Summer Cropping Systems Rhonda Simmons, Ramesh Sagili, and Bruce Martens Abstract Honey bee forager preference
More informationDACOM OBSERVATION TABLES DISEASE MANAGEMENT - ALL AVAILABLE CROPS
DACOM TABLES DISEASE MANAGEMENT - ALL AVAILABLE CROPS 1 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION 3 APPLE BEAN.-6 BRASSICA -8 CARROT.-1 CITRUS..11 GRAPE (WINE STOCK) 1-13 LEEK.1 LETTUCE..1 LILY.16 OIL SEED RAPE /
More informationCollembola, soil fungi, wheat plants: images of their interactions
Collembola, soil fungi, wheat plants: images of their interactions Gloria Innocenti Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy; e-mail: gloria.innocenti@unibo.it
More informationFunding for the duplication of this publication is provided by the St. Lucie County Board of County Commissioners.
This booklet was adapted by Kate O Neill, Program Specialist from Africanized Honey Bees on the Move, University of Arizona. Reviewed by: Anita Neal, St. Lucie County Extension Director 8400 Picos Road,
More informationObservations on the Transmission of Ophiostoma ulmi by the Smaller Elm Bark Beetles (Scolytus spp.)
Observations on the Transmission of Ophiostoma ulmi by the Smaller Elm Bark Beetles (Scolytus spp.) M. FACCOLI & A. BATTISTI Istituto di Entomologia agraria, I-35020 Legnaro PD, University of Padua - Italy
More informationDisease Dynamics in Hive Populations
Disease Dynamics in Hive Populations Amalie McKee August 13, 2010 Abstract Colony Collapse Disorder has drawn attention to just how dependent we are on pollinators. However, while we are still trying to
More informationThe Na've Bees of North America- Essen'al Partners in Pollina'on and The stresses impac'ng their popula'ons
The Na've Bees of North America- Essen'al Partners in Pollina'on and The stresses impac'ng their popula'ons Dr. Diana L. Cox- Foster USDA ARS Pollina7ng Insects Research Unit Logan, Utah Photo by R. Singh
More informationHoneybees: Foraging Behavior, Reproductive Biology And Diseases (Insects And Other Terrestrial Arthropods: Biology, Chemistry And Behavior)
Honeybees: Foraging Behavior, Reproductive Biology And Diseases (Insects And Other Terrestrial Arthropods: Biology, Chemistry And Behavior) If searching for a book Honeybees: Foraging Behavior, Reproductive
More informationDesert Patterns. Plants Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses. Animals Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses
Desert Patterns Plants Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses Animals Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses Abiotic Features Introduction A major emphasis in ecology is
More informationRESEARCH NOTE: NECTAR CONTENT OF NEW ZEALAND HASS AVOCADO FLOWERS AT DIFFERENT FLORAL STAGES
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:25 31. RESEARCH NOTE: NECTAR CONTENT OF NEW ZEALAND HASS AVOCADO FLOWERS AT DIFFERENT FLORAL STAGES J. DIXON AND C. B. LAMOND Avocado
More informationEffects of Smoke on Pathogens and Other Fungi
Effects of Smoke on Pathogens and Other Fungi JOHN R. PARMETER, JR. AND BJARNE UHRENHOLDT Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley 94720 ACCUMULATING evidence indicates that western
More informationProtocol for using pollinators in hybrid vegetable seed production
Protocol for using pollinators in hybrid vegetable seed production An outline for improving pollinator effectiveness FEBRUARY 2018 APPROVED BY ISF Working Group Vegetable Seed Production EDITTED BY The
More information2a. General: Describe 3 specialised uses for plants. Plants can be used as: i. raw materials ii. foods iii. medicines
1a. General: Give examples of advantages of there being a wide variety of plants. Greater number of characteristics for breeding. Bigger choice for use as raw materials, foods and medicines. Provide different
More informationBIOCONTROL OF ROOT ROT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1993. 16:70-72 BIOCONTROL OF ROOT ROT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS J.A. DUVENHAGE 1 AND J.M. KOTZÉ 2 Merensky Technological Services, P.O. Box 14, Duiwelskloof
More informationFood & Analysis Honeybee Research
Food & Analysis Honeybee Research 30 q&more 02/14 High-tech in the beehive Hot on the heels of a key species Prof. Dr Jürgen Tautz, HOBOS Team, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany Fig. 4 The RFID
More informationLesson Adapted from Food, Land, People
Theme: Spring in the Garden Grade Level: K- 5 th Time Required: 45 minutes Number of Students: 15-25 Buzzy Buzzy Bee! Lesson Adapted from Food, Land, People Description Students learn about pollination
More informationBeekeeping Jargon and Terms
Beekeeping Jargon and Terms Abdomen the posterior region of the body of the bee that contains the crop, digestive tract, sting and reproductive tract Absconding swarm an entire colony of bees that abandons
More informationThe Western Honey Bee:
The Western Honey Bee: 1. Taxonomy 2. Various Breeds and Hybrids 3. Characteristics Apis mellifera The European honey bee or Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a species of honey bee. The genus Apis
More informationPropagating Plants Sexually
Lesson C5 1 Propagating Plants Sexually Unit C. Plant and Soil Science Problem Area 5. Plant Propagation Lesson 1. Propagating Plants Sexually New Mexico Content Standard: Pathway Strand: Plant Systems
More informationBiology of the Colony. Dr. Deborah Delaney
Biology of the Colony Dr. Deborah Delaney Eusociality Photograph Alex Wild 2004 Photograph Alex Wild 2003 Eusocial: True Sociality Found mainly in two orders: Hymenoptera (some bees and wasps, all ants)
More informationRegents Review Assignment #8-A08 Living Environment: Comet Part A Questions
Part A Questions 1. A student notices that fruit flies with the curlywing trait develop straight wings if kept at a temperature of 16 C, but develop curly wings if kept at 25 C. The best explanation for
More informationTeacher Resource Materials for 5th Apiary Program GROWING IDEAS: CULTIVATING CONNECTIONS
The Rotch-Jones-Duff House & Garden Museum Teacher Resource Materials for 5th Apiary Program GROWING IDEAS: CULTIVATING CONNECTIONS This program utilizes the property s unique urban garden setting to introduce
More informationLesson: The Buzz on Bees
Lesson: The Buzz on Bees Environmental Literacy Question: How have humans affected the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed? Topic/Essential Questions: How do the structures of plants help them survive in
More informationDedicated to bees, and My dad who loved reading to the kids on his lap, My children who spent plenty of time on his lap and mine, And Melvin, who
Dedicated to bees, and My dad who loved reading to the kids on his lap, My children who spent plenty of time on his lap and mine, And Melvin, who thinks all laps belong to him. Published by Melvin TC PO
More informationSimulation of Floral Specialization in Bees
Simulation of Floral Specialization in Bees Dan Ashlock Mathematics Department Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 511 danwell@iastate.edu Jessica Oftelie Mathematics Department Iowa State University Ames,
More information