LIGHT DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
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1 LIGHT DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT REACTIONS Photosynthesis is a two stage process Light dependent reactions o requires DIRECT light energy omakes energy carrier molecules that are used in the dark reaction ooccurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplast Light independent reactions (aka dark reactions): ousually occurs in the dark ouses products (energy carriers) of the light reaction are used to form C C covalent bonds of carbohydrates (carbon fixation) o light products are used up quickly!!! ooccurs in the stroma of the chloroplast 1
2 Chloroplast Structure Pg 214 2
3 Pigment Arrangements Pigments (chlorophyll a, b and cartenoids) are organized into PHOTOSYSTEMS in the thylakoid membrane Photosystems = antenna complex + reaction center antenna complex is made up of accessory pigments (chlorophyll b and carotenoids) reaction center is made up of a chlorophyll a molecule When light of the proper wavelength strikes any pigment in the photosystem, the energy is absorbed The energy is passed on from one pigment molecule to the next until it encounters the REACTION CENTER (chlorophyll a) protein via redox reaction o Chlorophyll a will lose the electron therefore becoming oxidized o Primary electron acceptor will gain electron therefore becoming reduced There are 2 photosystems: Photosystem I (PSI) that has P700 and Photosystem II (PSII) has P680 **** PSII occurs before PSI. They were named according to when they were discovered 3
4 LIGHT REACTIONS step by step 1. Light energy ( a photon) strikes Photosystem II and excites P Electron is passed onto primary electron acceptor, then to Plastoquinone (PQ) 3. At the same time, a Z protein (water splitting complex) splits water: H 2 O 1/2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e The electrons are used to replace the missing electron of P680 Oxygen leaves the cell and released into the atmosphere The protons will build up a positive charge and high concentration in the thylakoid lumen that will drive the chemiosmosis (production of ) 4. Electron is moved to the cytochrome b 6 f complex, which transports a proton from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen at the same time 5. Electron continues to Photosystem I via plastocyanin (where it replaces missing electron) Photosystem I also absorbs light (at 700 nm) 6. Electron is accepted by ferredoxin, then to an enzyme NADP reductase This will USE the electron to produce NADPH in the stroma This uses up H + in the stroma building up the chemiosmotic gradient 7. TO CREATE ATP... The protons built up in the thylakoid lumen will move through the ATP Synthase complex ADP + P ATP (this is called phosphorylation) Since light is required, this specific process is called PHOTOphosphorylation This is known as the LINEAR / NON CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW 4
5 Read Pg 225 for the CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW and look at the diagrams!!! HW: Work on Enzyme project make it beautiful! Read Section 5.1 & Section 5.2 (to pg 225) 5
6 DARK REACTIONS Recall: Dark reactions will occur in the This stage will involve using CO 2 and fixing it into a carbohydrate molecule (glucose) The energy used to drive these reactions comes from the ATP and NADPH formed in the light dependent reactions 6
7 Three Phase Process in this CYCLE: 1) Carbon Fixation CO 2 is added to Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (RuBP) (5C) via the enzyme called Rubisco This big enzyme works slowly Most plant enzymes can process around 1000 substrate molecules per second! Rubisco does 3 substrates / sec.. OH EM GEE... Therefore, to make up for this SLOW process the plant needs LOTS of Rubisco Half of the protein in a leaf = Rubisco! The 6 C intermediate is VERY unstable so it splits into two 3 C molecules called 3 phosphoglycerate (3PG) Since the final product of this first phase are 3C molecules, the Calvin Cycle is also called C 3 photosynthesis C 3 plants undergo this form of carbon fixation 7
8 2) Reverse of Glycolysis / Reduction Reactions 3PG is phosphorylated via ATP to form 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) NADPH is used to reduce 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) One G3P (sugar) leaves the Calvin Cycle as a final product per cycle It takes 2 G3P to become glucose or larger sugars 8
9 3) Reforming of RuBP The remaining G3P are rearrange to form RuBP Rubisco is the enzyme that helps with this formation To rearrange G3P, ATP is used With RuBP again, the cycle can continue to fix CO 2 9
10 10
11 11
12 Leaf Cross Section: Upper epidermis is usually transparent allowing light through The cuticle is a waxy layer that prevents water loss (cacti have very thick cuticles) Palisade layer is the main photosynthetic portion othey have access to light othey have lots of chloroplasts othere are spaces below to release O 2 and get CO 2 Spongy layer provides air spaces for gas exchange and is involved in photosynthesis The Stoma is an opening surrounded by a pair of guard cells which will allow the hole to be open or closed in response to levels of light & temperature 12
13 HW: Read Section 5.1 & Section 5.2 (to pg 225) Read Pg Add to our notes Review: Pg 228 #1 7 Quiz tomorrow: Everything for cellular respiration (chapter 4) MC: marathon runner, 4.3 pg , uses of fermentation 13
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