Plants & Animals: What s the Difference?
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1 Directions: Fill in the blanks. Plants & Animals Overview Segment 1. Plants Are living organisms typically growing in a permanent location Absorb water and inorganic material through a root system Utilize photosynthesis to process sunlight into energy 2. Plants Can grow indoors, in water and on land living in water include: duckweed, water lilies, cattails and others living on land include: ferns, tomato plants, oak trees and others 3. Plants Are categorized into different organizations according to physical and internal characteristics defined by taxonomy taxonomy is a method of classification for all living things example: tomato plants belong to Kingdom Plantae (plants and some algae), with further classification into phylum, class, order and family 4. Plants Are producers, meaning they produce energy which is often consumed by other organisms Are often consumed by herbivores and omnivores, such as rabbits and cattle as a food source herbivores are animals which consume only plant matter for energy omnivores consume both plant and animal matter for energy 5. Plants Can be used for food, fiber and fuel consumed for food include: fruits, grasses and trees utilized for fiber include: cotton plants and grasses utilized for fuel include: corn and sugar cane plants Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 1
2 6. Animals Are living organisms Feed on organic matter for energy matter composed of completely organic materials made from once-living organisms Utilize special sensory systems such as organs and body systems to function 7. Animals Live both in water and on land Represent a diverse population of organisms, including humans Include mammals, fish, birds and insects mammals include: tigers, bears, cats and others fish include: tuna, blue fin, gourami and others birds include: eagles, mockingbirds, vultures and others insects include: plant bugs, ants, cockroaches and others 8. Animals Are categorized into different organizations according to physical and internal characteristics defined by taxonomy example: snails belong to Kingdom Animalia (all living animals), with further classification into phylum, class, order and family 9. Animals Are consumers, meaning they consume plants and other animals for energy and nutrients Are used for food, leisure and companionship Include species who have been domesticated by humans for agricultural purposes Fun Fact: Carnivores are animals which consume other animals for energy. Cellular Comparison Segment 1. Cellular Make Up Represents sharp differences between plants and animals Refers to the composition of cells, including: organelles, chemical content and structure Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 2
3 2. Plant Cells cell membrane cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus mitochondria nucleus ribosomes vacuoles cell wall chloroplasts Utilize photosynthesis to provide energy to the entire plant 3. Plant Cell Anatomy 4. Cell Membrane Is also known as the plasma membrane Is comprised of proteins and phospholipids Regulates which substances enter and exit the cell Protects the cell from damage Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 3
4 5. Cytoplasm Is a jelly-like substance composed of mostly water which fills the majority of the cell Also contains ribosomes, proteins, metabolic molecules and some forms of RNA Fun Fact: RNA stands for ribonucleic acid and assists in the pathway from DNA to protein. 6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Is a transport system for various molecules and substances moving throughout the cell Includes two different structures: the smooth (ER) metabolizes carbohydrates and lipids rough (ER) have ribosomes attached 7. Golgi Apparatus Is composed of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs and vesicles Is primarily utilized for transporting, modifying and packaging proteins Secretes hormones and lipids 8. Mitochondria Are the power plants of the cell Are the main site for energy generation within the cell 9. Nucleus Is the site for DNA and RNA storage and transcription Is the site for ribosome assembly 10. Ribosomes Are the sites for protein synthesis Are abundant throughout the cell 11. Vacuoles Are found in both animal and plant cells Are much larger in plant cells than animal cells Are mostly utilized for storage of water and nutrients Will also sequester toxins Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 4
5 12. Cell Wall Is found only in plant cells Surrounds the cell Is utilized for extra protection and support 13. Chloroplast Is found only in plant cells Is the site for photosynthesis Produces sugar from the energy provided by photosynthesis 14. Animal Cells cell membrane cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus mitochondria nucleus ribosomes vacuoles centrioles lysosomes Utilize external sources for energy Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 5
6 15. Animal Cell 16. Cell Membrane Is also known as the plasma membrane Is comprised of proteins and phospholipids Regulates the substances which enter and exit the cell Protects the cell from damage Fun Fact: Phospholipids are lipids composed of fatty acids and phosphates. 17. Cytoplasm Is a jelly-like substance composed of mostly water which fills the majority of the cell Also contains ribosomes, proteins, metabolic molecules and some forms of RNA Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 6
7 18. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Is a transport system for various molecules and substances moving throughout the cell Includes two different kinds: the smooth (ER) metabolizes carbohydrates and lipids rough (ER) have ribosomes attached 19. Golgi Apparatus Is composed of flattened membrane enclosed sacs and vesicles Is primarily utilized for transporting, modifying and packaging proteins Secretes hormones and lipids 20. Mitochondria Are the power plants of the cell Are the main site for energy generation within the cell 21. Nucleus Is the site for DNA and RNA storage and transcription Is the site for ribosome assembly 22. Ribosomes Are the sites for protein synthesis Are abundant throughout the cell 23. Vacuoles Are found in both animal and plant cells Are much larger in plant cells than animal cells Are mostly utilized for storage of water and nutrients Will also sequester toxins 24. Centrioles Are utilized for cell division during mitosis and meiosis mitosis is the process of a single cell division meiosis is the process of two cell divisions Are composed of microtubules Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 7
8 25. Lysosomes Are found primarily in animal cells Are abundant throughout most animal cells Function as digestive mechanisms within the cell, breaking down biological polymers, including: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates 26. Cellular Similarities & Differences Physical Comparison Segment 1. Physical Traits Are defined by the anatomical features of plants and animals Distinguish plants and animals in many important ways including: energy consumption reproduction basic anatomy Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 8
9 2. Plant Anatomy Is defined by the surrounding environment Includes: stems provide stability leaves provide the location for energy conversion flowers utilized for reproduction fruits used to disperse seeds 3. Stems Support the leaves, flowers and fruits of plants Conduct movement of water and nutrients to and from the roots and leaves Store water 4. Stem Types aerial grow above ground subterranean grow below ground acaulescent no obvious stem above or below ground 5. Leaves Are the major site of food production for the plant (chloroplasts) Contain structures which convert sunlight to chemical energy (photosynthesis) 6. Leaf Types simple not divided into separate units compound leaflets arranged on both sides of an axis Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 9
10 7. Flowers Are organs for sexual reproduction Produce gametes Play a key role in pollination Fun Fact: Gametes are mature male or female sex cells able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction. 8. Flower Types complete has stamen, pistil, petals and sepals incomplete one part missing 9. Flower Types perfect both stamen and pistil are present and functioning imperfect stamen or pistil is missing 10. Fruit Evolves from the maturing ovary after pollination and fertilization May be either fleshy or dry in appearance Plants produce fruit to protect and disseminate seeds Contains one or more seeds 11. Fruit Types simple formed from one ovary aggregate formed from a single flower with many ovaries multiple developed from a fusion of separate flowers on a single structure Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 10
11 12. Animal Anatomy Is defined by structures utilized for movement and the environment surrounding the animal Includes: skeletal structures provide stability, support and movement muscular system provide the ability of movement organs aid in development body systems function to foster growth 13. Skeletal Structures Exist to provide animals support Form a relationship with the muscular system which allows for movement Are not utilized by invertebrates such as insects Includes: endoskeleton skeleton inside the body exoskeleton skeleton outside of the body 14. Tissues Are groups of cells which have similar functions, structures and purposes Form many structures within the body, including muscles and organs 15. Muscular System Is composed of specialized cells with unique features called muscle fibers Is controlled by the nervous system 16. Muscular System Supports movement and assists in other body functions example: for the human knee to straighten, one group of muscles at the front of the thigh must contract and muscles behind the knee must relax Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 11
12 17. Muscle Types skeletal muscle responsible for skeletal movements, voluntarily controlled by organisms smooth muscle found within hollow organs such as the bladder, uterus and blood vessels; involuntarily controlled by the nervous system cardiac muscle found within the heart, involuntarily controlled by the nervous system 18. Muscle Types Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 12
13 19. Organs Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to serve a specific function for the body Often belong to larger body systems to serve a particular purpose for the organism Fun Fact: Tissues are groups of cells which have similar functions, structures and purposes. They form many structures within the body, including muscles and organs. 20. Organ Types skin usually the largest organ and acts as a defense against disease and physical harm lungs are a pair of organs responsible for respiration heart an organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body 21. Organ Types For digestion include: esophagus tube which utilizes rhythmic constriction and relaxation to bring food to the stomach stomach organ which churns food and mixes it with digestive enzymes for further processing intestines organs utilized for chemical digestion and removal of waste 22. Body Systems Are specialized groups of organs and other body parts designed to carry out specific tasks for the organism Are not universally identical from animal-to-animal Will not be used the same way by all animals Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 13
14 23. Body Systems nervous system of organs utilizing nerve impulses to control various parts of the body including muscles and other organs digestive system of organs, including the stomach, esophagus and intestines, which process food for energy absorption and eliminate waste 24. Body Systems circulatory system of organs, including arteries and veins, responsible for transporting materials throughout the body excretion system of organs, including the anus and colon, responsible for processing and removing waste from the body 25. Body Systems respiratory system of organs, including the larynx, trachea and lungs; conducting air for blood cells and exchanging gas reproductive system of organs, including the testes in males and ovaries in females; are responsible for the creation of sperm and eggs utilized for reproduction and development of offspring Life Cycle Comparison Segment 1. Life Cycles Are the changes and growth an organism experiences during its life, including reproduction Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 14
15 2. Life Cycles Define sharp separation between plants and animals in regards to reproduction and age 3. Life Cycle of Plants 4. Plant Life Cycles Include sexual and asexual propagation through structures such as flowers and spores and then dispersal by mature plants Often include an infancy stage May last for a few short hours or several decades 5. Plant Reproduction Is either sexual or asexual Utilizes appendages such as flowers to propagate, with male and female systems most often included on the same plant Is often aided by other organisms and nature through pollination Fun Fact: The process of transferring pollen from the anther, the male sexual organ, to the stigma, the female sexual organ, is called pollination. Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 15
16 6. Sexual Reproduction Requires male and female organs, often included on the same plant like conifers Occurs when male and female organs from mature plants exchange reproductive materials Most often utilizes structures such as flowers to develop seeds and fruits to protect them 7. Flowers Are structures utilized by plants most often classified as angiosperms Include male and female organs, such as stamens and ovaries 8. Seeds Are units of reproduction utilized by flowering plants Can be utilized for sexual or asexual reproduction Are often protected from harm by fruit as with apples and oranges, or by a shell, as with pecans and peas 9. Fruits Are the by-product of many forms of plant reproduction Often include seeds within, protecting them as they grow 10. Asexual Reproduction Also classified as vegetative reproduction, includes different methods, such as separation, dispersal and utilization of non-fertilized seeds 11. Separation Occurs when a plant, for example, potato plants fragment and produce new offspring with the genetic material of the parent plant 12. Dispersion Occurs when mature plants, including special varieties of mosses, produce sporophytes, which are spore producing structures which then germinate with a gametophyte structure Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 16
17 13. Non-Fertilized Seeds Are utilized when mature plants, such as dandelions, produce an embryo within an ovary structure and produce seeds within the structure itself, with no fertilization necessary 14. Infancy Stages Are common in plants, especially trees, which often live for several decades Involve a period of slow growth and immaturity, in which a plant is unable to reproduce and is more susceptible to damage and death 15. Variety of Age Is incredibly diverse in plants, with some living for just hours, and others living for decades Depends on the purpose a plant is serving and the environment in which it exists Fun Fact: Some species of algae live for just hours, while trees like the Redwood and Bristlecone pine can live for decades. 16. Energy in Plants Is produced during photosynthesis Is consumed in the form of sugars which are the product of photosynthesis Comes from sunlight Is used for growth and reproduction Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 17
18 17. Animal Life Cycle 18. Animal Life Cycles Are defined by utilization of sexual reproduction Include infancy and immaturity, in which young animals are unable to reproduce and perform the same tasks as mature animals May last for a few short days or several decades 19. Sexual Reproduction in Animals Involves one male and one female Utilizes the combination of male sperm with a female egg to propagate Promotes variation, as offspring receive genetic traits from both parents Is dependent upon a reproductive cycle 20. Animal Reproduction Is most often sexual, with a few smaller organisms such as flatworms and various insects reproducing asexually Most often requires one male and one female for propagation 21. Reproductive Cycles Vary greatly among animal species Are impacted by the environment surrounding an animal, with the time of day used for breeding depending on the day length and the characteristics of the species Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 18
19 22. Infancy Stages Vary in length, from a few short days to several years Involve a period of slow growth and immaturity, in which an animal is unable to reproduce and is more susceptible to injury and death Often include heavy dependence on the mother 23. Variety of Age Is incredibly diverse among animals with some living for just hours and others living for more than 100 years Depends on the purpose an animal is serving and the environment in which it lives Fun Fact: The Mayfly is known to live no longer than 24 hours and the Galapagos Turtle is known to live over 100 years. 24. Energy in Animals Comes from organisms which have been consumed, including plants and other animals Such as deer, which are herbivores, consume plants for energy Such as lions, which are carnivores, consume other animals for energy 25. Variation Is increased diversity among continuing generations Is the result of sexual reproduction, with two individuals passing traits from their lineage to a new offspring 26. Life Cycle Similarities Between plants and animals similarities are most notable through sexual reproduction, although plants also reproduce asexually Include an infancy stage, continual nutrient and energy consumption and differing length of time varying by species 27. Life Cycle Differences Between plants and animals differences are numerous Include plant utilization of seeds, utilization of flowers and spores and asexual reproduction Accompanies: Plants & Animals: What s the Difference? 19
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