Toward an optimal spectral quality for plant growth and development: Interactions among species and photon flux. Bruce Bugbee Utah State University

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1 Toward an optimal spectral quality for plant growth and development: Interactions among species and photon flux Bruce Bugbee Utah State University Sun-free farming: Indoor crops under the spotlight New Scientist - February 15

2 History of Electric lighting 8 years ago 1 kw Lamp Designed and built by Westinghouse to simulate full sunlight On display at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry Nine cardinal parameters light temperature wind humidity CO Root-zone temperature water Nutrients Oxygen

3 Plant Physiology 3 rd edition, Chlorophyll absorbs minimal green light

4 Plant Physiology th edition, 15 Multiple pigments absorb nearly all radiation from to 7 nm

5 Yield Photon Flux (YPF) Keith McCree 197-1

6 Figure 3. Yield photon flux curve. Nelson JA, Bugbee B (1) Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(): e991. doi:1.1371/journal.pone Katsumi Inada. Plant and Cell Physiology. 197.

7 Increased blue light fraction causes decreased cell expansion, reduced radiation capture, and reduced growth but makes plant morphology more like the field High pressure sodium. % blue 1. g Metal Halide. % blue 8.9 g Dougher and Bugbee.. Effect of Blue light on plants. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1:33-39 Relative Stem Length Stem Length wheat soybean lettuce Blue Light Fraction (%) Dougher and Bugbee.. Effect of Blue light on plants. Photochem. Photobiol. 1:33-39

8 Cool Neutral Warm Fluorescent PPF = YPF = PPE = Volts = Amps = Watts = YPF/PPF = % Blue = PPF Efficiency = YPF Efficiency = cool white neutral 9. warm white

9 cool white neutral warm white Toward an optimal spectral quality for plant growth and development: Interactions among species and photon flux Plant growth: Plant development: mass or weight shape

10 Cope, Snowden, & Bugbee. 1. Photobiological Interactions of Blue Light and Photosynthetic Photon Flux: Effects of Monochromatic and Broad-Spectrum Light Sources. Photochemistry and Photobiology. DOI: /php.133 Cope, Snowden, & Bugbee. 1. Interactions of Blue Light and Photosynthetic Photon Flux. Photochemistry and Photobiology. Tomato Dry Mass (g m - ground ) 1 8 -% p =.3-7% p =.3 TOMATO 1 3

11 Leaf Area Index (m leaf m- ground ) % p =. -8% p =. TOMATO 1 3 Photosynthetic Efficiency Dry Mass per Leaf Area (g m - ) TOMATO 1 3

12 Percent Blue Light Dry Mass (g m - ground ) 1 8 Warm 11 % -% p =.3-7% p =.3 Red-Blue 1 % Rd-Gr-Bl 1 % TOMATO Neutral 19 % Cool 8 % % p =.3-7% p =.3 TOMATO 1 8 -% p =.3 CUCUMBER Dry Mass (g m - ground ) LETTUCE RADISH -17% p = % p =.5 WHEAT PEPPER Note two fold greater scale 1 3 Note two fold greater scale 1 3

13 TOMATO CUCUMBER Photosynthetic Efficiency, Dry Mass per Leaf Area (g m - ) LETTUCE WHEAT 1 RADISH PEPPER % p =.3 5.1% p = % p =.5 1.% p =.5 13.% p = n= Leaf Area Index (m leaf m- ground ) 3. TOMATO 3. CUCUMBER LETTUCE WHEAT 3. RADISH PEPPER % p =. -8% p =. -39% p = % p =.1-15% p =.9-5% p =. 1 3 Note two fold greater scale

14 Stem Length (cm) % p =.1-5% p =.1-3% p =.3 TOMATO LETTUCE RADISH CUCUMBER % p =. -% p =. -3% p =.5-1% p =.3 WHEAT PEPPER 1 3 n= Petiole Length (cm) 8 TOMATO CUCUMBER 8 RADISH PEPPER -19% p =.8-17% p =. -1% p =.1-31% p = % p =

15 Green Light penetrates deeper than red or blue light Sun et al (1998) Terashima et al (9) 1 TOMATO 1 CUCUMBER 8 8 Dry Mass (g m - ground ) 1 8 LETTUCE RADISH p = WHEAT PEPPER Note two fold greater scale Green Light (% of PPF) Note two fold greater scale Green Light (% of PPF)

16 TOMATO CUCUMBER Photosynthetic Efficiency, Dry Mass per Leaf Area (g m - ) LETTUCE WHEAT 1 RADISH PEPPER 1 p = Green Light (% of PPF) Green Light (% of PPF) n= 3. TOMATO 3. CUCUMBER p =. Leaf Area Index (m leaf m- ground ) p =.3.5. LETTUCE p = WHEAT 3. RADISH PEPPER Green Light (% of PPF) 3 1 Note two fold greater scale Green Light (% of PPF)

17 Effect of Plant Morphology meristem Erectophile most monocots Planophile most dicots Monocots appear to be less sensitive to light quality, Perhaps because their meristem in protected below several leaf layers Figure. Canopy photon capture efficiency. Nelson JA, Bugbee B (1) Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(): e991. doi:1.1371/journal.pone.991

18 Figure. Effect of canopy capture efficiency on average annual cost over five years. Nelson JA, Bugbee B (1) Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(): e991. doi:1.1371/journal.pone Figure 5. Effect of electricity price on average annual cost over five years for two capture scenarios. Nelson JA, Bugbee B (1) Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(): e991. doi:1.1371/journal.pone.991

19 Figure. Effect of drive amperage and color on photon efficiency of LEDs. Nelson JA, Bugbee B (1) Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(): e991. doi:1.1371/journal.pone.991

20 Diffuse light penetrates deeper into plant canopies than direct light

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