Phylogeny of Spiralia

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1 Phylogeny of Spiralia Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia

2 Practice Exam Essay Pretend that I am cookie monster and I ask you to explain the animal kingdom to me. In a 2-3 page essay describe the nature of the animal kingdom. Select 4 of the following themes and describe variations, patterns, similarities and differences across ALL of the phyla we have learned.

3 Protostome Phylogeny Etc. Rotifera, etc. Eutrochozoa Deuterostome embryology Ecydsozoa Locotrophozoa shed skin don tshed skin Protostome embryology sk. Eumetazoa

4 Lophophorates pgs especially Ectoprocta (also called Bryozoa)

5 Phylogeny of Lophotrochozoa Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Phoronida Branchiopoda Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia

6 arc of ciliated tentacles for feeding, respiration, and excretion Lophophore Hickman Fig. 22-1, 22-2 feeding (a different species)

7 phylum Ectoprocta compare Hickman Fig eucoelomate lophophorates Sessile, marine or freshwater colonial,individuals microscopic > 4,000 species, abundant

8 Ectoprocta Anatomy fig 22-2 extended retracted anus zoecium lophophore mouth intestine esophagus coelom colony plant stem zooid

9 21. Spiralia

10 Spiralia Spiralia - all protostomes with spiral clevage at the third division Includes Lophotrochozoa, and (separately) Rotifera and Platyhelminthes Lophotrochozoa should be a subdivision of Spiralia, which should be parallel to Ecdysozoa

11 Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia

12 Branching of Protostomes 3rd cleavage division lophotrochozoans, rotifers, and flatworms spiral ecdysozoans superficial or other

13 3rd basic deuterostome pattern Cleavage Division compare Campbell p. 163 Spiralia pattern

14 Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia

15 Water Bears compare Hickman Fig phylum Tardigrada

16 Tardigrade Characteristics metameric appendages with claws chitinous cuticle, shed to grow tiny, no respiratory or circulatory organs diecious remarkable ability to dry out, freeze, etc.

17 Tardigrade Biology eat cell contents of mosses or algae, or prey on small animals, using stylet ~ 800 species in moss, soil, and pond and ocean sediments

18 Tardigrade Anatomy (fig 21-14) hemocoel

19 Diecious Sexual Reproduction previous cuticle of female shed skin holds fertilized eggs

20 Cryptobiosis compare p. 447 adults live in suspended animation for years lose most of their water thicken the cuticle protect cells with special proteins

21 Velvet Walking Worm Hickman Fig phylum Onychophora

22 Onychophora Biology shed chitinous cuticle to grow, diecious main body cavity is an unlined hemocoel breathe by tracheal system appendages are unjointed and have claws metameric excretory sacs and pores flexible antennae

23 Onychophora Biology carnivorous - entangle prey with slime ~ 100 species in moist tropical forest litter similar to Cambrian marine fossils

24 Ecdysozoan Phyla for ZO 110 Nematoda Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda

25 Ecdysozoa... have a non-living cuticle, shed to grow have an unlined main body cavity pseudocoelom or hemocoel lack cilia are mostly diecious

26 Tardigrada vs. Nematoda... 1 similarities have pumping pharynx with stylets produce resting eggs adults capable of cryptobiosis

27 Tardigrades vs. Nematodes 2 differences tardigrades have metameric nerves and appendages not reliant on pressurized body cavity for locomotion tardigrade gonads and excretory organ (Malpighian tubules) attach to gut

28 Similarities Tardigrades and Onychophora chitinous cuticle metameric appendages with claws ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia Differences tardigrades lack antennae, jaws and a respiratory system excretory systems are different

30 Relationships among Nematoda Ecdysozoa Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda

31 Review! 1. List two ecdysozoan phyla with appendages that are not jointed. 2. List two eutrochozoan phyla. 3. List a phylum that is in the group Spiralia but not in the subgroup Lophotrochozoa.

32 Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia

33 Arthropoda The Most Successful Phylum

34 Diversity of Arthropoda > 2,000,000 species (estimated) our worst pests and valuable helpers Three subphyla and numerous classes, many of which are very diverse

35 Arthropod Characteristics chitinous cuticle thickened to exoskeleton metameric, jointed appendages two or more adapted as mouthparts hemocoel as main body cavity dorsal heart with open circulatory system coelom remnant in gonads

36 Cuticle mainly chitin tough, flexible, glucose-amine polymer stiffened with calcium carbonate in crustaceans permeable but resists chemicals waterproofed with waxes in insects protection, support, muscle attachment

37 Exoskeleton Structure compare Hickman cuticle

38 Arthropod Tagmata tagmata = metameres fused into functional units; singular is tagma 3 basic tagmata in all arthropods: head, thorax, abdomen head + thorax = cephalothorax thorax + abdomen = trunk

39 Segmentation and Anatomy Metameres of an insect

40 Mouthparts (Head Appendages) Modified legs Uniramia and Crustacea antennae for sensing sound, touch, smell mandibles for chewing maxillae for tasting and handling food Chelicerata Pedipalps and chelicera for tasting and handling food

41 Arthropoda Classification Subphyla: Chelicerata spiders, scorpions Uniramia centipedes, millipedes, insects Crustacea shrimp, crayfish (a fourth, Trilobitomorpha, is extinct)

42 Arthropoda Types Uniramia Crustacea Chelicerata Trilobitomorpha fossil

43 Subphylum Chelicerata Arthropods with Chelicera

44 Chelicerate Classes Merostomata horseshoe crabs marine, only 4 species, benthic predators Pycnogonida (sea spiders) not required Arachnida spiders, mites, etc. > 73,000 species terrestrial and freshwater many feeding types

45 Chelicerate Characteristics cephalothorax mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps 4 pairs of walking legs coxal glands for excretion (like Onychophora) abdomen ovipositors or spinnerets in some

46 Merostomata Fig horseshoe crabs

47 Merostomate Anatomy compare Hickman Fig. 18-2

48 Aranea spiders Acari ticks and mites Opiliones daddy longlegs Scorpionida scorpions Class Arachnida

49 Aranea Anatomy Fig pierce-&-suck carnivores - chelicera are poison fangs

50 Dangerous Spiders Hickman Fig brown recluse black widow

51 Acari Anatomy parasites, detritivores, herbivores, predators

52 Acari Diversity compare Hickman Fig , mange, follicle, and dust mites litter mites

53 Dangerous Ticks after blood meal Carry diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever Lymedisease dog ticks deer ticks

54 Scorpionida Anatomy carnivores (eat pieces of prey)

55 Opiliones Anatomy carnivores and omnivores, eat particulate food

56 subphylum Crustacea Arthropods with Crusty Exoskeletons - General Characteristics

57 Chelicerate Characteristics cephalothorax mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps 4 pairs of walking legs coxal glands for excretion (like Onychophora) abdomen ovipositors or spinnerets in some

58 Crustacea (subphylum) about 40,000 species mostly marine, but many freshwater terrestrial roly-poly bug, too may be carnivores, herbivores, detritivores, or parasites widely variable in size and shape

59 General Crustacean Features arthropods with biramous appendages tagmata are (usually) cephalothorax and abdomen twopairs of antennae mouthparts: mandibles 1st and 2nd pairs of maxillae (marine, benthic cephalocarid)

60 External Crustacean Anatomy compare Hickman Fig. 19-3

61 Internal Crustacean Anatomy Hickman Fig. 19-5

62 Crayfish gill Appendages Endopod Biramous Exopod Head: antennae (2 pr.), mandible, maxillae (2 pr.) Thorax: maxillipeds (3 pr.), walking legs (5 pr.) Abdomen: pleopods, uropod 19-3

63 Crayfish Head Appendages 19-4

64 Crayfish Thoracic Appendages

65 Crayfish Abdominal Appendages

66 Crustacean Larvae Larva (definition): immature life stage differing from adult in form and habits marine, benthic, decapod crustaceans have planktonic larvae entirely planktonic, copepod crustaceans have nauplius larvae however, amphipod and isopod crustaceans have direct development inside a marsupium including marine species

67 Crustacean Larvae 19-9

68 Crustacea in Mixed Plankton ostracod Sample (Chesapeake Bay) crab larva cladoceran copepod copepod barnacle larva

69 Crustacean Diversity

70 CrustaceaTaxato Learn selected classes: Branchiopodafairy shrimp, "water fleas" Copepoda Cirripedia Malacostraca copepods barnacles large crustaceans plus selected malacostracan orders: Decapoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda

71 Branchiopoda Daphnia fairy shrimp (Anostraca) Cladocera ( water fleas )

72 Strange Crustacean Wonders Mantis shrimp Japanese spider crab

73 Daphnia Hickman Fig c 1 mm parthenogenetic eggs

74 Cladoceran Parthenogenesis Daphnia adult female parthenogenesis meiosis haploid egg haploid adult male sperm diploid egg diploid resting egg sexual reproduction

75 female copepod with eggs Copepoda compare Hickman Fig freshwater planktonic copepods 1 mm

76 Copepod nauplius larva Fig

77 Cirripedia compare Hickman Fig acorn barnacle anatomy

78 Barnacle Reproduction

79 Class Malacostraca the larger Crustacea orders: Decapoda: crayfish, shrimp, crabs, lobsters Amphipoda: sideswimmers or scuds Isopoda: roly-poly bugs, sea lice

80 Start here

81 Amphipoda Malacostraca Decapoda Isopoda Decapoda

82 Some More Malacostraca giant, deepwater amphipod cleaner shrimp euphausiid

83 Economic Value of Decapods important seafoods marine lobsters, crabs, and shrimp freshwater prawns and crayfish major part of marine food webs including baleen whales

84 Whale Food Chain baleen whale euphausiids diatoms

85 Parasitic Crustacea isopod copepods

86 Arthropods on Land Subphylum Uniramia Classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda

87 Uniramian Adaptations for Land cuticle waxed to hold water better tracheal system to respire in air excrete urea or uric acid Both are less toxic than ammonia, may be voided with less water loss insects evolved wings from dorsolateral, thoracic ridges

88 Insect Tracheal System

89 Invasion of Land by Arthropods Cambrian invertebrates were all marine Land arthropods first fossilized in Silurian Period (Campbell Table 25.1) About same time as plants, well before chordates Primitive spiders, then millipedes and insects 3rd Period of Paleozoic Era, about 430 million years ago

90 compare Campbell Fig amphibians arthropods plants exclusively marine animals

91 subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda - centipedes Class Diplopoda - millipedes Class Insecta

92 Centipedes are Carnivores Head appendages: * antennae * (epistome) poison fangs * mandible * 1 st maxilla * 2 nd maxilla

93 Centipede Diversity

94 Millipedes are Detritivores Head appendages: * antennae * labrum * mandibles * maxillae (1 pr.)

95 Millipede Diversity (order names not required)

96 Millipedes Must Stay Moist egg mound

97 Primitive Insecta Resemble the Many-Legged Uniramia Wingless insects - microscopic, live in leaf litter and soil

98 Insect Mouth Parts centipedes millipedes insects (as second maxillae)

99 Pop Quiz 7 1. What is the term for the fundamental pattern of Crustacea appendages? 2. List two, general ways that larvae differ from adults of the same species. 3. What is the most posterior mouthpart of Crustacea?

100 Insects The Most Diverse Animals Hickman Pg 411

101 Categories of Insects phylum Arthropoda, subphylum Uniramia class Insecta Wingless insects (several orders) Winged insects: Incomplete metamorphosis (several orders) Gradual metamorphosis (several orders) Complete metamorphosis (several orders)

102 Wingless Insects springtails

103 Incomplete Metamorphosis Wingpads visible in larvae mayfly damselfly wing pads wing pads

104 Gradual Metamorphosis larvae resemble adults without wings cockroach

105 Complete Metamorphosis egg larvae pupa adult beetle eggs ant adult adult larva pupa adult

106 Reproduction Diecious, usually sexual Sometimes parthenogenetic e.g., some flies, wasps, and aphids but does NOT produce resting eggs

107 Wings Usually, 2 pairs 2nd & 3rd thoracic segments

108 Unusual Wings 1st pair forms wing covers 2nd pair converted to halteres

109 Abdominal Appendages compare Hickman Fig male claspers female ovipositors

110 Flowering-Plant-Insect Coevolution Many insects are pollinators Most insects are phytophagous (= herbivorous)

111 Parasitoids biocontrol of pests host-species-specific Fig

112 wood-eaters Insect Pests

113 More Insect Pests Blood-suckers crab louse mosquito Hickman Fig Also: fleas, blackflies, horseflies, buffalo gnats, punkies, bedbugs

114 Social Insects Hickman Fig honeybees and ants termites

Arthropoda ARTHRO JOINTED PODA FEET

Arthropoda ARTHRO JOINTED PODA FEET The arthropods are a group of animals which has attained the greatest biological success largest number of species and individuals and occupy the greatest number of