Charles Barnes Universidad de la Américas Ecuador

Transcription

1 Charles Barnes Universidad de la Américas Ecuador

2 Overview Are there good molecular marker, or genes to identify Berberis species? No Are there good or standard morphological traits to identify Berberis species? No Is there any hope?

3 Genera in Berberidaceae Achlys Berberis Bongardia Caulophyllum Diphylleia Dysosma Epimedium Gymnospermium Jeffersonia Leontice Mahonia Nandina Odostemon Plagiorhegma Ranzania Sinopodophyllum Vancouveria KEW, MBG, NYBG etc.

4 A good place to start Taxonomic and phytogeographic implications from ITS phylogeny in Berberis (Berberidaceae) Young-Dong Kim et al. 2004

5 Simple leaf Berberis ITS is good at geography Compound leaf Berberis

6 Berberidaceae The distributions of 17 genera of Berberidaceae indicate that they are predominantly Laurasian

7 Berberis Berberis is the only exception It was believed that simple-leaved Berberis had two centers of diversity, one in Asia and the other in South America However, the ITS phylogeny suggests a single origin of simple-leaved Berberis and an early division into South American and Asian groups. (Young-Dong Kim 2004)

8 Vicariance events Compound-leaf Berberis Simple-leaf Berberis Other families too

9 Naming Berberis 1,022 species names for the genus Berberis recorded in The Plant List, are as follows: Status Total Percent Accepted % Synonym % Unplaced % Unassessed % Greatest diversity in South America, Asia, Africa

10 Mahonia / Berberis Berberis nervosa, Mahonia nervosa

11 Mahonia / Berberis

12 Berberis

13 Mahonia / Berberis Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici infects both

14 Gran Colombia

15 Gran Colombia

16 Gran Colombia Colombia Ecuador Venezuela

17 Yellow Fabrics Wood Leather Always in the roots Berberine

18 Edible berries, rich in vitamin C Anti-fungal properties (Candida albicans, yeasts) Berberine is considered antibiotic (Staphylococcus aureus) Significant anti-inflammatory activities Diabetes Lowers cholesterol Berberine Suppresses growth of some tumors

19 Can t eradicate it Long cultural history In Ecuador, it s above 2500m (8000 ft) Sweden repealed the barberry eradication law in 1994

20 Solutions Could we replace susceptible species with nonsusceptible? Or grow wheat in safe areas.

21 rbcl and matk ribose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase LSU maturase K

22 Universal Plant DNA Barcode Loci May Not Work in Complex Groups: A Case Study with Indian Berberis Species (Plos One, 2010) rbcl and matk (UPB) ITS and trna histidine--photosystem II protein D1 - spacer region trnh-psba Tried all combinations Combination of ITS-trnH-psbA worked best (UPB worst) Neither sequence or AFLPs resolved species or sections (created in but questioned now) Clustered more to geographic region than to species

23 ITS only Taxonomic and phytogeographic implications from ITS phylogeny in Berberis (Berberidaceae) Kim, Y. D. (2004) Some of these names are unresolved in the Plant list

24 So what is useful? Name Full name Gene location Number of Genbank sequences ITS ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 Nuclear 562 matk maturase K Chloroplast 213 psba Photosystem II protein D1 Chloroplast 211 trnh often with psba Chloroplast 209 rbcl ribose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase LSU Chloroplast 189 rpoc1 RNA polymerase C Chloroplast 55 psbk Photosystem II protein K Chloroplast 54 atph ATPase subunit III Nuclear 54 trnl trna Leu Chloroplast 9

25 Mophology

26 Stem Spines Texture Shape Color Branching Number Size Leaves Nature Color Texture Length/Width ratio Density Base Margin Apex Petiole Inflorescence Nature Number Petal size Stamen Ovules Style Morphological Character key India

27 Combination Carmen Ulloa will put together a morphology key We ll work on the sequence

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29 Eurasia Berberis ITS ML NA / Asia South America

30 ITS sequence of Berberis sp. in Ecuador Ecuador

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32 ITS sequence of Rust species in Ecuador B. grandiflora Ecuador B. pichichensis B. hallii

33 ITS and trnh-psba We have only 7 samples that have both ITS says we have 4 species trnh-psba we have 5 (4 different B. hallii) Concatenated? Maybe a way of looking at hybridization

34 trnh-psba

35 trnh-psba 7 base repeat 24 base repeat

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37 Edythea quitensis

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39 Puccinia graminis

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41 Sequenced as P. graminis (3X)

42 Rust species based on ITS sequence Host species Puccinia Puccinia Puccinia Puccinia Puccinia Edythea Uromyces Uromyces holcina coronata striiformis graminis sp. quitensis transversalis pencanus Agrostis sp Anthoxanthum sp Bromus sp B. chatharticus Dactylis glomerata Holcus lanatus Nasella sp Sporobulus sp Paspalum sp Not identified Berberis sp B. grandiflora B. hallii Gladiolus sp Luzula sp Total

43 Concluding remarks Are the Berberis susceptible? Other molecular markers or techniques are possible, but maybe not universally available Identification and characterization of microsatellites from calafate (Berberis microphylla, Berberidaceae) in Chile (Varas,B., Castro,M.H. et al, 2013)

44 Methods ITS primers are universal Best DNA from young leafs > petals > old leaves We re working on a method to get DNA from old museum samples.

45 Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pasochoa, Pichincha, ECUADOR Carlos E. Cerón, Robin B. Foster, Carmen Ulloa, Peter M. Jorgensen

46 History of Berberis in US P. D. Peterson