4.1 Classification. 1. Use the words below to fill in the spaces: example of a. 2. What does the word classification mean? characteristics.

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1 Questions 4.1 Classification 1. Use the words below to fill in the spaces: All organisms can be divided into groups called taxonomic groups. The largest kingdom at the upper level is called a. species At the lowest level we find the. taxon Members of this level can produce fertil offspring. The domestic cat is an example of a. species Choose from: species (2x!), kingdom, taxon, divided, taxonomic, fertile 2. What does the word classification mean? Arranging items of animals in specific groups with similar characteristics. 3. Suggest a way of classifying your classmates into four different groups. Answer may vary per student 4. Name (1) a mammal that eats plants, (2) a mammal that can fly and (3) a mammal that lives in the oceans Example: cow, deer, sheep, goat, horse, rabbit Example: bat, pigeon, butterfly, fly, wasp 3. Example: whale, jelly fish, shrimp, shark, tuna, dolphin

2 4.2 The five kingdoms 5. To which kingdom do the following organisms belong? Organism Grass Amoeba Human Mushroom Oak tree Sea anemone Hydra Kingdom Plants Protists Animals Fungi Plants Animals Animals 4.3 The kingdom of bacteria 6. What are the 3 important cell organelles found in all bacteria? Cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm 7. There are three major shapes of bacteria. Draw a picture of each and label them. Spheres Spirals Rods

3 4.2 The five kingdoms 5. To which kingdom do the following organisms belong? Organism Grass Amoeba Human Mushroom Oak tree Sea anemone Hydra Kingdom Plants Protists Animals Fungi Plants Animals Animals 4.3 The kingdom of bacteria 6. What are the 3 important cell organelles found in all bacteria? Cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm 7. There are three major shapes of bacteria. Draw a picture of each and label them. Spheres Spirals Rods

4 Questions 8. Bacteria reproduce by division. Explain what this means. That a bacterium splits in two and that the two separate bacteria will grow into fully grown bacteria. The two bacteria are identical. 9. Bacteria can multiply every 20 minutes. This rapid division is called exponential growth. Calculate how many bacteria have grown from a single bacterium after 4 hours (240 minutes). Complete the table below with your answers: Time (minutes) No. of bacteria Time (minutes) (continued) No. of bacteria (continued) x 20 = x 20 = 20 1 x 2 = 2 8 x 20 = x 20 = 40 2 x 2 = 4 9 x 20 = x 20 = 60 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 10 x 20 = x 20 = x 20 = x 20 = x 20 = x 20 = Growing a bacterial culture Bacteria are microorganisms that grow everywhere. We can collect and grow them in specially prepared Petri dishes. A single bacterium is too small to see without a microscope. However, as bacteria divide, they form small colonies that you can see with the naked eye. You will transfer bacteria directly to the prepared Petri dish via direct contact. You will test the effectiveness of soap by treating different Petri dishes with dirty hands before washing and clean hands after washing. You will also press a variety of common objects like coins, combs, etc. onto different plates and compare the bacterial growth that results. What do you need? Prepared Petri dishes with agar medium and nutrients Bacteria on hands and other small objects (coins, combs etc.) Marker pen (waterproof) Masking tape Soap or other detergent 4

5 What do you have to do? 1. Turn the Petri dish upside-down and divide the bottom into 4 quarters, by drawing a cross with a marker pen. 2. Number the corners of each section 1 to Without damaging the agar surface, gently press your finger onto section number 1 of the agar. 4. After washing your finger and drying it, gently press the same finger onto section number 2 of the agar. 5. Gently press a small object onto section number 3 and remove it. 6. Gently press a second small object onto section number 4 and remove it. 7. Replace the cover of the Petri dish, tape it closed and let your teacher put them in an incubator for several days. 8. Examine the dishes: what do you see and smell? Answer my vary per student 9. Make a drawing of each section of the Petri dish. object 1: object 2: object 3: object 4:

6 Questions 4.4 The kingdom of protists 11. Some protists resemble plants in a certain way. a. In what way are some protists plant-like? They are able to produce their own food b. Which cell organelle, that both plants and plant-like protists have in common, is responsible for this? Chloroplast 12. In what way do some protists resemble animals? Some hunt for food (are able to move) 13. Describe the difference in movement between plant-like protists and animal-like protists. Animal-like protists use pseudopods, plant-like protists use a flagellum 14. As you have seen, plant-like protists and animal-like protists share a number of characteristics. Other characteristics only occur in one type of protist. Sort these characteristics into the diagram below. Choose from the following characteristics: Cytoplasm, flagellum, cell membrane, hunt for food, nucleus, movement, chloroplasts, cell wall, pseudopods, make food Flagellum Chloroplasts Make food Cell wall Cytoplasm Cell membrane Nucleus Movement Hunt for food Pseudopods Plant-likeprotists have Plant-like and animallike protists share Animal-like protists have

7 4.5 The kingdom of fungi 15. In what way are fungi different from plants, but similar to animals? They are not able to make their own food. 16. Both fungi and bacteria can be useful in making products for human use. Below are several such products. Group them into products made using fungi and products made using bacteria. Made using fungi Cheese Made using bacteria Cheese Bread Clean water Beer Yogurt Wine Antibiotics Choose from: bread, beer, clean water, yogurt, antibiotics, wine, cheese

8 Questions 4.6 The kingdom of animals 17. Invertebrates do not have tough internal skeletons. What is the function of a skeleton? To give shape and protection. It also makes movement possible. 18. What is the function of tentacles in jellyfish and other cnidarians? To catch prey and bring prey to their mouths. 19. Which class of invertebrates can have one or more shells? Molluscs 20. Which class of invertebrates include animals that are parasites? Worms

9 21. Draw lines to join the correct characteristic with the correct invertebrate class. Characteristic Has a skin covered with spines. Can have 8 or 10 arms Can live in the soil. Has adults that stay in one place. Has a body made up of 5 identical parts Class molluscs worms cnidarians echinoderms sponges 22. Read the following article about a newly found giant octopus species and answer the questions. Giant octopus puzzles scientists SOURCE 1 What is thought to be the biggest octopus ever found has been caught in waters off New Zealand. Marine biologist Dr Steve O Shea estimates the specimen, which was damaged when fished up, would have measured four metres in length and weighed 75 kilograms. That s a conservative estimate, Dr O Shea told BBC News Online. It is an absolutely massive octopus. The incomplete specimen has a mantle length (the standard measure of length in octopus and squid) of 0.69 metres, a total length of 2.9 metres and a weight of 61 kg. Not a squid Octopus (Haliphron) had previously been thought to reach a mantle length of only 0.4 metres and a total length of 2 metres. Nothing remotely comparable to the size of the New Zealand specimen has ever been described before, Dr O Shea said. The octopus was caught last October in 920 metres of water south east of the Chatham Islands, by the research ship of New Zealand s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). At first, Dr O Shea paid little attention to the red gelatinous specimen, thinking it was just another example of his research specialty, the giant squid.

10 Questions Freezer clear-out I have a freezer full of squid. And I looked at this and I just thought, Heavens, it s a pretty beat up sort of squid. And I wasn t in any hurry to defrost it. Then I had a freezer clean-out and I had no idea what it was. He has temporarily identified the sub-mature female as being Haliphron atlanticus. Adding to the mystery, this particular species has never been caught before in the South Pacific. There are some records from around Japan, Papua-New Guinea and from the Atlantic. The New Zealand form that we have is more similar to a species which was recorded off Japan in 1902 than it is to the Atlantic species. So although I call it Haliphron atlanticus, that s a very temporary identification. Source: Pictures: courtesy of the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. a. What is the Latin genus name for this giant octopus? Haliphron b. Why did Dr. O Shea add the word atlanticus to the name of his newly found octopus species? Although this one was caught in the South Pacific, similar spe-cies were seen several times before in the Atlantic c. Why do you think this is a temporary name? Because it is not only found in the Atlantic, also in other deep seas, like near Japan d. The largest invertebrates live in the sea, and can grow to be longer than all but the largest whales. Why is it better for large invertebrates to live in the sea instead of on land? They don t have a supporting skeleton. In the sea they get sup-port from the water. 10

11 e. In the table below, choose the correct form of the verbs to measure and to weigh to complete the sentences. The complete octopus measure 2.9 metres. would The complete octopus weigh 61 kilograms. would The mantle length of the measures 0.69 metres. incomplete octopus The total length of the measures 0.4 metres. incomplete octopus The incomplete octopus weigh 27 kilograms. Normally such an octopus measures 920 metres. Usually the normal mantle length of such an octopus The incomplete octopus was found at a depth that measures measures 2 metres. 4 metres. Choose from: weigh, measure, weighs, measures 23. Arthropods have segmented bodies. Explain what this means. This means that their bodies are built up out of different parts. 24. There are two invertebrate classes whose bodies are entirely divided into segments. Which two classes are they? Worms and myriapods 11

12 Questions 25. In the table below, place the four arthropod classes in the correct order, from smallest number of legs to highest number of legs. Then, for each invertebrate, give the number of legs and give an example Arthropod class Number of legs Example Insects 6 Butterfly, fly, beetle Arachnids 8 Spider, scorpion Crustaceans Myriapods More than 8 less than up to more than 100 Crab, lobster Centipede, millipede 26. Choose the best answer. Which arthropod class has gills for living under water? A. Arachnids B. Crustaceans C. Insects D. Myriapods 27. Choose the best answer. An invertebrate with more than 4 pairs of legs could be: A. An arachnid or a myriapod B. An arachnid or a crustacean C. A myriapod or a crustacean D. A myriapod or an insect 28. The word arthropod comes from the Greek words arthron, meaning joint, and podos, meaning foot or leg. Knowing this, explain how you think the legs of arthropods are made up. Their legs are built up out of several different pieces that are joined together. 29. To which body segment of an insect are its wings and legs attached? thorax 30. How many wings does an insect typically have? 4 12

13 31. Read the following article about a newly found giant spider species and answer the questions. SOURCE 2 Even-More-Gigantic Giant Orb Spider Discovered Scientists have found the world s largest species of golden orbweaver spider in the tropics of Africa and Madagascar. The discovery marks the first identification of a new Nephila spider since Females of the new species, Nephila komaci, measure a whopping 4 to 5 inches (10.2 to 12.7 cm) in diameter, while the male spiders stay petite at less than a quarter of their mate s size. So far, only a handful of these enormous arachnids have been found in the world. Like all Nephila spiders, females of the new species spin huge webs of golden silk, often more than 3 feet (0.91 m) in diameter. It is good for females to be big, because they can lay so many more eggs. In addition, large size probably helps females avoid being eaten by predators. Males, on the other hand, are better off staying small and reaching sexual maturity at a young age. Because males spend most of their time underground, hunting for a mate is one of the most dangerous activities they undertake. Source: a. In arachnids, who usually spins the web, the female or the male? The female b. How do arachnids reproduce? Sexual reproduction, laying eggs 13

14 Questions c. Why are female spiders usually larger than male spiders? To lay more eggs d. Why is it dangerous for male arachnids to search for a mate? He may be considered prey and could be eaten. 32. Some vertebrates are cold-blooded. Explain what this means. That they cannot keep their body temperature constant 33. Which vertebrate classes are cold-blooded? Fish, amphibians and reptiles 34. Some vertebrates are warm-blooded. Explain what this means. That they have a constant body temperature 35. Which vertebrate classes are warm-blooded? Birds and mammals 14

15 36. Most vertebrates lay eggs. What are the differences between the eggs of different vertebrates? Use the words below to finish the sentences. Fish lay eggs with Soft outer coverings, just like in. amphibians Both of these vertebrate classes lay their eggs. in water The eggs of reptiles have a leathery shell. They lay their eggs on land. The eggs of birds are hard and. chalky One group of mammals, called monotremes also lays eggs. An example of such an animal is the. platypus Choose from: leathery, chalky, platypus, on land, amphibians, monotremes, hard, in water, soft 37. Vertebrates have different skins and live in different environments. They also breathe in different ways. write the following sentences in the circle with the correct vertebrate class: Skin covering: dry & hard scales, feathers, wet & slimy scales, moist & wet without scales, hair or fur Environment: water or land (2x), water, land (2x) Wet & slimy scales Water Gills Moist & wet without scales Water or land Gills or lungs fish amphibians Dry & hard scales Water or land Lungs reptiles 15

16 Questions Feathers Land Lungs Hair or fur Land Lungs birds Breathing: lungs (3x), gills, gills or lungs mammals 38. Below are several groups of animals. Decide for each group which one is the odd one out and explain why. a. Tree frog, salamander, lizard, newt Because Lizard, because it is a reptile, the others are amphibians 16

17 b. Killer whale, shark, dolphin, seal Because Shark, because it is a fish, the others are mammals c. Tick, dragonfly, mantis, ant Because Tick, because it is an arachnid, the others are insects 17

18 Questions d. Rat, sparrow, starfish, spear-nosed bat Because Starfish, because it lives in water, the others live on land 18

19 4.7 The kingdom of plants 39. There are many differences between plants. Put a tick in the appropriate box in the table below if the plant part is present. plant part moss liverwort fern gymno sperm Roots angio sperm Stems Leaves Flowers Spores Seeds 40. Plants can make energy out of food because they have a green coloured, chemical substance called chlorophyll inside chloroplasts. Which protists do you think will also have this substance? Plant-like protists like algae and euglena 41. Is a mushroom a plant? Explain your answer. No, is does not have any chloroplasts and is therefore not able to produce its own food 19

20 Questions 42. Use the words below to finish the sentences. Mosses make spores inside. capsules Like liverworts, they have leaves but no proper roots and. stems Ferns make spores inside patches called. Sporangia Just like mosses and liverworts, they have. leaves However, they also have true and roots strong. stems Conifers are also called. gymnosperms Their seeds grow in. cones The only plant group that has flowers is called the. angiosperms Their sperm is found inside. pollen Their seeds are actually fertilised egg cells and are kept inside fruits Choose from: Sporangia, angiosperms, gymnosperms, leaves (2x), roots (2x), stems (2x), egg cells, capsules, cones, fruits, pollen. 43. Which of the following plants are gymnosperms and which are angiosperms? Place a tick in the appropriate box. Plant Gymnosperm Angiosperm Daffodil Oak tree Apple tree Pine tree Corn Buttercup Grass Water lily Fir tree Palm tree 20

21 4.8 Identifying Species 44. Below you see an unfinished branching key for classifying the following four vertebrates: hen, lizard, snake, duck. Finish the key by filling in the missing words. Vertebrates Feathers Can swim Duck Can not swim No Feathers Hen Has legs Lizard Has no legs Snake 45. In the box below, make a simple dichotomous key for the classification of the following organisms: kangaroo, cow, bee, spider. 21

22 Questions 46. Use the key below to find and identify the following freshwater animals: A. Mayfly B. Lobster C. Dragonfly D. Black fly larva E. Damsefly 1. a. With a shell go to 2 b. Without a shell go to 3 2. a. Two shells Clam b. One shell Snail 3. a. Body flat, oval Water penny b. Body not flat and oval go to 4 4. a. With six jointed legs go to 5 b. With more than six jointed legs go to 12 c. With less than six jointed legs, body often worm-like go to a. With two or three thin hair-like tails go to 6 b. Without thin, hair-like tails go to 7 22

23 6. a. With a hook at the end of each leg, has three tails b. With two hooks at the end of each leg, has two tails Mayfly Stonefly 7. a. Body with many long, pointed parts go to 8 b. Body not exactly like this go to 9 8. a. Body brown or black and very large Hellgrammite b. Body white, yellow or tan and small Beetle larva 9. a. Body with hook-like claws at tail end Caddisfly b. Body without hook-like claws go to a. Body small, dark, hard Beetle b. Body not exactly like this go to a. Four wings held together at rest Damselfly b. Four wings held straight out at rest Dragonfly 12. a. Two large claws and eight legs, large Lobster b. Without large claws, smaller go to a. Body white, flattened side to side Scud b. Body grey, flattened top to bottom Springtail 14. a. Body with very small legs, with a head go to 15 b. Body without any legs or head go to a. Tail-end wider than front end of body Black fly larva b. Tail-end not wider Midge 16. a. Body brown and plump, fat Crane fly larva b. Body not exactly like this go to a. Body with suckers at each end Leech b. Body without suckers, small and thin Aquatic worm 23

24 Questions 24 Glossary Puzzle c e n t i p e d e e c h i n o d e r m s k i n g d o m c a p s u l e i n s e c t s f l a g e l l u m p r o t i s t s a r a c h n i d s f u n g i s e x u a l c o n e w o r m s m a m m a l i n v e r t e b r a t e r e p t i l e s e c h i n o d e r m v e r t e b r a t e s p o r a n g i a m l l p d f i h g y m o s p r m i c h o t o m o u s o l l u s c s p e c e c r u s t c e n s a g o p r y e s r t h r o p d s o d m y r i a n s e c t d a r i a c n n s a c t e i i l e p s o g p o l n o u d d b i r

25 Clues: Across 3. meat-eating myriapod 5. the largest taxon 8. invertebrate class that starfish belong to 9. cockroaches and mosquitoes belong to this class 10. spore container of mosses and liverworts 12. a whip-like tail that belongs to a protist 18. kingdom of organisms whose cells have cell walls, cell membranes and nuclei but no chloroplasts 19. invertebrate class with 4 pairs of legs 20. kingdom of organisms whose members can be plant-like or animallike 22. type of reproduction in animals 23. seed container of conifer 24. vertebrate that produces milk 25. these invertebrates have long bodies without legs 29. an animal without a backbone 32. class of vertebrates that crocodiles belong to 33. invertebrate whose body can be divided into five equal parts 35. an animal with a backbone 36. vertebrate that lays chalky eggs 37. spore patches of ferns Down: 1. plant-eating myriapod 2. non flowering plant 4. vertebrate that breathes only through gills 6. type of key with two choices at each step 7. invertebrate class that can have one or two shells 11. the taxon whose members can mate together and produce fertile offspring 13. phylum that bees, millipedes, shrimps and spiders belong to 14. invertebrate that has a completely segmented body 15. flowering plant 16. invertebrates that have lobsters and crabs in their group 17. a fungus that is used in making beer or bread 21. invertebrate with three body parts 26. animal that lays leathery eggs 27. these animals have hollow, sac-like bodies 28. contains the sperm cells of flowering plants 30. kingdom of organisms that only reproduce using division 31. this animal has free swimming larvae but is immobile as an adult 34. fungus that feeds on bread 25