GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION. Tuesday, April 12 th :15 PM

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1 GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES MCGILL UNIVERSITY FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF FRIEDA BEAUREGARD DEPT. OF PLANT SCIENCE Potential for northern range expansion of the understory flora of temperate Québec: edaphic, climatic and biotic factors Tuesday, April 12 th :15 PM Raymond Building, Room R2-013 McGill University, Macdonald Campus COMMITTEE: Dr. Annett Körner (Pro-Dean) (Educational and Counselling Psychology) Dr. Philippe Seguin (Chair) (Plant Science) Dr. Sylvie de Blois (Supervisor) (Plant Science & School of the Environment) Dr. Benoit Côté (Internal Examiner) (Natural Resource Sciences) Dr. Marcia Waterway (Internal Member) (Plant Science) Dr. Jonathan Davies (External Member) (Biology) Dr. Josephine Nalbantoglu, Dean of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Members of the Faculty and Graduate Students are invited to attend

2 ABSTRACT The overarching goal of my project was to determine the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the distribution of forest plants to improve predictions of climate change effects on biodiversity. I first modelled the current distribution, and then projected the potential future distribution in eastern North America of 207 plant species using current and projected future climates. These climatespecies models indicated potentially large northward displacements of suitable climates for most species, raising the question of range expansion. In a second study, I went beyond a climate-centric view of plant distribution to test whether including fine scale edaphic variables would add value to distribution models for 128 plant species of temperate and boreal forests of Québec. Model predictive accuracy and variable importance were compared for species' characteristics describing growth form, range boundaries within the study area, and prevalence. For many species both the climate-only and edaphic-only models performed well, however the edaphic-climate models generally performed best. The three sets of predictors differed in the spatial information provided about habitat suitability, with climate models able to distinguish range edges, but edaphic models able to better distinguish within-range variation. The relative importance of edaphic and climatic variables varied with growth forms, with trees being more related to climate whereas lower growth forms were more related to edaphic conditions. This study highlighted the potential for non-climate aspects of the environment to pose a constraint to northern range expansion under climate change. In the third study, I proposed an approach to analyse current occupancy patterns at cold range edges to identify patterns consistent with climate or other environmental limitations. I identified species realized growing degree day niche in order to sample zones central, marginal, or beyond-the-edge of this niche. I modelled habitat suitability, based on 11 non-climate variables, for each species, and compare the availability of, and occupancy on, suitable sites across zones, with the assumption that a limiting climate is likely to result in decreased occupancy or abundance on otherwise suitable sites toward the range limit. I also checked for evidence of shifts to warm micro-climate conditions at the range limit as a potential indication of climate limitations. I found that the availability of suitable sites declined across a latitudinal gradient for most species, while occupancy increased on suitable sites at range edge, and abundance did not vary significantly. A minority of species shifted to sites with warm microclimate conditions; of these several also declined in abundance suggesting climate limitations. For most species studied, suitable site availability appears to determine the northern edges of distribution and, consequently, warming may not necessarily lead to range expansion. One explanation for greater

3 occupancy at cold range edge is that there are differences in processes structuring communities along abiotic stress, for instance greater competition within central range portions than at cold range limits. In the fourth study, I quantified, as an initial estimation of the role of biotic interactions in determining species distribution, the relative contribution of nestedness and turnover to beta diversity on and between niche (edaphically suitable) and matrix (unsuitable) habitats within the previously defined portions of species ranges. In addition, I made a variation partition using distance-based RDAs for the full study area to assess the unique and shared contributions of climatic vs other environmental variables to these diversity patterns. The regional analysis identified that at broad scale, the environmental and climatic variables contributed equally to patterns of nestedness or turnover, with most of the variation explained being shared between the variables. When zooming in on different portions of the range, the niche or matrix conditions did structure community patterns, with community composition diverging more even on similar niche conditions in the central range portion than at cold range edge. This suggests that community processes act differently across ranges and should be further investigated for their role in limiting species distribution, especially in the context of expected broad-scale community re-assembly with climate change. I conclude that climate is an important driver of plant distribution, but understanding the role of spatially-structured, co-occurring determinants such as the availability of edaphically suitable sites or competitive interactions, helps improve predictions of biodiversity response to a changing climate.

4 CURRICULUM VITAE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION Doctor of Philosophy, Plant Science (2008-ongoing) Master of Science (McGill), Natural Resource Sciences ( ) Bachelor of Science (McGill), Plant Science ( ) EMPLOYMENT Lecturer, McGill University PLNT 460, Plant Ecology (2014, 2015) Teaching Assistant, McGill University PLNT 358, Flowering Plant Diversity (2014, 2015) PLNT 460, Plant Ecology (2008, 2009, 2012) ENVR 201, Society and Environment (2007) ENVR 200, The Global Environment (2006) WOOD 410, The Forest Ecosystem (2005) WILD 205, Principles of Ecology (2005) Paid research internship, Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, Environment Canada (2007) Research Assistant, Soil-Plant relationships laboratory, McGill University ( , 2008) AWARDS Quebec Centre for biodiversity science Excellence award (2010, 2015) Plant Science department GREAT award (2010, 2015) Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies doctoral scholarship ( ) Schulich Graduate fellowship ( )

5 Saint Lambert Horticultural Society Award (2003) Plant science mobility award for studies at Writtle College, U.K. (2003) PUBLICATIONS Beauregard F. and S. de Blois. (in preparation). Assessing the relative contribution of turnover and nestedness to diversity patterns in the niche spaces of temperate understory herbs at northern range limits. Berteaux, D. M. Ricard, M.-H. St-Laurent, N. Casajus, C. Périé, F. Beauregard and S. de Blois (in preparation). Climate change impacts on biodiversity: challenges and opportunities for a northern protected area network. Beauregard, F. and S. de Blois. (submitted). Rapid latitudinal range expansion at cold limits unlikely for temperate forest plants. Ecosphere. Beauregard, F. and S. de Blois S Beyond a climate-centric view of plant distribution: edaphic variables add value to distribution models. PLoS one 9(3): e Chen, C.-C., F. Beauregard, B. Côté, N. Bélanger, F. Courchesne and W. H. Hendershot Partitioning of the source of leaf calcium of American beech and sugar maple using leaf Ca/Sr ratios: a predominantly surficial but variable depth of Ca uptake. Plant and Soil 373: Beauregard, F. and B. Cote Test of soil extractants for their suitability in predicting Ca/Sr ratios in leaves and stems of sugar maple seedlings. Biogeochemistry 88: Beauregard, F. and C. Idziak Norway Maple Invasion in the Morgan Arboretum, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC. Report Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, Environment Canada p.44

6 Beauregard, F Depth of calcium uptake by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and its relationships with climatic extremes. M.Sc. thesis (Forestry), dept. of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University. p. 77

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