Phanerozic - Paleozoic
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1 Phanerozoic Paleozoic era Carboniferous and Permian Carboniferous terrestrial environment 5 6 Page 1
2 Carboniferous coal forests Club mosses Giant horse tails Tree ferns Plant phylogeny Figure 24.9 Charophyta Bryophyta Lycophyta Gymnosperms Marchantiophyta Athocerotophyta Monilophyta Angiosperms 1 1 (Autapomorphies) 1. True leaves, chloroplast DNA inversion 7 8 Fern life-cycle Sorri Ferns Young sporophyte Leptosporangium Young embryo Zygote (2n) Egg Mature sporophyte (2n) Archegonium Spore release Germinating spore Sperm Gametophyte (n) Houseman 9 Antheridium Mature gametophyte 10 Leptosporangia Gametophyte and germinating sporophyte Young sporophyte Gametophyte Rhizoids Root Page 2
3 Plant phylogeny Figure 24.9 Charophyta Bryophyta Lycophyta Gymnosperms Marchantiophyta Athocerotophyta Monilophyta Angiosperms 1 Spores vs. seeds Homosporous Sporangia Spores Bisexual gametophyte sperm or eggs Heterosporous 1 (Autapomorphies) 1. Seeds Microsporangia Microspores Male gametophyte sperm Megasporangia Megaspores Female gametophyte Eggs Mass extinctions Gymnosperms Conifers Extinction intensity Millions of years ago Figure Cones (Strobila) Conifer life cycle Archegonia: Female gametophye Pollen: Male gametophye Zygote Megaspore mother cell Microspore mother cell Embryo Female cones Seed 17 Male cones Seedling 18 Page 3
4 Gymnosperm pollen (male gametophyte) Gymnosperm seed formation Pollen Pollen Prothalial cells Generative cell Megaspore mother cell Pollen tube Archegonia Egg Wings Tetrad of megaspores Female gametophyte Tube cell Gymnopsperm seeds Embryo (Sporophyte) Nutritive tissue (Gametophyte) Protective seed coat (sporophyte) Figure Fungi Houseman Unique fungal terms More fungal terms Septa, hypha and mycelia Plasmogamy Dikaryote cells Karyogamy Diploid cells Meiosis Haploid cells Page 4
5 Typical fungal life cycle Spore-producing structure (n) Heterokaryotic mycelium (n + n) Basidiomycota life cycle Basidium Dikaryon Karyogoamy ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores (n) MITOSIS Mycelium (n) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores (n) Spore-producing structure (n) Zygote (2n) Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Gills Dikaryotic mucelia 1 st meiosis 2 nd meiosis Basidiospore 25 Monokaryotic mycelia Basidiospore release 26 Basidiospores Fungal mutualism Basidium Basidiospores 27 Figure Types of fungal mutualism Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) Types of fungal mutualism Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) EMF Cross section of plant root Figure 23.24a Page 5
6 Types of fungal mutualism Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Vesicle Fungi - Lichens Root hair Spore Arbuscule Arbuscule Fungal mycelia Figure Figure c & d 32 Fungi - Lichens Soredium Cortex Photobionts Medulla Cortex Figure ! Arthropoda (Autapomorphies) Articulated exoskeleton of plates Muscles arranged in bands Compound eye! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Syndermata Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Insect external anatomy (Tagmatization) Compound eye Head Thorax Abdomen Facet Antenna Compound eye 2 pairs of wings (adult) Cornea Retinular cell Mouthparts 3 pairs of legs Nerve fibres and optic nerve BIO1130 Organismal Biolog Figure 25.45a Page 6
7 Mosaic model of insect vision Mosaic model of insect vision Mosaic model of insect vision Mosaic model of insect vision Mosaic model of insect vision Insect movement Flight and wing folding mechanism Video: BIO1130 Organismal Biolog 42 Page 7
8 Cuticle - Exoskeleton Insect reproduction Epicuticle Procuticle Epidermis Basement membrane Internal fertilization - spermatophore 43 Insect egg shell 44 Vertebrate phylogeny Vertebrate phylogeny Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia!! BIO2135 Animal Form and Function! Tetrapoda (Autapomorphies) Tetrapod stance with appendicular skeleton of foreand hind-limb 45 BIO2135 Animal Form and Function! Amphibia (Autapomorphies) Buccal force breathing Skin is primary respiratory organ 46 Amphibians Buccal force respiration 47 13:32 48 Page 8
9 Amphibian skin Amphibian food Epidermis Mucus gland Poison gland Dermis Amphibian locomotion Amphibian life cycle Adult Pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle Tadpole Egg 51 Blastula Gastrula Gastrula 52 Mass extinctions Types of extinction Extinction intensity Background extinction Mass extinctions Millions of years ago Page 9
10 Causes of mass extinction Flood basalts Asteroid impacts Elevated Carbon dioxide Flood basalts Volcanoes Gas hydrates Marine anoxia Sea level changes video BIO1130 Organismal Biolog 55 BIO1130 Organismal Biolog Figure Surviving mass extinctions Plants Insects Small size and global distribution Generalist life style BIO1130 Organismal Biolog 57 Page 10
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