protozoans gametophyte bacilli source of energy halophiles ovule ovary 1. The two main branches of prokaryotes are archae and _bacteria_.

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1 Biology 122 Prof. Molly Gildea Exam 2, 11/5/08 1. Fill in the blanks with words from the word bank. (30 pts) archae spirochete endospore source of carbon sporophyte bacteria mathanogens protozoans gametophyte bacilli source of energy halophiles ovule ovary bryophytes silica algae seeds calcium carbonate pollen cocci 1. The two main branches of prokaryotes are archae and _bacteria_. 2. Prokaryotes come in 3 main shapes: Cocci or round, bacilli or rod-shapes, and spirochete spiral shaped. 3. Protists are divided into two groups by their method of nutrition. protozoans are heterotrophic and algae are autotrophic. 4. Diatoms and radiolarans use silica to maintain their structure. Forams have tests made of calcium carbonate. 5. Mosses, liverworts and hornworts are grouped informally as bryophytes. 6. Gymnosperms and angiosperms have seeds. 7. Moss have a dominant gametophyte while ferns have a dominant sporophyte. 8. The seed is a fertilized ovule. A fruit is a ripened ovary.

2 Short answer (100 pts) Choose 10 out of 14. Write in complete sentences, but not too many. 1. Please describe the generalized life cycle of a plant. A gametophyte(n) undergoes mitosis to produce gametes (sperm and egg). A sperm and egg fuse (fertilization) to make a 2n zygote. The zygote grows through mitosis and development to become a 2n sporophyte. The sporophyte goes through meiosis to produce haploid spores which grow into the haploid gametophyte... and so on. 2. Describe the hypothesis for how multicellularity evolved in eukaryotes. Why is it believed that multicellularity evolved multiple times? A colony of unicellular protists formed. The cells of the colony became somewhat specialized and interdependant. Additional specialization led to distinction between sex cells and somatic cells. 3. Please describe the hypothesis of secondary endosymbiosis: Primary endosymbiosis = eukaryotic cells evolved when prokaryotes established residence within other larger prokaryotes. Secondary endosymbiosis = photosynthetic cyanobacteria were incorporated into other prokaryotes creating green algae and red algae. (The cyanobacteria became chloroplasts.) Later on green and red algae became endosymbionts themselves after being ingested by heterotrophic eukaryotes. All or parts of the red and green algae survived ingestion and became organelles. This appears to be a major key to protist diversity. 4. What is bioremediation? Please give some examples of prokaryotes involved in bioremediation. Bioremediation is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from air, soil or water. examples are using bacteria and archae to clean sewage and using oil eating bacteria to clean up oil spills.

3 5. Please compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins and describe how they are involved in human disease. Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell. Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells. both can produce disease symptoms in humans. 6. What are the four modes of nutrition utilized by prokaryotes? Please describe them and give examples. photoautotrophs - get carbon from CO2 and energy from light - cyanobacteria chemoautotrophs - get carbon from CO2 and energy from chemicals - sulfur bacteria photoheterotrophs - get carbon from organic compounds and energy from light - purple non-sulfur bacteria/ some anaerobes chemoheterotrophs - get carbon from organic compounds and energy from chemicals - 7. Archae thrive in extreme environments. Which ones? What are the archae that live in them called? why are they possible keys to the origin of life? extreme halophiles - live in extremely salty environments extreme thermophiles - live in extremely hot environments methanogens - live in anaerobic environments and give off methane as a waste product possible keys because...earth was harsh in the beginning. 8. What challenges did plants have to overcome to thrive on land? How did they overcome them? This includes structural and reproductive adaptations. maintaining moisture - waxy cuticle (plus stomata for gas exchange) obtaining resources from 2 locations - discrete organs including roots, vasular tissue supporting the plant body - lignin in the cell wall reproduction and dispersal - bryophytes and lycophtes still require water for fertilization, but produce spores which can be dispersed through the air. Gymno-

4 sperms and angiosperms produce pollen grains that do not need moisture for fertilization. In all plants, the fertilized egg remains attached to the parent for a period of time - in seeded plants, they are packaged in a seed coat and with food. alternation of generations is key for all of them. 9. Compare and contrast the reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms do not have flowers like angiosperms - instead they house their gametophytes in cones Gymnosprems produce naked seeds - they are not produced in a specialized chamber like angiosperm seeds. Angiosprem seeds are produced inside an ovary which ripens into a fruit. Gymnosperms take a much longer time to reproduce - for the pollen tube to grow, and for the egg and sperm to fuse. Angiosperms can complete fertilization very quickly. All gymnosperms are wind pollinated, angiosperms can be wind or animal pollinated. All gymnosperm seeds are wind dispersed. Angiosperm seeds can be dispersed by wind or animals. otherwise, they are similar. 10. How has animal pollination influenced angiosperm evolution? Give examples of pollinators and the influence they have had. Animal pollination has encouraged angiosperms to grow more complicated flower structures to try to increase visitation and to place the pollen in a good spot on the animal for fertilization of the ovule. Also, depending on which animals the flowers are trying to attract, they take on different smells, colors or structures. Bats are attracted to white highly scented flowers. Birds are attracted to red and orange flowers, but not to particular scents. beetles are attracted to fruity odors, but are indifferent to color. Bees are directed by nectar guides. Flies are attracted to the smell of rotting flesh. Animal pollinated plants have to expend more energy on making fancy flowers, but less on producing pollen. It is a trade off. 11. Describe the generalized reproductive cycle of fungus. What do some groups do differently - eg basidioycetes? In general, fungi spend most of their time producing spores asexually. The spores germinate when they land in a moist environment. When conditions decline, two mycelium of different individuals unite to form a heterokaryotic cell. They can continue in this stage with heterokaryotic cells for a period of time. When conditions are favorable, the nuclei unite, undergo meiosis and produce

5 haploid spores. Basidomycetes produce the spores in mushrooms (which are bundled heterokaryotic mycelium). 12. Why are parasitic fungi important to understand? Give two examples of parasitic fungi and their effects. Parasitic fungi are important to understand because they can cause serious illnesses in people, but also because they can cause devastating crop losses. Dutch elm disease is a fungus that wiped out 70% of the elms in the E. US. Corn smut destroys corn crops (though, some people like to eat it) Ergot can cause harm to humans if they ingest ergot infected grains. 13. Fungi can also be beneficial. Please describe two examples of beneficial relationships that fungus have with another organism. Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria or green algae. The photosynthetic partner provides food and the fungus provides a stable environment and inorganic nutrients Leaf cutter ants farm fungi in their nests by feeding them and then eating the tips of hyphae. Some of the fungi can no longer live without the ants. Penicillum is used as an antibiotic Some cheese contain fungus (blue cheese), beer and wine and bread all require yeast, 14. Why is plant diversity important and what challenges are plants facing worldwide? Plant diversity is important because it helps forests respond to environmental changes. We also use a lot of plants to derive medicines. It is facing worldwide declines due to clear cutting/forestry, farming (slash and burn), pollution and climate change.

6 Please label the flower parts: (10 pts) Multiple choice circle your answer (10 pts) 1. In angiosperms, the male gametophyte is called a. pollen b. spores c. anther d. stigma 2. The scales of pine cones are modified a. branches b. flowers c. leaves d. embryos 35. Penicillum is a a. archae b. fungus c. bacteria

7 d. slime mold 3. Multinucleate slime molds are called. a. heterokaryotes b. pseudopodia c. plasmodium d. forams 4. Diatoms can be found in a. oceans b. toothpaste c. filters d. all of the above 5. The three domains are Eukarya, and. a. bacteria and archae b. bacteria and prokaryotes c. archae and protists d. archae and prokaryotes 6. Pseudopodia are found in a. forams b. radiolarans c. ameobozoans d. all of the above 7. Euglenozoans move using a. pseudopodia b. cillia c. flagella

8 d. none of the above 8. Protists are all a. prokaryotic b. eukaryotic c. multinucleate d. photosynthetic 9. Flowering plants appear in the a. permian period b. cambrian period c. neogene period d. cretaceous period

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