2803/01 Transport January 2005 Mark Scheme

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12 2803/01 Transport January 2005

13 ADVICE TO EXAMINERS ON THE ANNOTATION OF SCRIPTS 1. Please ensure that you use the final version of the. You are advised to destroy all draft versions. 2. Please mark all post-standardisation scripts in red ink. A tick ( ) should be used for each answer judged worthy of a mark. Ticks should be placed as close as possible to the point in the answer where the mark has been awarded. The number of ticks should be the same as the number of marks awarded. If two (or more) responses are required for one mark, use only one tick. Half marks (½) should never be used. 3. The following annotations may be used when marking. No comments should be written on scripts unless they relate directly to the mark scheme. Remember that scripts may be returned to Centres. x ^ bod ecf con sf incorrect response (errors may also be underlined) omission mark benefit of the doubt (where professional judgement has been used) error carried forward (in consequential marking) contradiction (in cases where candidates contradict themselves in the same response) error in the number of significant figures 4. The marks awarded for each part question should be indicated in the margin provided on the right hand side of the page. The mark total for each question should be ringed at the end of the question, on the right hand side. These totals should be added up to give the final total on the front of the paper. 5. In cases where candidates are required to give a specific number of answers, (e.g. give three reasons ), mark the first answer(s) given up to the total number required. Examiners will be expected to use their professional judgment in marking answers that contain more than the number required. Advice about specific cases will be given at the standardisation meeting. 6. Correct answers to calculations should gain full credit even if no working is shown, unless otherwise indicated in the mark scheme. (An instruction on the paper to Show your working is to help candidates, who may then gain partial credit even if their final answer is not correct.) 7. Strike through all blank spaces and/or pages in order to give a clear indication that the whole of the script has been considered. 8. An element of professional judgement is required in the marking of any written paper, and candidates may not use the exact words that appear in the mark scheme. If the science is correct and answers the question, then the mark(s) should normally be credited. If you are in doubt about the validity of any answer, contact your Team Leader/Principal Examiner for guidance.

14 Page 3 of 7 Unit Code 2803/01 Session January Year 2005 Version Final Abbreviations, annotations and conventions used in the / ; NOT R ( ) ecf AW A ora alternative and acceptable answers for the same marking point separates marking points answers which are not worthy of credit reject words which are not essential to gain credit (underlining) key words which must be used to gain credit error carried forward alternative wording accept or reverse argument Question Expected Answers Marks 1 (a) 3 to 5 armed star of xylem with phloem more or less between ; R if star too close to the edge xylem and phloem correctly labelled ; ecf - if stem drawn, credit correct xylem and phloem labels 2 (b) lack of contents / no cytoplasm / hollow / lumen / continuous / AW ; A lack of end walls less resistance to flow / more space linked to idea of lack of contents / AW ; treat large as neutral thickening / rings / spirals / lignin (in the wall) ; treat cellulose as neutral prevents collapse / gives support / adhesion of water ; R strength / rigid, unqualified R ideas on resisting positive pressure pits / AW ; A pores / holes (in side walls) allow lateral movement / AW; R let things in or out unqualified 4 max (c) (i) source leaf / storage organ / named storage organ ; A root qualified sink root / tuber / storage organ / (young) growing region / leaf qualified / flower / bud / fruit / seed ; R individual cells but A tissue areas such as mesophyll 2 (ii) max 2 if no reference to diagram water will enter source ; by osmosis ; down / AW, a water potential gradient ; increase in (hydrostatic) pressure; as source / sink cannot expand / AW ; force / AW, solution along (tube to sink) ; AVP ; e.g. explanation of mass flow 4 max

15 Page 4 of 7 Unit Code 2803/01 Session January Year 2005 Version Final (d) (i) ATP involved / respiration involved / many mitochondria in companion cells / reduced by metabolic inhibitors / oxygen dependent / temperature dependent / loading against a concentration gradient / AVP ; if evidence not given here look for it and credit it in part (ii) 1 (ii) loading, into companion cell / from transfer cell / into sieve tube / into phloem implied ; H ions / protons, pumped out of, companion cell / sieve tube / phloem ; diffuse back in with sucrose ; protein carrier / co-transporter ; possible active unloading by reverse mechanism ; AVP to cover alternative mechanisms ;;; e.g. electro-osmotic theory K + pump via companion cell electrochemical gradient sieve pores provide a capillary bed / AW 3 max [Total: 16]

16 Page 5 of 7 Unit Code 2803/01 Session January Year 2005 Version Final Question Expected Answers Marks 2 (a) iron / Fe ; A Fe ++ four / 4 ; Bohr, effect / shift ; carbonic anhydrase ; haemoglobinic acid ; A reduced haemoglobin A HHb 5 [Total: 5]

17 Page 6 of 7 Unit Code 2803/01 Session January Year 2005 Version Final Question Expected Answers Marks 3 (a) (i) (blood flows) twice through the heart / AW ; for one circuit / cycle (of the whole body) / AW ; A for one heart beat ref pulmonary and systemic systems / to lungs and to (rest of) body ; R systematic 2 max (ii) read whole answer and look for any two linked ideas from size activity SA:V ratio ora if answered in terms of Paramecium size (mammals) larger / AW ; cells deep in the body ; regions requiring materials separated by a distance / need to get materials to all parts / AW ; diffusion too slow / AW ; max 2 activity (mammals) more (metabolically) active / AW ; need more materials / more rapid supply / more removal of wastes ; SA:V ratio (mammals) surface area:volume ratio reduced / AW ; diffusion alone not effective / AW ; must be linked to SA:V 4 max (b) look at and credit any annotations on diagram if sequence gets lost do not award the marking points that follow and are directly linked, but give any general ones atrial systole / atria contract ; blood passes into ventricles ; veins / blood vessels, entering heart closed / AW ; atrioventricular / alternative names, valves open ; ventricular systole / ventricles contract ; blood to, the arteries / named arteries ; (via) open, semilunar / AW, valves ; atrioventricular valves shut to stop backflow ; relaxation / diastole, of ventricles (and atria) ; semilunar / AW, valves shut to stop backflow ; may be mentioned at X only credit once ref to X,Y and Z ; X 1-4 Y 5-8 Z max QWC legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; 1 [Total: 13]

18 Page 7 of 7 Unit Code 2803/01 Session January Year 2005 Version Final Question Expected Answers Marks 4 (a) (i) award two marks if correct answer (15) is given 15 ;; ignore signs if answer incorrect give one mark for indication that 15.5 and 0.5 read off graph if 15 obtained by wrong calculation 1 2 (ii) qualified ref to distance from heart e.g. further ; friction / resistance (to flow) ; ref to increasing volume of e.g. capillaries; A surface area of capillaries idea of dissipation of energy in elastic recoil ; (iii) stop damage to, capillaries / arterioles / AW ; A stops bursting ref to, lack of (much) elasticity in these vessels / thin walls / AW ; ora for nature of artery wall max one mark if only veins mentioned slows flow rate ; to allow (time for) exchange ; 2 max 2 max (b) (i) C ; R more than one letter i.e. a list 1 (ii) feature and role must match. Correct features are stand alone marks. Look at the given role to see if it informs the feature. thin wall / single cell layer / AW ; R membrane / thin cell wall A statement which gives one cell thick, treating thin cell wall as neutral in this case short pathway / ease of access to tissue fluid AW, rapid / easy, diffusion ; smooth, (inner) surface / endothelium ; A epithelium R refs to smooth muscle reduced friction / smooth flow / reduced turbulence / reduced resistance / AW ; (small) gaps / pres / holes, between endothelial cells / in wall / AW ; allows nutrients / named nutrients / fluid / AW, out, / (most) cells / proteins cannot pass ; R refs to plasma A refs to, phagocytes / AW, passing narrow / small (diameter) / figure quoted / AW ; idea of contact with many cells / short diffusion distance / rapid diffusion / reduced rate of flow qualified ; large, total surface area / cross-sectional area ; allows more exchange / slows flow for exchange / close to all the cells in the body; R easier / more efficient ideas unless qualified 4 max [Total: 11]

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