Assignment 5 Phylogeny Due July 4

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1 Assignment 5 Phylogeny Due July 4 1. Multiple-choice (1 point) The number of species that have been described is about but scientists estimate that there are at least species. 500,000 known, at least 1 million 1.5 million known, at least 5 million 1. 8 million known, at least 10 million 3.5 million known, at least 10 million 5 million known, at least 20 million 2. Multiple-choice (1 point) The type of speciation that produced different colored bunnies is called sympatric speciation allopatric speciation molecular speciation artificial selection There is no way to know the type of speciation. 3. Multiple-choice (1 point) If 50 species are used to make a phylogenetic tree, the number of possible trees is 50 possible trees 500,000 possible trees 5 million possible trees 34 million possible trees More possible trees than there are atoms in the universe. 4. Fill-in-the-blank (4 points) Fill in the shared characteristics for the node uniting three groups for the last four trees in Figure 3. Record your answers below (and in WebAssign) using arabic numbers. node a node b node c node d

2 5. True of false (3 points) Fossils of early plants show signs of vascular tissue. Fossils of early plants shown signs of eggs and sperm. Meiosis in plants produces gametes (eggs and sperm). Meiosis occurs when plants are in the sporophyte stage. Plant spores are haploid. The gametophyte stage of plants is diploid.

3 6. File upload (5 points) Use Table 3 to summarize the traits of the four plant groups you have studied. Then convert these traits into characters. Fill out Table 4 with the names of traits and + and - for each trait in each plant group. Do a screen capture of your completed Table 4 and submit it to WebAssign as an image in jpg or png format. Table 3. Features of major plant groups A Non-vascular B Vascular nonseed Plant groupings C Gymnosperms D Angiosperms Common examples: Features Stomata and cuticle present Vascular tissue present Dominant stage of the life cycle Motile sperm present Pollen present Seeds present Flowers and fruit present

4 Table 4: Plant characters Plant group A B C D Character Do a screen capture of this graph for submission to WebAssign.

5 7. Essay (5 points) Use the characters in Table 4 to compare the different groups of plants. It should be obvious that only certain similarity relationship diagrams are possible. Compare the following similarity groupings where groups are defined as: A. Non-vascular plants, B. Lower Vascular (non-seed) plants, C. Gymnosperms, D. Angiosperms Decide which of these diagrams best describes the similarity relationships among groups. Then write an essay that justifies your answer.

6 8. File upload (5 points) Summarize what you have learned about the four groups of terrestrial vertebrates by filling out this table as indicated for each animal group. Since there is some variation among animals within a group, your answer should be based on the organism (common example) that you choose for each group.. Do a screen capture of the completed table and submit it to WebAssign as an image file in jpg or png format. Table 5. Features of land vertebrates A. Amphibia B. Reptilia C. Aves D. Mammalia Common example Features Type of limb attachment (lateral or vertical) Type of fertilization (internal or external) Type of reproduction (eggs or live birth) Type of embryo (amnion present or absent) Skull type (anapsid, diapsid, or synapsid) Hollow bones (yes or no) Temperature regulation (ectothermic or endothermic) Body covering (Scales, feathers, hair, or none) Nitrogen excretion (ammonia, urea or uric acid)

7 9. File upload (5 points) Study the Archaeopteryx video and the skeletons provided. Then decide whether each Archaeopteryx character in the table below is more like a dinosaur or a modern bird. Indicate your choice by place X in the appropriate box. Do a screen capture of the completed table and submit it to WebAssign as an image file in jpg or png format. Table 6. Features of Archaeopteryx, dinosaur and bird skeleton Archaeopteryx Bird Dinosaur Heavy skull Teeth Body covering of feathers Separate fingers Fused clavicle or wishbone Furcula shape S-shaped neck Shoulder blade shape Sternum shape and without large keel Pubis directed downward. Ischium shape Stiffened tail Relative long length of forearm* *To determine relative length of the forearm, compare the length of these structures on a skeleton of interest to that of another body part such as the length of the feet.

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