THE EFFECT OF SOIL IN THE ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA AND OUDNEYA AFRICANA CRUDE POWDER ON GROWTH OF WEEDS

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1 Proceedings of the 13 th International Conference of Environmental Science and Technology Athens, Greece, 5-7 September 2013 THE EFFECT OF SOIL IN THE ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA AND OUDNEYA AFRICANA CRUDE POWDER ON GROWTH OF WEEDS SALHI NESRINE 1, SALAMA M. EL-DARIER 2 AND HALILAT M.EL-TAHER 3 1- Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla Laboratoire de Bio-ressources sahariennes : préservation et valorisation, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l Univers Ouargla Algérie (salhi.ne@univ-ouargla.dz. nesrinemed@yahoo.fr ) 2- Departments of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt 3- Laboratoire de Bio-ressources sahariennes : préservation et valorisation, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l Univers Ouargla Algérie. ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two type of soil (clay and sandy soils) in the potential allelopathic effects of Artemisia herba-alba, Oudneya africana crude powder (0,1,3 and 6%) on some growth parameters of two weeds (Bromus tectorum and ) under laboratory conditions (pot experiment). The Experimental findings have reported that the donor species crude powder concentrations were suppressing to Shoot length (SL), root length (RL) and the leaf number (LN)) in both soil types and caused a gradual reduction particularly when they are high. However, the reduction degree was varied and species, concentration dependent. The suppressive effect of the two donors on the two weedy species was in the following order >. Generally, the growth parameters of two recipient species were significantly decreased with the increase of each of the donor species crude powder concentration levels. Concerning the type of soil stoical analyses indicated that significant difference between clay and sandy soils. Key words: allelopathy. Soil, Artemisia herba-alba, Oudneya africana, growth, weeds 1. INTRODUCTION The term Allelopathy was coined by Prof. Hans Molisch in 1937, combining two Greek words allelo and pathos literally meaning mutual suffering. Based on that concept Rice (1984) defined allelopathy as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant or another through the production of chemical compounds that escape into the environment. Allelochemicals from plants are released into the environment by exudation from roots, leaching from stems and leaves or decomposition of plant material (Rice, 1984; Lovett and Ryuntyu, 1992; Rizvi and Rizvi, 1992). Allelopathy includes plant-plant, plant-microorganisms, plant-virus, plant-insects, and plant-soil-plant chemical interactions. Allelopathic effects can be stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on the identity of the active compound on the static and dynamic availability, persistence and fate of organics in the environment and on the particular target species (Torres et al., 1996; Inderjit and Keating, 1999). In addition to the physicochemical property of the allelochemical, phytotoxic activity may be affected by many factors. These include soil and plant factors of both the donor and recipient plants, all of which are influenced by meteorological factors. Thus, it is indicated that allelopathy is a complicated phenomenon, and it is difficult to separate the allelopathic effects from other competition and/or interaction events among plants (Qasem and Hill 1989; Wardle

2 et al. 1992; Duke et al. 2000; Inderjit et al. 2001). Medicinal plant, had inhibitory effects (Lin et al., 2003, 2004) on selected weeds and its allelochemicals inhibiting weed growth was identified (Lin et al., 2004). In addition, the previous results (Fujii et al., 1991, 2003). The interaction of plants through chemical signals 'allelopathy' has many possible agricultural and ecological applications (Rice, 1984; Nelson, 1996). Several medicinal plants may have inhibitory effects on some weeds and its allelochemicals may causes sever reduction in weed growth (Lin et al., 2004). A number of plants have an inhibitory effect on the growth of neighboring or successional plants by releasing allelopathic chemicals into the soil, either as exudates from the living tissues or by decomposition of plant materials (Putnam and Tang 1986; Einhellig, 1996; Inderjit, 1996). A successful allelochemical for weed management should inhibit germination of several weed species and not inhibit the germination of the crop (Sebile and Sengul, 2008). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two type of soil (clay and sandy soils) in the potential allelopathic effects of Artemisia herba-alba, Oudneya africana crude powder on some growth parameters and phytomass of two weeds ( and ) under laboratory conditions (pot experiment). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pot experiment was performed to test the effect of different levels of the Artemisia herba-alba and Oudneya africana (donor species) crude powder mixed (w/w) with clay and sandy soils (collected from control locations) on some growth parameters and phytomass of two weedy species; and To achieve this, soil samples (clay and sandy) were collected from the adjacent crop fields, air-dried under shade, sieved to get rid of pebbles and plant debris and stored in paper bags ready for the analysis of some physico-chemical properties. The samples finally sterilized at (90ºC for 48 h) to remove any microorganisms and weed seeds. Ten seeds of each of the recipient species were sown in plastic pots (16 cm in diameter) with about 1500 g of each clay and sandy soils thoroughly mixed (w/w) with 1, 3 and 6% of electrically crushed crude powder of the tow donor species (Artemisia herba-alba and Oudneya africana). The experiment was performed under normal laboratory conditions (23±2 C temperature, 75±2% relative humidity, and 14/10 h light/dark photoperiod). One treatment was run as control with zero percent of crude powder. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The plants were watered every two days on the average with normal tap water. The amount of water corresponding to average soil plant evapotranspiration calculated from weight loss over a 24 hour interval. After 30 days the homogenous seedling were taken carefully from each treatment, washed with tap water to remove the adhering soil particles, and then by distilled water, gently blotted with filter paper. The data of the growth parameters are shoot length (SL) (cm), root length (RL) (cm) and the leaf number (LN). The samples were dried at 105 o C till constant weight to determine the dry weight. Statistical analysis: data of the present study were subjected to standard two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the COSTAT 2.00 statistical analysis software manufactured by CoHort Software Company (1986). 3. RESULTS 3.1 Effect of Artemisia herba-alba Crude Powder (AHCP) on some growth parameters Shoot length (SL) The demonstrated data in Table 1 pointed up that shoot length (SL) of Bromus tectorum and was significantly affected upon applying the different

3 concentrations of AHCP. In clay soil, there was a noticed reduction in values of SL. At control level, values of about and14.46 cm of SL were noticed, respectively. These values were reduced to and14 cm at 1% and at 6% AHCP concentration the values and13.50 cm were obtained for the two recipient species respectively. Likewise, in sandy soil values of SL were about and cm at control level respectively. These values were reduced at 6%AHCP concentration the values and zero cm were recovered for the two recipient species respectively Root length (RL) The allelopathic effect of AHCP concentration on root length (RL) of, and are illustrated in Table1 apparently all allelopathic concentrations have significantly reduced RL. In clay soil, the control values were about 7.1 and 6.10cm for the two recipient species respectively. At 1 % AHCP concentration, RL reduced to 5.73 and5.5 cm. constantly, it continues reduction till it attained values of about 3.23 and 4.75 cm at 6% AHCP concentration for the two recipient species respectively. Similarly, the control values of RL in sandy soil were about 6.23 and 6.56cm respectively. At 1% concentration, the values of about 5.20 and 5.50cm were obtained and at 3% concentration, it reduced to zero cm at 6% AHCP concentration for the two recipient species Leaf number (LN) The values of Leaf number on Broums tectorum. In clay soil, was obtained same value (3) at control While in sandy soil at control the value was about 2.33 on other hand, at 1,3 and6% AHCP concentration was about the same value (2) was recovered in clay and sandy soil. While for the values about 5, 3 and zero were obtained at 1, 3 and6% AHCP concentration. Table 1: Effect of Artemisia herba-alba Crude Powder (AHCP) on some growth parameters Shoot length (SL) Type of soil 0% 1% 3% 6% Two way ANOVA CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type: ** CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type: NS Root length (RL) Type of soil 0% 1% 3% 6% Two way ANOVA CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type: ** CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type: * Leaf number (LN) Type of soil 0% 1% 3% 6% Two way ANOVA CS Treatment : NS SS Soil type: NS CS Treatment : NS SS Soil type: NS CS: clay soil,ss: sandy soil,**:significant at 0.01, NS: not significant Effect of Oudneya africana Crude Powder (OACP) on some growth parameters Shoot length (SL) Data in Table 2 pointed up that shoot length (SL) of and Melilotus indica was significantly affected upon applying the different concentrations of OACP. In clay soil, there was a noticed reduction in values of SL. At control level, values of about

4 13.06 and cm of SL were observed respectively. These values were reduced to and 14.25cm at 1% and at6% OACP concentration the values 12.1 and zero cm were obtained for the two recipient species respectively. Similarly, in sandy soil values of SL were about and13.40 cm at control level respectively. At 1 and 3 % OACP was obtained and cm these values were reduced to zero cm at 6% OACP concentrations for compared of the value about to zero cm was observed Root length (RL) The allelopathic effects of OACP concentration on root length (RL) of Bromus tectorum and are illustrated in Table 2 Generally, all allelopathic concentrations have significantly reduced RL. In clay soil, the control values were about 7.10 and 6.10 cm for the two recipient species respectively. At 1 % OACP concentration, RL reduced to 5.43 and 5.69 cm and 4.26 and 5.50 at3% level. Constantly, it continues reduction till it attained values of about 3.8 and 4.30cm at 6% OACP concentration for the two recipient species respectively. Correspondingly, the control values of RL in sandy soil were about 6.23 and 6.56 cm respectively. It reduced zero at 6% OACP concentration for. while for, the value it reduced to zero at 1, 3 and6% OACP concentration Leaf number (LN) Generally, leaf number (LN) of and was not significant affected by the increase in OACP concentration. In clay soil, the control values of LN were about 3 and 3.33, respectively. At 6% OACP concentration the values of about 2 leaves were attained for the two recipient species respectively. Similarly, in sandy soil, the control values of LN were about 2.33 and 2 respectively. At 6% OACP concentration, values of about zero were obtained for the two recipient species respectively. Table2: Effect of Oudneya africana Crude Powder (OACP) on some growth parameters Shoot length (SL) Type of Tow way ANOVA 0% 1% 3% 6% soil CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type: ** CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type: ** Root length (RL) Type of Tow way ANOVA 0% 1% 3% 6% soil CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type: ** CS Treatment : ** SS Soil type:** Leaf number (LN) Type of Tow way ANOVA 0% 1% 3% 6% soil CS Treatment : NS SS Soil type: NS CS Treatment : NS SS Soil type: ** CS: clay Soil, SS: sandy soil, **: Significant at 0.01, NS: not significant. 4. DISCUSSION The test the effect crude powder mixed (w/w) with clay and sandy soils (collected from control locations) on some growth parameters of two species (two weeds) were considered as target or recipient species.

5 The crude powder of Artemisia herba-alba and Oudneya africana (donor plants) mixed (w/w) with clay and sandy soils (collected from control locations) affect some growth parameters like shoot length, root length, number of leaves of and. The effect was, in general, more severe on the tow weedy plant. Among the different donor plants, effect depending on the type of donor species and on the extract concentration. Generally, under the present study, the growth parameters of all the two recipient species were significantly decreased with the increase of each of the donor species crude powder concentration levels regardless soil type. On the other hand, shoot (SL) and root length (RL) of the two recipients species were significantly decreased with the increase in treatment concentrations under clay and sandy soil. In clay soil Artemisia herba-alba and Oudneya africana crude powder had the same allelopathic potential effect on and while, in sandy soil Oudneya africana crude powder had the greatest allelopathic compared to Artemisia herba-alba crud powder on.this reduction may be attributed to the presence of allelochemicals in the crude powder. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of the allelopathic treatments on shoot and root length as well as leaf number were almost alike in the two recipient species and may be related to the inhibition of cell division and/or cell expansion (Javaid and Anjum, 2006), And These phenolics inhibit the germination and seedling growth of same plant species or others by their effects on metabolic processes of germination and growth (Castro et al., 1984). In many studies, it was found that root growth was more inhibited than shoot growth (Inderjit and Dakshini, 1995). In general, plant growth inhibition have been attributed to inhibitory chemicals released from decomposing residues which was compatible with results reported by other researchers (Putnam and Duke, 1978) or by leaching of toxic materials from the residue to the soil. Kuiters and Denneman (1987) reported similar findings for phenolic compounds in sandy and clay soils. They discovered that higher amounts of allelochemicals were extractable from sandy soils than from clay soils. Oleszek and Jurzysta (1987) concluded that heavy soils adsorb more allelochemicals than sandy soils, and In the present investigated species, growth parameters was obviously higher illustrating better results in sandy soil than the clay soil, Experimental findings have reported that donor species crude powder concentrations were suppressing to length (SL), root length (RL and the leaf number (LN)) in both soil types and caused a gradual reduction particularly when they are high. However, the reduction degree was varied and species, concentration dependent. The suppressive effect of two donors on the two weedy species was in the following order >. The distinction between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous species was less clear in shoot and root tests than in germination tests. Significant reductions in growth of the roots and shoots were observed as the extract concentration increased. The results are in agreement with previous investigations in that the activity of either water-extracts or weed residues was directly related to the concentration of the residue rates (Chung and Miller, 1995; Babu and Kandasanmy, 1997; Caussanel, 1979). Based on the results of this study: The species with the strongest allelopathic potential such as Artemisia herba-alba and Oudneya africana, must be examined for their selective action on other specific plants including weeds and crops under field conditions, their allelopathic activity will be much more detailed. Analysis of possible allelochemicals in these plants is also required. The isolation and characterization of growth inhibitors, which might be responsible for the strong allelopathic potential of these species is

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