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1 Cntents I. HOW IS A PLANT CELL MADE? The Plant Cell Parts f the Plant Cell Anatmy and Mrphlgy f the Plant II. HOW DO PLANTS GROW? Develpmental Mrphlgy Develpmental Anatmy III. HOW DO PLANTS WORK? Fd Prductin Respiratin IV. HOW DO PLANTS HELP PEOPLE? An Aesthetic Gift Plant Selectin and Breeding GLOSSARY
2 II. HOW DO PLANTS GROW? Life is a miracle. Daily living is filled with miracles, but yu must have the eyes and the interest t see many f the day-t-day miracles ften taken fr granted. Plant grwth is such a miracle. Sme grwth is spectacular, taking place very rapidly in a matter f minutes r hurs. Other grwth is unnticed even ver the perid f mnths r years. But whether fast r slw, the questin still lingers, Hw d plants grw? Anyne wh has ever planted a seed in the grund, watered it, and waited patiently t see the first tiny leaf push thrugh the sil must surely have been amazed. Hw des a tiny, dry, seemingly lifeless seed grw and develp int a plant just like its parent? Scientists are still asking hw and why. Hundreds f years f dedicated study have nt unlcked the mysteries f the Creatr s miracle f grwth. SECTION OBJECTIVES Read these bjectives. When yu have cmpleted this sectin, yu shuld be able: 8. T discuss plant grwth. 9. T distinguish between mncts and dicts. 16. T express an appreciatin fr Gd s purpse and design in plants. s VOCABULARY Study these wrds t enhance yur learning success in this sectin. annual endsperm perennial bark entrpy sigmid curve ctyledn enzyme trpism dictyledn (dict) meristem vascular cambium differentiatin mnctyledn wd elngatin (mnct) DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY Develpmental mrphlgy is a study f the develpmental characteristics f plant frms and structures. This sectin will help yu t cmpare and cntrast the frm and structure f varius grups f plants. Seedlings. When a gardener r farmer grws a crp f plants, he ften starts with the seeds. The seed is a cnveniently packaged miniature plant. It cntains the embrynic plant with a supply f specially frmulated fd and a prtective cver called a seed cat that ensure getting the yung plant ff t a gd start. All that is needed is a little water and a little care. Then watch it grw! Seed germinatin. The increasing cmplexity and the careful rganizatin bserved as a seed germinates (r spruts) and develps int a mature plant is especially interesting. Starting frm a small, dry chunk f tissue, a living plant emerges. It pssesses a variety f different parts with distinct shapes, sizes, clrs, and drs. Life and grwth are miraculus phenmena that vercme entrpy. Life and grwth prcesses lead t an increased level f rganizatin and vlume, but nly when energy is intrduced t build up end prducts r t prlng aging. Because f man s sin, the universe is under the Creatr s judgment and is subject t the physical law f entrpy. Like a giant clck that was wund up at the beginning, it is thught the universe is running dwn, degenerating, and therefre subject t entrpy. Overcming f entrpy in living things is temprary. There is a tremendus amunt f energy expended as an rganism grws and develps. This energy is changed int usable life and grwth energy, giving birth t a new plant. 17
3 As sn as a seed germinates, hwever, it begins t shw signs f dying (entrpy). At the mment f germinatin, the newly wund clck begins t run. As the new plant grws and tissues are rganized, rt cells are slughed ff, tissue dies, lder leaves die, and new leaves appear. After prducing seed, the entire plant dies sme in a mnth, a year, tw years, r many years. The lng lives f even the giant sequias and the tenacius bristlecne pines are numbered. These ancient clcks will smeday run dwn. Sigmid curve. The life phenmenn f birth, grwth, maturity, and death can be illustrated by the sigmid curve. This curve applies t all life. The sigmid curve may als plant mass Birth Rapid grwth Maturity time SIgmid curve. Death be used t shw what happens t ppulatins f living things in a clsed system (i.e., set limits f space, air, and fd, as shwn in a terrarium). The beginning phase f grwth (rather slw) is fllwed by a rapid increase in grwth (increased size r increased numbers f plants). Grwth finally slws dwn and levels ff. The leveling-ff perid may be shrt, as in an annual plant, which grws rapidly, prduces flwers and seeds, and dies all in ne year; r it may be lng, as is evident fr perennials, which shw slw unifrm grwth fr many seasns befre death. Sme perennials, especially rnamental garden plant varieties, may die back during cld winter then regrw in spring. In an pen system mre grwth may ccur befre the leveling ff ccurs r entrpy begins t take effect. This added grwth happens when additinal space, air, r fd becmes available. The human ppulatin is at r very near the phase f the grwth curve where an increase in ne r mre f these limiting factrs must ccur t supprt mre peple. Gd designed the envirnment with pen pssibilities. Man has been given the ingenuity t manage the envirnment, fr the benefit f all Gd s creatin. But prblems d arise. Waste and pllutin place stress n ur Cmplete these activities. 2.1 Draw a sigmid curve and label these parts: birth, rapid grwth, maturity, and death. 2.2 Draw the fur life stages f an rganism, using a single green plant as an example. a. birth b. rapid grwth c. maturity d. death 18
4 Flwer sepal petal stamen pistil Stem pith cnducting tissue pith cnducting tissue Leaf Venatin parallel netted Seed endsperm (fd) embrynic sht ctyledn (fd) seed cat embrynic rt MONOCOT PLANT DICOT PLANT Figure 7: Cmparisn f a Mnct and a Dict 19
5 envirnment and damage life in general, ften hampering fd prductin and making the envirnment unsuitable fr animals and plant life. Living with nly immediate benefits in mind results in explitatin and waste f resurces in the present, making them unusable fr tens r even hundreds f years in the future. As stewards f Gd s creatin, we shuld diligently accept the respnsibility t better manage the envirnment fr urselves and future generatins until the Lrd returns. Mncts and dicts. The embry plant is basically an axis with a rt-grwing pint at ne end and a sht-grwing pint at the ther end. The sht tip cnsists f tiny plumule leaves that later expand int the first true leaves f the plant. The axis is attached near the center t ne r tw ctyledns r seed leaves. Grasses are examples f mnctyledns (having ne seed leaf) and beans are an example f dictyledns (having tw seed leaves). The fd fr the mnct embry is stred in the surrunding tissue, the endsperm; the fd fr the dict embry is stred in ctyledns. The endsperm f sme mncts is f imprtance t peple because it is high in starch cntent and is suitable fr grinding int flur. Flwering plants, r angisperms (Class Angispermae), are gruped int the tw main subclasses, mncts and dicts, fr taxnmic purpses. One f the main differences between them is seed leaf number. As the plants grw, ther differences becme prnunced. Yu will be able t recgnize and classify many f these plants almst immediately int ne f the tw majr grups. Cmpare the table belw with Figure 7. It will help yu cmpare and cntrast sme f the characteristics f mncts and dicts. MONOCOT Cmparisn Table DICOT Seeds One ctyledn Tw ctyledns One seed leaf Tw seed leaves Leaves Parallel veins Netted veins Rts Usually fibrus Usually a taprt Stems Scattered vascular Vascular tissue tissue bundles frm a ring Flwers Flwer parts in Flwer parts in multimultiples f three ples f fur r five Cmplete these statements. 2.3 A plant that germinates, grws, prduces flwers and seeds, and dies in a year r less is called a/an. 2.4 A plant that may die back but cntinues t live fr many years is called a/an. 2.5 A prepackaged miniature plant is a gd descriptin fr a/an. 2.6 The sigmid curve is used in studies. 2.7 The physical law f describes the prcess f increasing disrganizatin, deteriratin, and degeneratin in a clsed system. 2.8 Tw lng-living plants are the (a) and the (b). 2.9 The fd fr the embry plant cmes frm either the (a) r (b). Cmplete these statements Define entrpy: 20
6 2.11 Distinguish between a mnct and a dict in: a. leaf structure. b. seed structure. c. stem structure. d. flwers. Cmplete this investigatin. It will take abut tw weeks. Materials needed: magnifier tripd, 10x fur Styrfam cups razr blade (single-edged) water sil mixture (ptting sil and sand) tray at least fur f tw types f mnct seeds (crn, wheat, grasses) at least fur f tw types f dict seeds (lima, kidney r pint bean, ak, pea) Prcedure. Check the bxes as yu cmplete each step. 1. Sak all f the seeds vernight in sme water in a Styrfam cup. 2. Open ne f each kind f seed with a razr blade. 3. Use a magnifying glass t study the pened seeds Make drawings f each pened seed. Label the fllwing seed parts: seed cat, sht tip, rt tip, and the ctyledns r endsperm. Crn Bean 4. Fill each cup 3/4 full f sil mixture. 5. Plant each f the fur types f seeds in a different, labeled cup. Plant at least three seeds per cup, n deeper than a quarter inch int the sil. 6. Make a drainage hle in the bttm f each cup. 7. Place each cup n a tray. 8. Water each plant as needed t keep the sil mist. 21
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