Supplementary Materials. Figure S1. Map of Rhode Island roadside sites included in vegetation survey analysis

Transcription

1 Supplementary Materials Figure S. Map of Rhode Island roadside sites cluded vegetation survey analysis

2 " " " " " Mowg Management Plan " Ü 0. 0 Miles

3 Table S. Coordates for Rhode Island roadside sites cluded vegetation survey analysis. Site ID Latitude Longitude Mowg Management Plan

4 Table S. identified Rhode Island roadside ecosystems with their conservation statuses and the number of total sites, sites, sites, and sites where the species were observed. Number of -m subplots where the species was observed, and the mean coverage of those species encountered was also calculated for all sites, and for each treatment. If no value for Mean Coverage, species was only encountered larger subplots where coverage data was not collected. Native species are native to southern New England. Introduced species are troduced southern New England. Invasive species have been given the conservation status of vasive southern New England accordg to GoBotany.com. -m All -m -m (Mean -m Acer platanoides Norway maple Invasive Acer rubrum red maple Native Acer saccharum silver maple Native Acer saccharum sugar maple Native Achillea millefolium yarrow Native 9 (.) (.) (0.) 0 A 7 (.) (.7) (.) 0 A (.) Agrostis capillaris Rhode Island bentgrass Introduced 7 (.) (0.) 0 B 9 (8.) Agrostis perennans Agrostis stolonifera autumn bentgrass creepg bentgrass Native 7 Introduced 9 (0.) (7.) (9.8) 7 (9.9) 0 A Allium veale crow garlic Introduced 0 C (0.) 7 (.9)

5 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Alnus serrulata smooth alder Native 0 A Alyssum alyssoides pale alyssum Introduced 0 B Amaranthus retroflexus Ambrosia artemisiifolia Amphicarpaea bracteata Andropogon gerardii Andropogon virgicus Anthoxanthum odoratum red-rooted amaranth ragweed American hog-peanut Native 0 A Native 0 B 0 B 0 B Native 0 A big bluestem Native 0 A broomsedge bluestem sweet vernalgrass Native Introduced 0 (7.8) 9 (8.) 0 (7.) (.) (.7) 8 (.9) (8.) Arenaria serpyllifolia Arisaema triphyllum thyme-leaved sandwort Jack--thepulpit Introduced 0 A Native 0 D Aristida purpurascens arrow feather threeawn Native () () Arrhenatherum elatius tall oat grass Introduced 0 A

6 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Artemisia vulgaris Asclepias syriaca Baptisia tctoria Berberis vulgaris Berberis thunbergii Betula alleghaniensis wormwood milkweed yellow wild digo barberry Japanese barberry Introduced Native Native 0 yellow birch Native (0.) () 7 (.) (.) 0 A 0 G (.8) 0 A Invasive 0 A Invasive 0 D 0 (.) () (0.8) Betula populifolia gray birch Native 0 F Bromus arvensis field brome Introduced Bromus secalus rye brome Introduced Carex arctata droopg woodland sedge (.) () (.) Native 0 C () Carex brevior short beaked sedge Native Carex festucacea fescue sedge Native 7 () 0 D 0 B ()

7 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Carex tumescens greater bladder sedge Native 0 D Carex lupula hop sedge Native 0 B Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania sedge Native Carex swanii Swan's sedge Native () (.) () (.) () Carex vesicaria Carex vulpoidea Catalpa speciosa Celastrus orbiculatus Centaurea stoebe Cerastium arvense Chamaecrista fasciculata lesser bladder sedge fox sedge northern catalpa Asian bittersweet spotted knapweed field chickweed partridge sensitive pea Native 0 A Native 0 C Introduced 0 A Invasive Invasive Introduced 8 (.) 0 (.) 0 A 0 (.) (9.) (.) 0 G Native 0 A 0 A Chenopodium album lambsquarters Introduced (0.7) 0 A (0.7)

8 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Chimaphila maculata Chrysanthemum leucanthemum spotted wtergreen Native (0.8) (0.8) Oxeye daisy Introduced 0 A Cichorium tybus chicory Introduced Circaea canadensis broad leaved enchanter's nightshade Native (0.) (0.) Cirsium discolor field thistle Native 0 A 0 D Clethra alnifolia Comptonia peregra Conyza canadensis Coreopsis lanceolata Cornus florida Coronilla varia Crataegus monogyna coastal sweet pepperbush Native () () sweet fern Native 0 A Canada fleabane lance leaved tickseed flowerg dogwood purple crown vetch one seeded hawthorn Native 0 E Introduced 0 D Native 0 A Introduced 8 (.) 0 A Introduced 0 A 8 (.)

9 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Cynanchum louiseae black swallowwort Introduced 0 A Cyperus esculentus nut flatsedge Native 0 D Cyperus lupulus Great Plas flatsedge Native Dactylis glomerata orchard grass Introduced Danthonia spicata poverty oatgrass Native Daucus carota wild carrot Introduced Desmodium canadense Desmodium marilandicum Dichanthelium acumatum showy tick trefoil smooth small leaved tick trefoil hairy rosette panicgrass Native (.8) () 9 (0.7) (0.8) (.8) (.) (0.8) 0 D () (0) (0.8) 0 D Native 0 D Native 0 (.) 0 G (.) 8 (.) Dichanthelium oligosanthes few flowered rosette panicgrass Native () () 0 G 0 F Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon round fruited rosette panicgrass Native (.9) (.7)

10 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Digitaria ischaemum smooth crabgrass Introduced (.8) 8 (.8) 0 B (.) Digitaria sangualis hairy crabgrass Introduced (8.) (.) (7) 7 (.8) Diphasiatrum digitatum southern ground cedar Native 0 A Elaeagnus umbellata autumn olive Invasive Elymus repens quackgrass Introduced Equisetum pratense Eragrostis spectabilis Erechtites hieraciifolius Erigeron annuus Eupatorium maculatum Euphorbia maculata Euthamia caroliana meadow horsetail purple lovegrass American burnweed annual fleabane spotted Joe Pye weed spotted sandmat slender goldentop 7 () 0 A 0 D (.) (7) 0 E Native 0 A Native 0 (9.7) (.) Native 0 B 0 D Native (0.7) (0.7) () Native 0 D Native 0 E Native 0 G (.8)

11 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Euthamia gramifolia Fagus grandifolia Festuca arundacea grass leaved goldenrod American beech Native Native () () () () tall rye grass Introduced 0 D 0 A Festuca filiformis fe leaved sheep fescue Invasive (.) 0 (8) 0 F (8) Festuca ova sheep fescue Introduced Festuca rubra red fescue Introduced Festuca subverticillata Festuca trachyphylla Frangula alnus Fraxus americana Galium cruciata Galium mollugo noddg fescue Native hard fescue Introduced glossy false buckthorn Invasive (.7) () (.) (0) (9) 0 A (.7) (0) 0 F white ash Native 0 D Galium cruciata whorled bedstraw Native (0) Introduced 0 D (0)

12 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Gaultheria procumbens Holcus lanatus Hordeum jubatum Hypericum gentianoides Hypericum perforatum Hypochaeris radicata Juncus acumatus wtergreen Native velvet grass fox tail barley orange grass St. John's wort St. John's wort hairy cat's ear sharp fruited rush Introduced Native Native () 0 (.9) (.) (.) (.) (.) () 0 A 7 (.) Introduced 0 A 0 D Introduced 9 Juncus bufonius toad rush Native Juncus effusus soft rush Juncus greenei Greene's rush Native Juncus tenuis path rush Native Juniperus virgiana eastern red cedar (7) 8 (7.9) Native 0 B (.) Native 0 D Native Kalmia angustifolia sheep laurel Native (7) 9 (9.9) (8.) (7) (7) (7) (.) (.) (.7) () 0 G 0 (.) 0 D 0 A

13 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Lactuca serriola Laria canadensis Laria vulgaris prickly lettuce oldfield toadflax butter and eggs toadflax Introduced 0 B Native (0.7) (0.7) 0 B Introduced 0 D 0 A Ldera benzo Liriodendron tulipifera Lobelia flata Lolium perenne Lonicera japonica Lycopodium digitatum Lycopodium obscurum Lythrum salicaria Maianthemum canadense northern spicebush Native (.) (.) tulip poplar Native 0 A bladder pod lobelia perennial rye grass Japanese honeysuckle prickly tree clubmoss purple loosestrife Canada mayflower Native 0 A Introduced () 0 D (.7) 0 D Introduced 0 A Native Native Invasive Native (7) (.9) (.) (7) (.9) (.)

14 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Maianthemum racemosum feathery false Solomon's seal Native 0 F Maianthemum stellatum star like false Solomon's seal Native 0 F Morella caroliensis small bayberry Native (0) (0) Morus rubra red mulberry Native 0 D Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern Native (.) (.) Osmunda regalis royal fern Native 0 A Osmundastrum cnamomeum Oxalis stricta Packera aurea Panicum capillare Panicum virgatum cnamon fern yellow wood sorrel golden groundsel witch panicgrass switch panicgrass Native Native 0 Native Native Native () 9 (0.9) (8) () (.) (8) () (0.7) (0.7) () () 0 D

15 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Parthenocissus ququefolia Paspalum setaceum Phleum pratense Phytolacca americana Virgia creeper, woodbe slender beadgrass Timothy American pokeweed Native Native Picea glauca white spruce Introduced 8 (.) 0 (.9) (0.7) 8 (.) (.) Introduced 0 A 0 D 0 D Native 0 A 0 C Picea mariana black spruce Native 0 D 0 A Pus strobus eastern white pe Native (0.8) (0.8) (.) 0 A Pus sylvestris Scotch pe Introduced 0 D Piptochaetium avenaceum black seeded spear grass Native Plantago aristata bracted planta Introduced () 0 E () Plantago lanceolata English planta Introduced 0 (.) (.) 0 B 7 (.) Plantago virgica pale seeded planta Native Poa annua annual blue grass Introduced (.) (.)

16 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Poa nemoralis Poa palustris Poa pratensis Poa saltuensis Podophyllum peltatum Polygala sanguea Polygonum pensylvanicum wood blue grass fowl blue grass Kentucky blue grass weak spear grass Introduced () 0 A Native 0 B Introduced 9 Native May apple Introduced purple milkwort Pennsylvania smartweed (7.) (0.7) (.) (.) (0.7) () Native 0 D 0 B Native () 0 A () 0 A Polygonum sagittatum Populus deltoides Populus grandidentata Potentilla canadensis Potentilla erecta Prunella vulgaris arrow leaved tearthumb eastern cottonwood bigtooth aspen, dwarf cquefoil erect cquefoil selfheal, Native 0 A Native 0 D Native 0 F Native 0 Introduced Native (.9) (0.7) (.) (0.7) (.) (.) 0 D

17 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Prunus maritima beach plum Native (0.7) 0 F (0.7) Prunus serota black cherry Native 0 D 0 A Prunus virgiana choke cherry Native Quercus alba Quercus bicolor eastern white oak swamp white oak Native (.) 8 (.) 0 A (.) 8 (.) 0 A 0 B Native 0 D 0 F Quercus ilicifolia scrub oak Native 0 A Quercus rubra northern red oak Native 0 F Quercus veluta black oak Native 0 A Ranunculus acris tall buttercup Introduced 0 A Ranunculus bulbosus Ranunculus fascicularis Rhamnus cathartica Rhus copallum Rhus glabra bulbous crowfoot early crowfoot European buckthorn wged sumac smooth sumac Introduced Native 0 A Invasive 0 C Native 0 0 A Native 0 A 0 D

18 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Rhus typha Robia pseudoacacia staghorn sumac black locust Invasive Native 0 D (.) Rosa multifora rambler rose Invasive 7 Rubus allegheniensis blackberry Native Rubus idaeus red raspberry Native 7 Rubus illecebrosus Rubus occidentalis Rudbeckia hirta Rumex acetosella strawberry raspberry black raspberry black eyed coneflower sheep sorrel Introduced (.) (.7) () 0 A () 0 A (.) () (.) 8 (.) () (.) 0 F () Native 0 A Native 0 D Invasive (.) Rumex crispus curly dock Introduced 0 D 0 A Salix discolor pussy willow Native 0 A (.) (.) 8 Sambucus canadensis black elderberry Native 0 A Sassafras albidum sassafras Native 0 C

19 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Schizachyrium scoparium Sedum ternatum Setaria parviflora little bluestem woodland stonecrop knotroot foxtail Native 0 F Introduced Native 0 D Setaria pumila yellow foxtail Invasive 0 D Setaria viridis green foxtail Invasive Silene vulgaris Smilax glauca Smilax rotundifolia Solanum carolense bladder campion glaucous leaved greenbriar roundleaf greenbrier Carola nightshade Introduced Native Native Introduced Solidago altissima tall goldenrod Native Solidago erecta Solidago gigantea Solidago hispida slender goldenrod smooth goldenrod hairy goldenrod () 0 (9.) 0 (8.) () 0 C 0 (9.) 0 (8.) () 0 C Native 0 C Native Native () (9.) () () (9.)

20 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Solidago juncea Solidago nemoralis Solidago rugosa Sonchus arvensis Spiraea alba Staphylea trifolia Stellaria gramea Swida rugosa early goldenrod gray goldenrod wrkle leaved goldenrod field sow thistle white meadowsweet American bladdernut grass leaved starwort round leaved dogwood Native Native Native 7 (.) (.) (.) () 0 B (.) (.) Native 0 A Native 0 A Native 0 F 0 A Introduced 0 D Native 0 F 0 (.) 7 (.) Symphyotrichum dumosum bushy American aster Native (.) (.) Symphyotrichum ericoides health American aster Native

21 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Symphyotrichum pilosum Symphytum officale Symplocarpus foetidus Taraxacum officale Thalictrum dioicum Thelypteris noveboracensis Tilia americana Toxicodendron radicans Toxicodendron rydbergii awl American aster comfrey skunk cabbage dandelion early meadow rue New York fern American lden Native Introduced Native Introduced 9 (.9) (.7) (.9) 7 (0.7) (.7) Native 0 D Native poison ivy Native 8 western poison ivy (.) (.) (.7) Native 0 A Native Trientalis borealis starflower Native Trifolium arvense Trifolium aureum rabbit foot clover palmate hop clover Introduced Introduced 9 (7.8) (0.7) (.) (.7) 0 D (.8) (8) 9 (7.8) (0.7) 0 D Trifolium hybridum alsike clover Introduced 0 A (..) (.)

22 -m All -m -m (Mean -m Trifolium pratense red clover Introduced 8 Trifolium repens white clover Introduced 8 Vaccium angustifolium Vaccium corymbosum Verbascum thapsus Viburnum dentatum lowbush blueberry highbush blueberry mulle smooth arrowwood Native Native Introduced Native Vicia cracca cow vetch Introduced Vicia villosa hairy vetch Introduced Vitis aestivalis summer grape Vitis labrusca fox grape Native Vulpia myuros rat tail six weeks grass.) (.) (.) 7 (.) () (.) (.) (7) 8 (7.9) 0 (.9) () (.) (7) 0 B (.) 7 (.) (.) (.) (.) 0 A 0 A 0 B Native 0 A Introduced (.) (7) (.) (7) 0 A A For this treatment, the species did not appear any subplots at any sites and was only observed fal walk throughs B For this treatment, the species was observed only A subplots (Corner subplot transition zone, 0-m ) or the fal walk through C For this treatment, the species was observed only B subplots (Corner subplot, adjacent to the road the operational zone, 0-m ) or the fal walk through

23 D For this treatment, the species was observed only C subplots (Center subplot, 000-m ) or the fal walk through E For this treatment, the species was observed only A subplots (Corner subplot, adjacent to the road the operational zone, 0-m ), B subplots (Corner subplot transition zone, 0-m), or the fal walkthrough F For this treatment, the species was observed only B subplots (Corner subplot transition zone, 0-m), C subplots (Center subplot, 000-m ), or the fal walk through G For this treatment, the species was observed only A subplots (Corner subplot, adjacent to the road the operational zone, 0-m ), C cubplots (Center subplot, 000-m ), or the fal walk through Dashes dicate when a species was not found any of the -m supbplots and occurred only larger subplots where cover data was not collected

24 Table S. Results of one-way ANOVAs and Nested ANOVAs comparg total species richness, native species richness, troduced species richness, vasive richness, native species percent cover, troduced species percent cover, and vasive species percent cover between Site Types (Fully, Reduce, Never ) at four spatial scales: the entire 000-m plot, the 00-m subplot, the two 0-m subplots (nested), and the ten -m subplots (nested). Dependent Variable by Scale Independent Variable R Df F P Range Mean Richness (000-m ) Site Type 0.8, Native Richness (000-m ) Site Type 0.7, * * * 8 9 Introduced Richness (000-m ) Site Type 0., Invasive Richness (000-m ) Site Type 0.0, Richness (00-m ) Site Type 0.07, Native Richness (00-m ) Site Type 0.7,. <0.000* * 7 - <0.000* 0. Introduced Richness (00-m ) Site Type 0., * * * 7.8 Invasive Richness (00-m ) Site Type 0., Richness (0-m ) Site Type 0., Native Richness (0-m ) Site Type 0.9, Introduced Richness (0-m ) Site Type 0., * * *. Invasive Richness (0-m ) Site Type 0.0,

25 Dependent Variable by Scale Independent Variable R Df F P Range Mean Richness (-m ) Site Type 0.7, Native Richness (-m ) Site Type 0.,.9 0.0* * 9.7 Introduced Richness (-m ) Site Type 0.7,. <0.000* * * 9.9 Invasive Richness (-m ) Site Type 0.0, Native Cover (-m ) Site Type 0.0, Introduced Cover (-m ) Site Type 0.7,. <0.000* * * 99. Invasive Cover (-m ) Site Type 0.0, *Indicates dicate significant differences mean values between Site Types (Tukey s Test)

26 Table S. Results of one-way ANOVAs comparg total species richness, native species richness, troduced species richness, vasive richness, native species percent cover, troduced species percent cover, and vasive species percent cover between Site Types (,, ) subplots operational zones and transition zones separately. Dependent Variable and Zone Richness, Operational Zone Native Richness, Operational Zone Introduced Richness, Operational Zone Invasive Richness, Operational Zone Native Cover, Operational Zone Introduced Cover, Operational Zone Invasive Cover, Operational Zone Richness, Transition Zone Native Richness, Transition Zone Independent Variable R Df F P Range Mean Site Type 0., Site Type 0., Site Type 0., Site Type -, Site Type 0., * * * 9.88 Site Type 0., * * Site Type 0.0, Site Type 0.0, Site Type 0.,.9 0.0* *.9

27 Dependent Variable and Zone Introduced Richness, Transition Zone Invasive Richness, Transition Zone Native Cover, Transition Zone Introduced Cover, Transition Zone Invasive Cover, Transition Zone Independent Variable R Df F P Range Mean Site Type 0.8, * * * 0.7 Site Type 0., Site Type -, Site Type 0.7, * * * 00. Site Type -, *Indicates dicate significant differences mean values between Site Types (Tukey s Test)