Photosynthesis and Respiration

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1 Photosynthesis and Respiration 1 of 20

2 Chemical Energy and ATP Chemical Energy and ATP An important chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy is adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP. ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source. 2 of 20

3 Chemical Energy and ATP ATP consists of: adenine ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) 3 phosphate groups (key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.) Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups ATP 3 of 20

4 Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. ADP Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate + ATP Energy Energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery 4 of 20

5 Chemical Energy and ATP Releasing Energy Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. 2 Phosphate groups P ADP 5 of 20

6 Chemical Energy and ATP ATP and ADP 6 of 20

7 Chemical Energy and ATP What is the role of ATP in cellular activities? ATP s characteristics make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells. 7 of 20

8 Using Biochemical Energy Using Biochemical Energy Most cells have only a small amount of ATP, because it is not a good way to store large amounts of energy. Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose. 8 of 20

9 The Photosynthesis Equation Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into highenergy sugars and oxygen. 9 of 20

10 The Photosynthesis Equation The Photosynthesis Equation The equation for photosynthesis is: Light 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 carbon dioxide + water Light sugars + oxygen 10 of 20

11 Light and Pigments Photosynthesis 11 of 20

12 Light and Pigments Light and Pigments How do plants capture the energy of sunlight? In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. 12 of 20

13 Light and Pigments Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. The main pigment in plants is chlorophyll. There are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a chlorophyll b 13 of 20

14 Inside a Chloroplast Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Chloroplast Plant cells 14 of 20

15 Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplasts contain thylakoids saclike photosynthetic membranes. Single thylakoid Chloroplast 15 of 20

16 Inside a Chloroplast Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. A singular stack is called a granum. Granum Chloroplast 16 of 20

17 Inside a Chloroplast Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called photosystems, which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast. Photosyst ems Chloroplast 17 of 20

18 Cellular Respiration Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Outer membrane Intermemb Mitochond rane space rion Inner Plant Cells membr ane Matrix Animal Cells 18 of 20

19 Overview of Cellular Respiration What is cellular respiration? 19 of 20

20 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. 20 of 20

21 Overview of Cellular Respiration The equation for cellular respiration is: 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + Energy 21 of 20

22 Overview of Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH cose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Cytoplasm Mitochondrion 22 of 20

23 Overview of Cellular Respiration Each of the three stages of cellular respiration captures some of the chemical energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP. vaaerobi.mov 23 of 20

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