Unit 2 Chapter 6: Plants and Animals

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Unit 2 Chapter 6: Plants and Animals"

Transcription

1 Biology 2201 Unit 2 Chapter 6: Plants and Animals Name: 1

2 Kingdom Plantae (Plants) : Botany is the study of plants. All plants are said to have a common ancestor; (ie.) it is thought that plants have evolved from an ancient group of green algae. Plants and green algae share a common evolutionary ancestry. The general characteristics of plants are the following: Photosynthesis ability to absorb water and nutrients ability to conserve water and reduce the drying effect of air process of gas exchange presence of supporting tissue ability to reproduce Plants can be classified according to the presence or absence of vascular tissue. Vascular tissue is the tissue that supports water and the products of photosynthesis throughout a plant. A plant s vascular system has a similar function to the circulatory system that carries blood throughout our bodies. It transports water, dissolved minerals and sugars to all parts of plants. This feature helps to divide the plant kingdom into two major groups: Plants lacking vascular tissue are called bryophytes. (non- vascular plants) Plants which have vascular tissue are called tracheophytes. (vascular plants) Vascular tissue is made up of xylem and phloem cells. Xylem carries water and minerals to the leaves of plants. Phloem transports food synthesized in leaves throughout the plant. Land plants have a cuticle and stomata (singular = stoma) present. A cuticle is a noncellular layer secreted by epidermal cells which helps to protect cells from drying out. Stomata are pores in the epidermis of a plant, particularly the leaves, which permit the exchange of gases between the plant and the air around it. Classification system (land plants): 1. Nonvascular (Bryophytes) (eg.) mosses, liverworts, hornworts 2. Vascular (Tracheophytes) 2a. Seedless (Spores): (Spore-bearing plants) (eg.) whiskferns, club mosses, horesetails, ferns 2b. Seed (embryo + stored food + tough water proof coat or seed coat) Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants): conifers. 2

3 2c. Angiosperms (flowering plants): classified into two groups according to number of seed leaves or cotyledons on the embryo within the seed monocots (one seed leaf) and dicots (two seed leaves). 1. Nonvascular Plants: BRYOPHYTES (Phylum Bryophyta): Bryophytes are nonvascular land plants that are small in size and grow close to the ground. Examples would be mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They reproduce by alternation of generations; a two part life cycle with alternating monoploid (n) and diploid (2n) phases. For bryophytes, the dominant part of the life cycle is the gametophyte generation (what is actually seen). (See Figure 6.3, p. 166). Characteristics of Nonvascular: 1. They lack specialized tissue that transports water as in vascular plants. There is a problem of dessication or drying out in these plants. 2. They lack true roots, stems and leaves and are anchored to the ground by structures called rhizoids. A rhizoid is a simple structure (other than a true root) which doesn t channel water to other parts of the plant. 3. They require water for sexual reproduction. Water is needed for fertilization to occur. Sperm must swim through water in order to reach the egg. 2. Vascular Plants TRACHEOPHYTES (Phylum Tracheophyta): Tracheophytes are true terrestrial plants. Examples would be ferns, herbs, shrubs, trees and flowering plants. They are vascular plants and have vascular tissue. These are modern-day plants and the sporophyte generation is predominant. Some tracheophytes are spore-producing vascular plants; such as whiskferns, club mosses, horesetails and ferns. Characteristics of vascular plants: 1. They are vascular plants having specialized conducting tissue; xylem (water) and phloem (food). 2. Means of reproduction: spores - club mosses, horsetails, ferns seeds - flowering plants, conifers (Note: All spore bearing vascular plants require water, which reflects their aquatic ancestry.) 3

4 3. Dominant phase in the life cycle is the sporophyte generation (larger than gametophyte); gametophyte generation is very small, only mm in length. (Note: This is an evolutionary trend.) 4. Evolution of the reproductive cycle is such that water is not an essential requirement for reproduction. It enables plants to survive in a terrestrial environment. This allows for greater adaptability and less dependence on a wet environment (like the bryophytes). Diversity and success of the Angiosperms: The angiosperms are the flowering plants and are the most diverse plant group. This diversity is due to a variety of factors, such as: 1) the assistance of animals and wind in pollination; 2) the presence of structures in plants specific to attracting certain animal pollinators whom the plants supply with food; 3) the way seeds are protected; 4) the function of fruits in seed dispersal, and 5) the presence of specialized tissues in plants to help them survive heat, cold, and droughts. Explanation of the key factors: 1. Assistance of animals and wind in pollination. Diagram Pg. 176 Pollination is the process by which pollen reaches the stigma or the transfer of pollen to female reproductive structures of a plant. The agents of pollination would be animals, wind and flower structure. Animals such as bees, bats, birds, butterflies, etc. are able to move from one flower to another and are known as pollinators. Animals move from plant to plant in search of a sugary food called nectar. The animals will usually use a specific flower. Flower colour, odour, size and shape are related to the specific pollinators of the plant. For example, butterflies and moths have long sucking mouth parts. Therefore, certain plants evolved structures that have petals which form a long tube with the nectar at the base. In this way, only certain insects can pollinate the plant. This parallel evolution of plants and pollinators was a major factor in the domination of flowering plants on the earth; (ie). pollinators are specific. Pollination by wind is very inefficient and therefore plants produce large amounts of pollen. Almost all of the pollen falls within 100 m of the parent plant. This means that this is only good within a large population which grows close together. The characteristics of plants pollinated by wind would be: - flowers are small and grow in clusters - drab colour, odourless, no nectar - petals absent or small 4

5 - stamen is exposed, pollen easily catches wind - feathery stigmas also increase the amount of pollen which is caught by the wind (eg.) grasses, trees such as oak, maple and birch Some plants don t need a pollinator. Pollen from the anther fertilizes egg in the same flower. This is called self - fertilization. It is very uncommon. In some plants, the pollen grains and the ovules mature at different times making self - fertilization impossible. 2. Structures present specific to attract pollinators. Flowering plants attract pollinators by supplying them with food. How a pollinator distinguishes a plant? This can be done by sighting the plant or by detecting an odour. Bees cannot distinguish the colour red and therefore are not usually found around red flowers but those with blue and yellow flowers. Some plants also have patterns or stripes which lead bees to nectar. Some flowers can produce sweet smelling scents. For example, there are some flowers that smell like decaying meat; (eg). skunk cabbage attracts flies. Hummingbirds have a poor sense of smell and therefore pollinate flowers which have little smell. Beetles usually pollinate white or dull coloured flowers with have strong odours. 3. Seed protection. Flowers are diploid sporophytes and do not produce spores. Fertilization will produce a diploid sporophyte embryo. The embryo is enclosed in hard tissue to form a seed. The seed case or hard tissue enables the embryonic plant to survive adverse weather conditions such as drought, hot or arid periods and cold. 4. Fruits have a function in seed dispersal. The fruit or fleshy walls of the ovary is another means of seed protection. Some seeds in fruits are easily dispersed by wind and by water. Some fruits are eaten and dispersed by animals. The seed resist digestion and will pass intact in an animal s feces to germinate in a new spot. 5. Specialized tissues for survival. Angiosperms have a specialized leaf structure; such as sunken stomata which helps reduce water loss. Some angiosperms have small leaf hairs which also help to reduce water loss. The most important structure for survival is the reproductive organ, the flower; the female reproductive organ is the pistil (or carpel) and the male reproductive organ is the stamen. 5

6 Example of the Fern Life Cycle as a representative (seedless) plant: (See Figure 6.9, p. 173). 1. A sporangium produces haploid (monoploid) spores that germinate to form a gametophyte called a prothallus. Juvenile form 2. The prothallus produces antheridia (male organs) and archegonia (female organs). 3. Sperm swim through a droplet of water to an egg produced by the archegonium. 4. The fertilized egg begins to grow into a sporophyte. Adult form 5. The sporophyte matures and roots and fronds (leaf structure) develop out of the growing rhizome. 6. Sori (brown spores) develop on the pinnae (underside of frond). Spores are formed in the sori by meiosis. ** Table # 2 : Plants 6

7 Kingdom Animalia (Animals): Zoology is the study of animals. Animals are multicellular and eukaryotic. Animals consume organic materials and digest it and are termed heterotrophs. Most animals are motile at some time in their lives through some simple forms are attached to a substrate (sessile). Many animals have tissues specialized for specific functions (nerve tissue, muscle). Many lower forms have simple asexual and sexual reproduction while higher forms reproduce sexually exclusively. There are two main types of animals, vertebrates and invertebrates. A vertebrate has a backbone while an invertebrate has no backbone (no bones at all usually!!!) Characteristics of Various Animal Phyla: A. body organization (cells organized into tissues, organs and organ systems). Covered in Unit 1. B. number of germ layers (tissues from which more specialized tissues develop) C. body symmetry D. a complete or incomplete digestive tract E. development (or not) of an internal cavity called a coelom B. Number of Germ Layers: Animal development depends on cell layers or germ layers. Layers: 1. Endoderm is inner layer of cells. It gives rise to digestive tract 7

8 2. Ectoderm is the outer layer of cells. It gives rise to the skin and to the nervous system. 3. Mesoderm is the middle layer of cells. It gives rise to the circulatory, skeletal and reproductive systems. C. Symmetry in Animals: Body symmetry refers to the body being cut in two halves having matching shapes. Animals with no symmetry are asymmetrical (sponges). Radial symmetry is based around the point in the central axis of a tube (anemone). Animals like humans have two equal halves, bilateral symmetry. The sides of the body have special names: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal. Kinds of symmetry: PAGE 185 Fig Asymmetrical: lack symmetry, cannot be cut into two matching halves (eg.) most sponges 2. Radial symmetry: division into equal halves by passing a plane through the central axis of the animal in any direction (eg.) starfish, jellyfish. 3. Bilateral symmetry: division into equal halves only along a single plane. Each half is a mirror image of the other (eg.) most animals, humans (not perfect) Spatial relationships (bilateral symmetry): Dorsal - upper side or back Ventral - lower side or belly Anterior - front region or head Posterior - hind, rear, or tail end Lateral - side Note: Animals with bilateral symmetry have a true head. It shows cephalization which refers to a concentration of nerve tissue and receptors at the anterior end of the animal s body. D. Complete/ Incomplete Digestive Tract Incomplete: The body plan has only 1 opening to gut. Food and waste enter and leave through single opening. 8

9 Complete: Tube within a tube body plan, in which there are two openings to the gut. E. Body cavity: A coelom is a fluid filled cavity surrounded by the mesoderm a layer of epithelial cells that line the body cavity and gut; (found in all vertebrates and many invertebrates). Importance of a body cavity: 1. Provides space where internal organs can be suspended without being affected by muscle pressure and body movement 2. Provide space for internal organs to develop and expand 3. Contain fluids which may assist in internal transport of nutrients, and gas exchange; contains a peritoneum which is a covering membrane that lines the body cavity and covers the internal organs. Less complex vertebrates have a pseudocoelom, a fluid filled cavity of variable shape which has no peritoneum. Animals with a fluid-filled body cavity or coelom are called coelomates. Animals with a fluid-filled cavity and no peritoneum are pseudocoelomates. Animals without a coelom are called acoelomates. The development of a body cavity demonstrates complexity and evolutionary development in animals. The simplest animals have a single opening that acts as a mouth and anus. Complex animals have a gut with two openings, a mouth and anus. ** Table # 3: Invertebrates. Developmental trends Invertebrates: 1. We go from simple to complex as organisms evolve. 2. Simplest organisms have asymmetry. As complexity increases, we go to radial and finally bilateral symmetry. 3. Organisms go from having no cavity to a false cavity to a true body cavity. 4. Simpler organisms may reproduce sexually and asexually. As complexity increases, organisms reproduce only sexually. 5. Simpler ones have two tissue layers, more complex have three tissue layers. 6. Sessile to motile. 7. Simpler ones have no tissue, no systems. As complexity increases, the more systems an organism has (both in # and complexity). 9

10 Note: Many invertebrates are hermaphrodites (contain male and female parts), but rarely can they self-fertilize. ** Table # 4: Vertebrates. Common characteristics for all vertebrates would be: i) presence of a notochord (backbone) that runs along the dorsal length of the body. The notochord occurs only in the embryo and is then replaced with bone or cartilage. ii) a dorsal nerve cord to allow nerves to branch out to all parts of the body. iii) gill slits in the pharynx or throat. For terrestrial vertebrates, gill slits only occur in the embryo. (In humans, one of the gill slits develops into the ear canal!!) General Characteristics: 1. endoskeleton, appendages, and skin 2. closed circulatory system with an increasingly complex heart structure 3. increased cephalization (concentration of nerve tissue in anterior region) and increased size and complexity of the cerebrum 4. presence of a coelom to hold increasingly complex systems for digestion, excretion, reproduction, circulation and respiration Evolutionary developmental Trends - Vertebrates: 1. Adaptations leading from total dependence on water to survival on land (evolutionary trend from external fertilization towards internal fertilization). 2. Development of a more complex heart structure (from a two chambered to three chambered to four chambered heart). 3. Increase in cephalization 4. Increase in size and complexity of the cerebrum (anterior part of brain). 5. Body system functions increase in complexity with evolution. Why arthropods are the most successful class of animals? The main characteristics of an arthropod are: exoskeleton, jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and an open circulatory system. They are found in a wide range of habitats. It seems that they have evolved from a segmented ancestor. They undergo 10

11 sexual reproduction with internal fertilization and separate sexes: (although some may be hermaphroditic). Diversity (Phylum Arthropoda) is due to their: 1. rigid, jointed external skeleton or exoskeleton (for protection). This is made of chitin which provide a waterproof protective armour. This is shed periodically as they grow. 2. well-defined head with jointed appendage. These are specialized body segments fused into distinct regions such as head, thorax and abdomen. These are adapted for a wide range of functions such as sensory reception, eating, etc. 4. well-developed nervous system. Arthropods have a larger brain than their nearest relatives. 5. different structures and functions for obtaining nourishment. They eat plant and plant material, animal tissues such as blood, and feed on members from other kingdoms. Example of the Frog Life Cycle (as an example of an animal): (See Figure 6.26, p. 193). A frog is an example of an amphibian. A frog will undergo external fertilization; (the sperm and egg meet outside the bodies of both parents).the male frog produces the sperm and the female frog produces the eggs. Fertilization of frog eggs is external. During mating, the male frog mounts a female frog and helps to squeeze the eggs from the female s body. The male will then release sperm on top of the eggs. Once an egg has been fertilized, development begins immediately. The larva of the frog or tadpole will emerge from the egg in a few days. The young tadpole has a tail for swimming and gills for respiration. This tadpole stage of a frog may last a few months up to two years, depending on the frog species. Tadpoles eat plants and algae. The tadpole will undergo a complete change in form or metamorphosis; (older tadpoles start to develop legs). This metamorphosis usually takes one or two months and the young frog will have welldeveloped legs, but no tail. It eventually becomes an adult frog fully adapted for life on the land. 11

12 SUPPLIMENTARY HANDOUT KINDGOM ANIMALIA BODY SYMMETRY 12

Kingdom Animalia. Zoology the study of animals

Kingdom Animalia. Zoology the study of animals Kingdom Animalia Zoology the study of animals Summary Animals are multicellular and eukaryotic. consume and digest organic materials thereby being heterotrophs. Most are motile at some time in their lives.

More information

Unit 2B- The Plants. Plants can be classified according to the presence or absence of vascular tissue.

Unit 2B- The Plants. Plants can be classified according to the presence or absence of vascular tissue. Unit 2B- The Plants Botany is the study of plants. All plants are said to have a common ancestor; (ie.) it is thought that plants have evolved from an ancient group of green algae. Plants and green algae

More information

What is a Plant? Plant Life Cycle. What did they evolve from? Original Habitat 1/15/2018. Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations

What is a Plant? Plant Life Cycle. What did they evolve from? Original Habitat 1/15/2018. Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations What is a Plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Has cell walls containing cellulose Lack mobility (sessile) Display Alternation of Generations in their life cycle Introduction to

More information

Kingdom Plantae. Biology : A Brief Survey of Plants. Jun 22 7:09 PM

Kingdom Plantae. Biology : A Brief Survey of Plants. Jun 22 7:09 PM Kingdom Plantae Biology 2201 6.1 6.2 : A Brief Survey of Plants The study of plants is called botany. Plants are believed to have evolved from green algae. The main plant (land) characteristics are as

More information

Plants Review 1. List the 6 general characteristics of plants. 2. What did plants probably evolve from? 3. What are some advantages for life on land

Plants Review 1. List the 6 general characteristics of plants. 2. What did plants probably evolve from? 3. What are some advantages for life on land Plants Review 1. List the 6 general characteristics of plants. 2. What did plants probably evolve from? 3. What are some advantages for life on land for a plant? 4. What are the 3 main groups of plants?

More information

Introduction to Animals

Introduction to Animals Introduction to Animals Characteristics of Animals multicellular Except for sponges, animal cells are arranged into tissues. Tissues are necessary to produce organs and organ systems. Tissues, organs,

More information

Nonvascular Plants mosses, liverworts and hornworts are nonvascular plants. These lack vascular tissue which is a system of tubes that transport

Nonvascular Plants mosses, liverworts and hornworts are nonvascular plants. These lack vascular tissue which is a system of tubes that transport Nonvascular Plants mosses, liverworts and hornworts are nonvascular plants. These lack vascular tissue which is a system of tubes that transport food, water and minerals throughout the plant. Water and

More information

Phylum Bryophyta : (Page 169)

Phylum Bryophyta : (Page 169) Kingdom Plantae : Plants... - nonmotile eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms - rigid cell walls built of cellulose - life cycles show alternation of generations...two distinct phases called

More information

Kingdom Plantae. A Brief Survey of Plants

Kingdom Plantae. A Brief Survey of Plants Kingdom Plantae A Brief Survey of Plants The study of plants is called botany. Plants are believed to have evolved from green algae. The main plant (land) characteristics are as follows: 1. Common cellular

More information

BIO10 Plant Lecture Notes ch. 17. Plant Kingdom

BIO10 Plant Lecture Notes ch. 17. Plant Kingdom Plant Kingdom Characteristics of the Plant Kingdom; eukaryotic, multicellular, sexually reproducing organisms autotroph feed themselves by photosynthesis Facts about members of this kingdom the dominant

More information

Are these organisms. animals or not?

Are these organisms. animals or not? 1 2 3 4 5 Are these organisms 6 7 8 animals or not? 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Typical Animal Characteristics Eukaryotic Multicellular Ability to move Reproduce Obtain food (heterotrophic)

More information

Resources. Visual Concepts. Chapter Presentation. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Resources. Visual Concepts. Chapter Presentation. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Introduction to Animals Table of Contents Section 2 Animal Body Systems Objectives Identify the features that animals have in

More information

Comparing Plants & Animals

Comparing Plants & Animals Section 6.1 Comparing Plants & Animals p. 164-168 Major Similarities: They are both multi-cellular, eukaryotes. Their sizes both range from microscopic to very large. Major Differences: How they obtain

More information

Plant Diversity & Evolution (Outline)

Plant Diversity & Evolution (Outline) Plant Diversity & Evolution (Outline) Review the Life cycle of Fungi Characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Plantae. Evolution of plants: Challenges and adaptations to living on land Highlights of

More information

Plant Structure Size General Observations

Plant Structure Size General Observations Kingdom Plantae Plant Structure Size General Observations Diversity Within the Plant Kingdom Pine Trees What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotes Perform Photosynthesis (base of all terrestrial food chains)

More information

AP Biology. Evolution of Land Plants. Kingdom: Plants. Plant Diversity. Animal vs. Plant life cycle. Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts

AP Biology. Evolution of Land Plants. Kingdom: Plants. Plant Diversity. Animal vs. Plant life cycle. Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Domain Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya 2007-2008 Common ancestor Evolution of Land Plants 500 mya land plants evolved special adaptations for life on dry land protection

More information

Plant Evolution & Diversity

Plant Evolution & Diversity Plant Evolution & Diversity Ancestors of plants were probably charophytes (green algae) Chlorophyll a and b, beta carotene Similar thylakoid arrangements Identical cell walls Starch as a storage carbohydrate

More information

Kingdom: Plantae. Domain Archaea. Domain Eukarya. Domain Bacteria. Common ancestor

Kingdom: Plantae. Domain Archaea. Domain Eukarya. Domain Bacteria. Common ancestor Kingdom: Plantae Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor The First Plants For more than 3 billion years, Earth s terrestrial surface was lifeless life evolved in the

More information

Botany: Part I Overview of Plants & Plant Structure

Botany: Part I Overview of Plants & Plant Structure Botany: Part I Overview of Plants & Plant Structure Plant evolution Plant Evolution Chlorophytes Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Chlorophytes are a green

More information

Ch. 22: Plant Growth, Reproduction & Response

Ch. 22: Plant Growth, Reproduction & Response Ch. 22: Plant Growth, Reproduction & Response generally reproduce sexually, though many can also reproduce asexually. Some have lost ability to reproduce sexually. All plant lifecycles involve alternation

More information

Chapter 8-9 Intro to Animals. Image from:

Chapter 8-9 Intro to Animals. Image from: Chapter 8-9 Intro to Animals Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html Zoology Definition: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution

More information

Chapter 23: Plant Diversity and Life Cycles

Chapter 23: Plant Diversity and Life Cycles Chapter 23: Plant Diversity and Life Cycles Section 1: Introduction to Plants Cuticle: a waxy or fatty and watertight layer on the external wall of epidermal cells Spore: a reproductive cell or multicellular

More information

Chapter 32. Objectives. Table of Contents. Characteristics. Characteristics, continued. Section 1 The Nature of Animals

Chapter 32. Objectives. Table of Contents. Characteristics. Characteristics, continued. Section 1 The Nature of Animals Introduction to Animals Table of Contents Objectives Identify four important characteristics of animals. List two kinds of tissues found only in animals. Explain how the first animals may have evolved

More information

Plants Notes. Plant Behavior Phototropism - growing towards light

Plants Notes. Plant Behavior Phototropism - growing towards light Plants Notes Plant Behavior Phototropism - growing towards light Geotropism - roots knowing which direction is down Thigmotropism - a plant's response to touch Ex. a vine wrapping around and climbing a

More information

Topic 2: Plants Ch. 16,28

Topic 2: Plants Ch. 16,28 Topic 2: Plants Ch. 16,28 Characteristics of Plants p. 316 1. Multicellular eukaryotic organisms 2. Composed of tissues, organs and organ systems. 3. Cell walls made of cellulose. 4. Store energy as starch.

More information

Biology 11. The Kingdom Animalia

Biology 11. The Kingdom Animalia Biology 11 The Kingdom Animalia Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: Describe the 5 ways we classify animals Symmetry Germ layers Body plan Segmentation Animal Evolution Hank Video

More information

Kingdom Animalia. Special Features: Advanced nervous systems means cephalization (faces), brains, and efficient mobility (walk/run/swim/grab)

Kingdom Animalia. Special Features: Advanced nervous systems means cephalization (faces), brains, and efficient mobility (walk/run/swim/grab) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Cell Number: Multicellular with extensive specialization Cell Type: Eukaryotic Animal Cells (no cell wall) Food: Heterotrophic Carnivore (meat), Herbivore (plants), Omnivore

More information

Plant Vocabulary. Define

Plant Vocabulary. Define Define Plant Vocabulary 1. Photosynthesis 2. Eukaryotic 3. Monocot 4. Dicot 5. Cotyledon 6. Roots 7. Stems 8. Leaves 9. Xylem 10. Phloem 11. Capillary action 12. Meristem 13. Apical meristem 14. Vascular

More information

What Is an Animal? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. About 98 percent of all animals are invertebrates. The Kingdom Animalia

What Is an Animal? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. About 98 percent of all animals are invertebrates. The Kingdom Animalia What Is an Animal? What characteristics do all animals have? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. Scientists estimate that there are between 1 and 2 million species of animals! Some, like whales

More information

The Plant Kingdom If you were to walk around a forest, what would you see? Most things that you would probably name are plants.

The Plant Kingdom If you were to walk around a forest, what would you see? Most things that you would probably name are plants. INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS The Plant Kingdom If you were to walk around a forest, what would you see? Most things that you would probably name are plants. Plants are abundant in almost every environment that

More information

Announcements. Lab Quiz #1 on Monday: (30pts) conifers + cones, vegetative morphology. Study: Display case outside HCK 132 with labeled conifers

Announcements. Lab Quiz #1 on Monday: (30pts) conifers + cones, vegetative morphology. Study: Display case outside HCK 132 with labeled conifers Announcements Lab Quiz #1 on Monday: (30pts) conifers + cones, vegetative morphology Study: Display case outside HCK 132 with labeled conifers Movie: Sexual Encounters of the Floral Kind Intro to Keying/Greenhouse

More information

What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics. I. Characteristics of Animals. Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen

What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics. I. Characteristics of Animals. Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen I. Characteristics of Animals A. All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, have ways of moving to reproduce, obtain

More information

Classification of Plants

Classification of Plants Classification of Plants Plants Aquatic Plants Ex. green algae Similarities between green algae and land plants: A) have chlorophylls a and b B) cellulose cell walls C) store food energy in the form of

More information

KINGDOM ANIMALIA CHARACTERISTICS

KINGDOM ANIMALIA CHARACTERISTICS KINGDOM ANIMALIA CHARACTERISTICS EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion) MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE (not all - sponges are sessile) DIGEST FOOD TO GET NUTRIENTS LACK CELL WALLS CHARACTERISTICS

More information

Plants. and their classi.ication

Plants. and their classi.ication + Plants and their classi.ication +Why are plants important? n Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water + energy à sugar + oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O à C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 n Food (green tea, fruits, seeds, roots,

More information

Introduction to Animal Diversity. Chapter 23.1, 23.2 and additional

Introduction to Animal Diversity. Chapter 23.1, 23.2 and additional Introduction to Animal Diversity Chapter 23.1, 23.2 and additional 1 Think of an Animal... Does your choice have hair or fur? Does it have a skeleton? Over a million species of animals described 95% have

More information

Multicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic Sessile means cannot move Have cellulose in their cell walls

Multicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic Sessile means cannot move Have cellulose in their cell walls 1 Plant Characteristics: Multicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic Sessile means cannot move Have cellulose in their cell walls chloroplast vacuole Golgi body Cell wall nucleus mitochondria Cell membrane 2

More information

Chapter 15. Plant Evolution and Classification Worksheets. (Opening image copyright Jonathan Lingel, Used under license from Shutterstock.com.

Chapter 15. Plant Evolution and Classification Worksheets. (Opening image copyright Jonathan Lingel, Used under license from Shutterstock.com. Chapter 15 Plant Evolution and Classification Worksheets (Opening image copyright Jonathan Lingel, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.) Lesson 15.1: Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Lesson

More information

Features of the Animal

Features of the Animal Features of the Animal Kingdom Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Even though members of the animal kingdom are incredibly diverse, animals share common features that distinguish them from organisms in other kingdoms.

More information

Biology Lab: The Diversity of the Plant Kingdom

Biology Lab: The Diversity of the Plant Kingdom Biology Lab: The Diversity of the Plant Kingdom Name Date Introduction: Simply put, life on Earth relies on the plants for survival. By carrying out photosynthesis, plants provide enough food for themselves

More information

Root cross-section (Ranunculus)

Root cross-section (Ranunculus) Plant Lab Review Root cross-section (Ranunculus) Epidermis Cortex Vascular Cylinder Phloem Endodermis Xylem Ranunculus Root Cross section Give three functions of the root Anchor plant Absorb water and

More information

Nonvascular plants Vascular plants Spore Gymnosperm Angiosperm Germinate. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Nonvascular plants Vascular plants Spore Gymnosperm Angiosperm Germinate. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Nonvascular plants Vascular plants Spore Gymnosperm Angiosperm Germinate Tubes for Transport Warm Up 1 Tubes for Transport Nonvascular plants are simple plants that lack vascular tissue, which easily transports

More information

Kingdom Plantae. Plants or metaphytes are, autotrophic multicellular eukaryotes, with tissues.

Kingdom Plantae. Plants or metaphytes are, autotrophic multicellular eukaryotes, with tissues. Kingdom Plantae Key words feature bryophytes herbaceous node to release pteridophytes sporangium, leaf (leaves) damp gymnosperms vascular apix cluster angiosperms rhizome sepal shrub tropism fronds calyx

More information

Name Class Date. After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions:

Name Class Date. After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: CHAPTER 14 3 Invertebrates SECTION Introduction to Animals BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What structures and systems perform basic life functions

More information

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Inside ovary: Structures called ovules.. Meiosis occurs in these, producing four haploid female spores. Three of these disintegrate. The fourth

More information

Chapter 32 Intro to Animals. Image from:

Chapter 32 Intro to Animals. Image from: Chapter 32 Intro to Animals Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria Worms Mollusks Echinoderms Arthropods Animals

More information

22 3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 1 of 33

22 3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 1 of 33 22 3 Seedless Vascular Plants 1 of 33 Evolution of Vascular Tissue Plants have vascular tissue, which is specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant. Xylem carries water from the roots

More information

Name Hour Section 22-1 Introduction to Plants (pages ) Generation Description Haploid or Diploid? Gamete-producing plant Spore-producing plant

Name Hour Section 22-1 Introduction to Plants (pages ) Generation Description Haploid or Diploid? Gamete-producing plant Spore-producing plant Name Hour Section 22-1 Introduction to Plants (pages 551-555) What Is a Plant? (page 551) 1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about plants. a. Plants are multicellular prokaryotes. b. Plants

More information

The overall category of plants are 1) eukaryotic 2) multicellular 3)organisms capable of photosynthesis 4)built with cellulose 5) and have

The overall category of plants are 1) eukaryotic 2) multicellular 3)organisms capable of photosynthesis 4)built with cellulose 5) and have Chapter 23 The overall category of plants are 1) eukaryotic 2) multicellular 3)organisms capable of photosynthesis 4)built with cellulose 5) and have alternation of generations. Plants most likely first

More information

LAB 13 The Plant Kingdom

LAB 13 The Plant Kingdom LAB 13 The Plant Kingdom Overview The importance of plants for life on earth cannot be overstated. Plants along with photosynthetic microbes produce all of the oxygen gas (O 2 ) in our atmosphere. Essentially

More information

Revision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11

Revision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11 Revision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11 Biology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

More information

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Structures and Functions of Living Organisms 6.L.1 Understand the structures, processes and behaviors of plants that enable them to survive and reproduce. 6.L.1.1 Summarize the basic structures and functions

More information

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.32 - OVERVIEW OF ANIMALS.

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.32 - OVERVIEW OF ANIMALS. !! www.clutchprep.com Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that feed by ingesting their food Most animals are diploid, and produce gametes produced directly by meiosis Animals lack cell

More information

Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Name Period Concept 29.1 Land plants evolved from green algae 1. Plants colonized land about

More information

Biology. Chapter 21. Plant Evolution. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015

Biology. Chapter 21. Plant Evolution. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015 Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 21 Plant Evolution 21.1 How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land? Plants evolved from green algae, and underwent an adaptive radiation on land

More information

A. Incorrect! Sponges are mostly marine animals. This is a feature of sponges.

A. Incorrect! Sponges are mostly marine animals. This is a feature of sponges. College Biology - Problem Drill 15: The Evolution of Animal Diversity Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which is not a feature of the phyla porifera- sponges? Question #01 (A) Most are marine animals. (B) They have

More information

-Producers & Cellular Energy Notes-

-Producers & Cellular Energy Notes- -Producers & Cellular Energy Notes- Part 1 Plants LT 5.1 - I can describe basic information about plants, including the ways they move materials, are classified, reproduce, and evolved. What are plants?

More information

Name Class Date. Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the correct term from the word bank.

Name Class Date. Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the correct term from the word bank. Skills Worksheet Chapter Review USING KEY TERMS Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the correct term from the word bank. pistil rhizoid vascular plant rhizome xylem phloem pollen stamen

More information

Brief Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

Brief Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Brief Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Vocabulary Vertebrate Invertebrate Detritivore Asymmetry Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Cephalization Coelum Pseudocoelum Acoelomates Blastula Blastophore Protosome

More information

All about plants: Overview of Plants

All about plants: Overview of Plants All about plants: Overview of Plants Plants (also called autotrophs or producers) trap energy from the sun by photosynthesis & store it in organic compounds; contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts;

More information

Introduction to Plants

Introduction to Plants Introduction to Plants Plants Alive What are the characteristics of plants? All plants are multicellular, which means their bodies are made up of more than one cell. Plants are eukaryotes, which means

More information

Test Lesson 18 Plants - Answer Key Page 1

Test Lesson 18 Plants - Answer Key Page 1 Test Lesson 18 Plants - Answer Key Page 1 1. Algae are. A. protists B. early plants C. multicellular eukaryotes D. forms of euglenia 2. Algae reproduce by what two methods? A. conjugation and meiosis B.

More information

Test Lesson 18 Plants Page 1

Test Lesson 18 Plants Page 1 Test Lesson 18 Plants Page 1 1. Algae are. A. protists B. early plants C. multicellular eukaryotes D. forms of euglenia 2. Algae reproduce by what two methods? A. conjugation and meiosis B. binary fission

More information

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Date: 6.L.1 Understand the structures, processes and behaviors of plants that enable them to survive and reproduce. 6.L.1.1 Summarize the basic structures and

More information

copyright cmassengale Kingdoms and Classification

copyright cmassengale Kingdoms and Classification 1 Kingdoms and Classification 2 Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex

More information

Animals contain specialized cells

Animals contain specialized cells What is an Animal? Kingdom Animalia Main Characteristics Members of the Animal Kingdom are: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Have cells with membranes BUT NO cell wall Animals contain specialized

More information

4/30/2014. The lives of modern plants and fungi are intertwined We depend on plants and indirectly, fungi for much of our food.

4/30/2014. The lives of modern plants and fungi are intertwined We depend on plants and indirectly, fungi for much of our food. and the Colonization of Land The lives of modern plants and fungi are intertwined We depend on plants and indirectly, fungi for much of our food. Plants are often harmed by fungi. On the other hand, nearly

More information

Biology 211 (1) Exam 3 Review! Chapter 31!

Biology 211 (1) Exam 3 Review! Chapter 31! Biology 211 (1) Exam 3 Review Chapter 31 Origin of Land Plants: 1. Fill in the correct amount of years ago the following events occurred. years ago there was a thin coating of cyanobacteri b. years ago

More information

Outline. v Definition and major characteristics of animals v Dividing animals into groups based on: v Animal Phylogeny

Outline. v Definition and major characteristics of animals v Dividing animals into groups based on: v Animal Phylogeny BIOSC 041 Overview of Animal Diversity: Animal Body Plans Reference: Chapter 32 Outline v Definition and major characteristics of animals v Dividing animals into groups based on: Body symmetry Tissues

More information

Kingdom Plantae. X. Responding to Environment (10B, 12B) What are plant hormones? (p.648) What are receptor proteins? (p.648)

Kingdom Plantae. X. Responding to Environment (10B, 12B) What are plant hormones? (p.648) What are receptor proteins? (p.648) X. Responding to Environment (10B, 12B) What are plant hormones? (p.648) What are receptor proteins? (p.648) Kingdom Plantae What are auxins? (p.648) What are nastic responses? (p.651) What is a tropic

More information

Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through

Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through Name Class EXAM Date Unit 11 Plant Kingdom Characteristics of Plants Multicellular- made of cells Eukaryotes- have & membrane bound organelles Cell - made of Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through

More information

Bio Ch Plants.notebook. April 09, 2015

Bio Ch Plants.notebook. April 09, 2015 1 Plants are vitally important to all life on Earth, especially humans Form the base of the food chain Medicines Clothing Building Materials 2 Plants for Food Cereals - The grass family - Rich in carbohydrates

More information

Diversity of Plants How Plants Colonized the Land

Diversity of Plants How Plants Colonized the Land Chapter 29, 30. Diversity of Plants How Plants Colonized the Land 1 The first plants For more than 3 billion years, Earth s terrestrial surface was lifeless life evolved in the seas 1st photosynthetic

More information

Directed Reading A. Section: Structures of Seed Plants. is called a. shoots. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. leaves. is called ROOTS. size.

Directed Reading A. Section: Structures of Seed Plants. is called a. shoots. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. leaves. is called ROOTS. size. Skills Worksheet Directed Reading A Section: Structures of Seed Plants 1. Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals through a plant is called a. shoots. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. leaves. 2. Vascular

More information

Seed Plants. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Seed Plants. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Seed Plants Gymnosperms & Angiosperms 1 Quick Defs Vascular = xylem and phloem Xylem = Brings water/nutrients from roots to the plant. Phloem = Brings sugars down from the leaves 2 Evolution Of Land Plants

More information

Name Date Block. Plant Structures

Name Date Block. Plant Structures Name Date Block What are the Functions of Roots, Stems, and Leaves? Plant Structures Each part of a plant plays an important role in its structure and function. Roots, stems, and leaves are just three

More information

Arthropoda ARTHRO JOINTED PODA FEET

Arthropoda ARTHRO JOINTED PODA FEET Arthropoda ARTHRO JOINTED PODA FEET The arthropods are a group of animals which has attained the greatest biological success largest number of species and individuals and occupy the greatest number of

More information

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 Use this as another study tool to help you narrow the focus of the notes down to the majority of what is going to be on the plant systems unit test. Keep in mind that memorizing just what is in this handout

More information

Name: Date: Period: Forms a spore producing structure called an ascus Morals Truffles Yeast

Name: Date: Period: Forms a spore producing structure called an ascus Morals Truffles Yeast Name: Date: Period: Fungi and Plant Unit Review Worksheet Part I (KEY) Directions: Treat this like an assessment and answer as much as you can without ANY help. See how much you actually know by highlighting/starring

More information

1 Mosses and other bryophytes are like ferns in that both bryophytes and ferns exhibit each of the following traits EXCEPT

1 Mosses and other bryophytes are like ferns in that both bryophytes and ferns exhibit each of the following traits EXCEPT Page 1 1 Mosses and other bryophytes are like ferns in that both bryophytes and ferns exhibit each of the following traits EXCEPT A haploid spores. B specialized cells and tissues. C vascular tissue for

More information

v Scientists have identified 1.3 million living species of animals v The definition of an animal

v Scientists have identified 1.3 million living species of animals v The definition of an animal Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements BIOSC 041 v Genetics review: group problem sets Groups of 3-4 Correct answer presented to class = 2 pts extra credit Incorrect attempt = 1 pt extra credit v Lecture: Animal

More information

Intro to Animals. Chapter 32

Intro to Animals. Chapter 32 Intro to Animals Chapter 32 1) Multicellular Organization (Different cells have different functions) Specialization: adaptation of a cell for a particular function Remember: cells tissues organs organ

More information

CHAPTER 29 PLANT DIVERSITY I: HOW PLANTS COLONIZED LAND. Section A: An Overview of Land Plant Evolution

CHAPTER 29 PLANT DIVERSITY I: HOW PLANTS COLONIZED LAND. Section A: An Overview of Land Plant Evolution CHAPTER 29 PLANT DIVERSITY I: HOW PLANTS COLONIZED LAND Section A: An Overview of Land Plant Evolution 1. Evolutionary adaptations to terrestrial living characterize the four main groups of land plants

More information

Chapter 8 Objectives

Chapter 8 Objectives CHAPTER 8 PLANTS 1 Chapter 8 Objectives Section 1: The Plant Kingdom 1. Identify the characteristics all plants share 2. Name the things that a plant needs to live successfully on land 3. Compare vascular

More information

Types of Plants. Unit 6 Review 5/2/2011. Plants. A. pine B. moss C. corn plant D. bean plant E. liverwort

Types of Plants. Unit 6 Review 5/2/2011. Plants. A. pine B. moss C. corn plant D. bean plant E. liverwort Unit 6 Review Plants Initial questions are worth 1 point each. Each question will be followed by an explanation All questions will be asked a second time at the very end, each of those questions will be

More information

Unit B: Diversity of Living Things

Unit B: Diversity of Living Things Unit B: Diversity of Living Things Chapter 3: Multicellular Diversity - Considerable diversity exists among multicellular organisms, as well. Specific Expectations: In the chapter you will learn how to

More information

The Producers: The Plant Kingdom An Introduction to Plants and the Mosses

The Producers: The Plant Kingdom An Introduction to Plants and the Mosses The Producers: The Plant Kingdom An Introduction to Plants and the Mosses Mosses Phylum Bryophyta - ~12,000 species Liverworts - Phylum Hepaticophyta - ~8,500 species Hornworts - Phylum Anthocerophyta

More information

The move from water to land. The move from water to land. Chapter 16- Evolution of Plants. Green algae are the ancestors to all plants

The move from water to land. The move from water to land. Chapter 16- Evolution of Plants. Green algae are the ancestors to all plants Chapter 16- Evolution of Plants From Protists to Plants Moving right along! Green algae are the ancestors to all plants Who, ME? Wow I feel so important! Charophyceans 475 million years ago, shallow seas

More information

Early-bird Special The following terms refer to alternation of generation:

Early-bird Special The following terms refer to alternation of generation: Early-bird Special The following terms refer to alternation of generation: Homosporous ( one type of spore. a single type of spore produces a single type of gametophyte which produces both male and female

More information

PLANT Labs summary questions (30 pts)

PLANT Labs summary questions (30 pts) PLANT Labs summary questions (30 pts) 1. SEEDS--Without this part of the seed, the embryo has no food to grow before photosynthesis. a. seed coat b. embryo c. leaves d. cotyledon e. tap root 2. SEEDS--Which

More information

Ms.Sastry, AP Biology Unit 4/Chp 26 to 34/Diversity 1 Chapter in class follow along lecture notes

Ms.Sastry, AP Biology Unit 4/Chp 26 to 34/Diversity 1 Chapter in class follow along lecture notes Ms.Sastry, AP Biology Unit 4/Chp 26 to 34/Diversity 1 Chapter 26 34 in class follow along lecture notes Chp 26 Origin of life: 1) When did earth form? 2) What is the order of evolution of life forms on

More information

Animal Origins and Evolution

Animal Origins and Evolution Animal Origins and Evolution Common Features of Animals multicellular heterotrophic motile Sexual reproduction, embryo Evolution of Animals All animals are multicellular and heterotrophic, which means

More information

Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements

Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements v Genetics review: group problem sets Groups of 3-4 Correct answer presented to class = 2 pts extra credit Incorrect attempt = 1 pt extra credit v Lecture: Animal Body Plans

More information

Chapter What is a Plant? Biology. Slide 1 of 33. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chapter What is a Plant? Biology. Slide 1 of 33. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chapter 22.1 Biology What is a Plant? 1 of 33 Objectives 1. Describe the basic characteristics of life. 2. Describe what plants need to survive. 3. Describe the life cycle of plants. 4. Describe how the

More information

Introduction to Animal Kingdom. Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Introduction to Animal Kingdom. Invertebrates and Vertebrates Introduction to Animal Kingdom Invertebrates and Vertebrates Introduction To Animals Vertebrate animal with a backbone. Invertebrate animal without a backbone; includes more than 95% of all animal species

More information

Plants Week 6 Booklet

Plants Week 6 Booklet Plants Week 6 Booklet Living vs. Non-Living Foss Investigation #5 The Vascular System Part 1: What Happened to the Water? Part 2: Looking at Plant Structures Not in Foss- Nonvascular Systems Types of Roots

More information

3. Diagram a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships among the four main groups of living plants.

3. Diagram a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships among the four main groups of living plants. OBJECTIVE SHEET PLANTS Phylum: Coniferophyta (gymnosperms the conifers) Phylum: Anthophyta (angiosperms the flowering plants) 1. Explain the alternation of generations in the two-phase life cycle of all

More information

Plant Characteristics: 1. They obtain and use resources for energy need food, oxygen, and water, which provide required energy to perform the basic

Plant Characteristics: 1. They obtain and use resources for energy need food, oxygen, and water, which provide required energy to perform the basic 1 Plant Characteristics: 1. They obtain and use resources for energy need food, oxygen, and water, which provide required energy to perform the basic processes of life, such as growing and developing,

More information

Directed Reading B. Section: Structures of Seed Plants. 1. What moves water and minerals through a plant? a. xylem c. seeds b. phloem d.

Directed Reading B. Section: Structures of Seed Plants. 1. What moves water and minerals through a plant? a. xylem c. seeds b. phloem d. Skills Worksheet Directed Reading B Section: Structures of Seed Plants 1. What moves water and minerals through a plant? a. xylem c. seeds b. phloem d. rhizomes 2. What moves food to all plant parts? a.

More information

Introduction to Plants

Introduction to Plants Introduction to Plants Name 5 reasons why we think plants are A OK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Plant Cells: Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. They develop from multicellular

More information