1. Plants and other autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere

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1 1. Plants and other autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere Photosynthesis nourishes almost all of the living world directly or indirectly. All organisms require organic compounds for energy and to make organic molecules from their carbon skeletons. Autotrophs produce organic molecules from CO 2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment. Heterotrophs (like us) can t do this. Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere.

2

3 Benchmark Clarifications Students will explain how the products of photosynthesis are used as reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa. Students will explain how photosynthesis stores energy and cellular respiration releases energy. Students will identify the reactants, products and/or the basic function of photosynthesis. Students will identify the reactants, products and/or the basic functions of aerobic & anaerobic cellular respiration. Students will connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within the cell.

4 Content Limits Items will not require memorization of the stages, specific events or intermediate molecules produced during these processes. Items do not require the balancing of equations. Items will not assess plant structures. Scenarios may include chemical equations. Scenarios referring to adenosine triphosphate should use the abbreviation ATP rather than the words adenosine triphosphate.

5 Chloroplasts split water molecules and produce oxygen in photosynthesis Using glucose as our target product, the equation describing the net process of photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy -> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 How is this similar to the general equation of respiration?

6 Introduction Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells must bring in energy from outside sources. In most ecosystems, energy enters as sunlight. Light energy trapped in organic molecules is available to both photosynthetic organisms and others that eat them. Fig. 9.1

7 2. Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants Any green part of a plant has chloroplasts. However, the leaves are the major site of photosynthesis for most plants. There are about half a million chloroplasts per square millimeter of leaf surface. The color of a leaf comes from chlorophyll, the green pigment in the chloroplasts.

8 Each chloroplast has two membranes around a central fluid space, the stroma. In the stroma are membranous sacs, the thylakoids. Thylakoids may be stacked into columns called grana. Fig. 10.2

9 Photosynthesis consists of two processes The light dependent reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy. The light independent reactions, a.k.a. Calvin cycle incorporates CO 2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule and uses energy from the light reactions to fix the new carbon piece into sugars. This process is therefore called carbon fixation. Both processes happen inside the chloroplast.

10 Fig. 10.4

11 When light meets matter, it may be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. Different pigments absorb photons of different wavelengths. A leaf looks green because chlorophyll, the dominant pigment, absorbs red and blue light, while transmitting and reflecting green light. Fig. 10.6

12 The light reaction can perform work only with those wavelengths of light that are absorbed. In the thylakoid are several pigments that differ in which colors of light they absorb best. Chlorophyll a, the dominant pigment, absorbs best in the red and blue wavelengths, and least in the green. Fig. 10.8a

13 Collectively, these photosynthetic pigments determine an overall action spectrum for photosynthesis. Similar to the last graph? An action spectrum measures changes in some measure of photosynthetic activity (for example, O 2 release) as the wavelength is varied. Fig. 10.8b

14 Only chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, but antenna pigments absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b, carotenoids and xanthophylls can funnel the energy from other wavelengths to chlorophyll a

15 Fig. 10.9

16 In the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll is organized along with proteins and smaller organic molecules into photosystems. A photosystem acts like a light-gathering antenna complex consisting of a few hundred chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and other accessory pigments Fig

17 When any antenna molecule absorbs a photon, it is transmitted from molecule to molecule until it reaches a particular chlorophyll a, called the reaction center, right in the middle of the photsystem. The reaction center chlorophyll a becomes so energized by the light that it loses 2 electrons to a nearby molecule. This starts the light dependent reactions.

18 There are two types of photosystems. Photosystem I Photosystem II These two photosystems work together to use light energy to generate ATP and NADPH. The folding of the innermost membrane into thylakoids allows for many photosystems to exist here, enhancing the amount of light dependent reactions that can happen. Does this sound familiar? What theme is this an example of?

19 Let s watch the light dependent reactions 1. When photosystem II absorbs light, an excited electron is captured by the primary electron acceptor, leaving the reaction center chlorophyll a with an electron gap. 2. An enzyme extracts electrons from water and passes them to the chlorophyll a to fill the gap. This reaction (photolysis) splits water into two hydrogen ions and an oxygen atom, which combines with another to form O 2. This is where the oxygen that all aerobically respiring organisms (like you and I) depend on comes from.

20 3. Excited electrons from photosystem II pass along an electron transport chain of cytochrome molecules before ending up at a photosystem I reaction center. 4. As these electrons pass along the transport chain, their energy is harnessed to produce ATP, again by a chemiosmotic process.

21 Fig

22 5. At the bottom of this electron transport chain, the electrons fill an electron gap in the PS I chlorophyll a reaction center. 6. This gap was created when photons excite electrons on the photosystem I complex. The excited electrons are captured by a second primary electron acceptor which transmits them to a second, shorter electron transport chain. Ultimately, these electrons don t participate in chemiosmosis, but instead are passed from the transport chain to NADP +, creating NADPH. NADPH will carry these high-energy electrons to the Calvin cycle.

23 4. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO 2 to sugar: a closer look The Calvin cycle regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle, just like in the Krebs Cycle. Let s watch CO 2 enters the cycle and leaves as sugar. The cycle spends the energy of ATP and NADPH to make the sugar. The actual sugar product of the Calvin cycle is not glucose, but a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate (G3P or PGAL)

24 Each turn of the Calvin cycle fixes one carbon. For the net synthesis of one G3P molecule, the cycle must take place three times, fixing three molecules of CO 2. To make one glucose molecules would require six cycles and the fixation of six CO 2 molecules. Since these reactions do not directly require light, they are also called the light independent reactions.

25 The Calvin cycle has three phases. In the carbon fixation phase, each CO 2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon sugar, ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). This is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase or rubisco, the most abundant protein in the world. The six-carbon intermediate splits in half to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) per CO 2.

26 Fig

27 Fig

28 If our goal was to produce one glucose net, we would start with 6 CO 2 (6C) and 6 RuBP (30C). After fixation and reduction we would have 12 molecules of G3P (36C). Two of these 12 G3P (6C) combine to make 1 glucose. (Remember in glycolysis this was reversed?) This molecule can exit the cycle to be used by the plant cell. In the last phase, regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor (RuBP), the other 10 G3P molecules (30C) are rearranged to form the 6 RuBP molecules (30C) we started with. In actuality, there are millions of CO 2 molecules involved.

29 Fig

30 6. Photosynthesis is the biosphere s metabolic foundation: a review In photosynthesis, the energy that enters the chloroplasts as sunlight becomes stored as chemical energy in organic compounds. Fig

31 Sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies the entire plant with chemical energy and carbon skeletons to synthesize all the major organic molecules of cells. About 50% of the organic material is consumed as fuel for cellular respiration in plant mitochondria. Carbohydrate in the form of the disaccharide sucrose travels via the veins to nonphotosynthetic cells. There, it provides fuel for respiration and the raw materials for anabolic pathways including synthesis of proteins and lipids and building the extracellular polysaccharide cellulose.

32 Plants also store excess sugar by synthesizing starch. Some is stored as starch in chloroplasts or in storage cells in roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits. Heterotrophs, including humans, may completely or partially consume plants for fuel and raw materials. On a global scale, photosynthesis is the most important process to the welfare of life on Earth. Each year photosynthesis synthesizes 160 billion metric tons of carbohydrate per year.

33 Without Photosynthesis to grow plants: Cows everywhere would be forced to starve or jump.

34 Study the equation below. What product is missing from the equation for photosynthesis? Name the reactants and the products in the equation. sunlight 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 6O 2

35 Autotrophs, such as plants, use light to make their own food. What happens to light absorbed by a plant during photosynthesis? A. It is converted to kinetic energy B. It powers a reaction that produces carbon dioxide and water C. It is converted to chemical energy, which the plant stores. D. It powers a reaction that produces oxygen and carbon dioxide.

36 Of the following factors, which will not have an effect on the photosynthetic process? a. Light intensity b. Water availability c. Nitrogen concentration d. Temperature fluctuation

37 Gasses are a part of the photosynthesis process, different phases. Which gas is removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis? a. Hydrogen b. Oxygen c. Nitrogen d. Carbon dioxide

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39 A. Use few plants B. Reduce the amount of water C. Use a larger container D. Move the light closer to the beaker

40 What are the reactants for photosynthesis and how do they enter the plant?

41 There are reactants and products in the photosynthesis process. What is the one component in photosynthesis that is NOT recycled and must be available to the plant?

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