1. Which of these contributes to evolution by increasing the biological diversity that exists among individuals?

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1 1. Which of these contributes to evolution by increasing the biological diversity that exists among individuals? A unlimited resources B failure to find a mate C different combinations of genes D environmentally acquired differences 2. Which of these processes can release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? A acclimation B osmosis C photosynthesis D respiration 3. Which mechanism occurs shortly after eating in order to maintain appropriate blood glucose levels in the body? A The pancreas secretes insulin due to an increase in blood sugar. Insulin then causes cells throughout the body to take in and process glucose. B The pancreas secretes insulin due to a decrease in blood sugar. Insulin then causes cells throughout the body to take in and process glucose. C The pancreas secretes insulin due to an increase in blood sugar. Insulin then causes the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. D The pancreas secretes insulin due to a decrease in blood sugar. Insulin then causes the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. 4. How is genetic information transferred to offspring in plants and animals? A through a combination of parental RNA B through a combination of parental DNA C through a combination of parental cellular nuclei D through a combination of parental cellular proteins Page 1 of 14 Developed and published by CTB/McGraw-Hill LLC, a subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 20 Ryan Ranch Road, Monterey, California All rights reserved. Only authorized customers may copy, download and/or print the document. Any other use or reproduction of this document, in whole or in part, requires written permission of the publisher.

2 5. Pond 1 and Pond 2 are similar in size. Students studying both ponds find that Pond 1 has much less algae than Pond 2. Which of these most likely explains the difference in algae production? A Pond 1 has more nitrogen. B Pond 1 has less phosphorous. C Pond 1 receives more solar energy. D Pond 1 contains fewer algae-eating fish. 6. Archaeopteryx is a famous fossil of an extinct dinosaur that was an ancestor of modern-day birds. Study the table. Physical Characteristics of Archaeopteryx and Modern-Day Birds Characteristic Archaeopteryx Modern-Day Birds Beak No Yes Feathers Yes Yes Teeth Yes No Wings Yes Yes What does the information in the table suggest about the role of natural selection in shaping modern-day birds from Archaeopteryx? A Beaks did not help birds survive and reproduce. B Feathers did not help birds survive and reproduce. C Teeth did not help birds survive and reproduce. D Wings did not help birds survive and reproduce. Page 2 of 14

3 7. Which of these outcomes often take place in response to a mutation that does not change protein structure? A The mutation will cause cancer. B The mutation will produce an adaptation. C The mutation will have no effect on an organism. D The mutation will decrease an organism's ability to reproduce. 8. In the absence of oxygen, cells can still produce energy from sugar through fermentation. In this situation, which process is fermentation replacing? A respiration B cell division C photosynthesis D protein synthesis Page 3 of 14

4 9. Threespine stickleback fish have evolved in Alaskan lakes and have many different body forms. The fossil record indicates that the ocean ancestor for threespine stickleback fish had heavy, bony armor and spines on its back and stomach to protect itself from predators. Study the diagram. Based on the diagram, what can be inferred about the evolution of body armor for the threespine stickleback fish? A Fish 2 is from a lake with very few or no predators. B Fish 1 is from a lake with very few or no predators. C Fish 2 and Fish 3 are from lakes with many more predators than the ancestor encountered. D Fish 1 and Fish 3 are from lakes with many more predators than the ancestor encountered. 10. Which of these best describes how consumers in an ecosystem would be affected by a decrease in the amount of available sunlight for an extended period of time? A Plants would absorb fewer nutrients, so less food would be available to consumers. B Plants would reduce their rate of photosynthesis, so less food would be available to consumers. C Plants would grow more leaves, so more food would be available to consumers. D Plants would be unable to defend themselves, so more food would be available to consumers. Page 4 of 14

5 11. A mouse that is homozygous dominant for a brown fur allele (BB) mates with a mouse that is homozygous recessive for a white fur allele (bb). What is the genotype of their offspring? A Bb B BB C BbBb D BBbb 12. Which of these is composed of a phospholipid bilayer? A cell wall B ribosome C chloroplast D plasma membrane 13. Which of these is a physiological adaptation for hot climates? A seeking shade B foraging at night C long ears that disperse heat D increased blood flow throughout the skin 14. Two intertidal communities are threatened by an invasive mollusk. Which intertidal community will be more resistant to the invasive mollusk? A The less diverse community will be more resistant because there are more open niches. B The more diverse community will be more resistant because there are fewer open niches. C The less diverse community will be more resistant because there are more interactions between different species. D The more diverse community will be more resistant because there are fewer interactions between different species. Page 5 of 14

6 15. Which molecule is responsible for transferring genetic information from parent to offspring? A DNA B RNA C protein D carbohydrate 16. Which of these molecules makes up most of the cell membrane? A lipid B protein C nucleic acid D carbohydrate 17. Which of these is necessary for natural selection to operate? A There must be genetic variation among individuals. B All individuals must be able to successfully reproduce. C There must be unlimited resources available for individuals. D All individuals must be able to live for the same amount of time. 18. Which of these moves nitrogen through both living and nonliving parts of the environment? A irrigation B desertification C hydrologic cycle D biogeochemical cycle Page 6 of 14

7 19. Which of these explains how body temperature is kept stable in a hot or cold environment? A simple reflex arc B complex reflex arc C positive feedback mechanism D negative feedback mechanism 20. A given individual has combinations of genes not found in either parent. Which process is responsible for producing these new combinations? A translation B transcription C crossing over D DNA replication Page 7 of 14

8 21. Look at this graph a scientist made about the number of insects found in small plots measuring 16 square meters. The plots were placed at different latitudes. Which of these explains the pattern shown in the graph? A There are more insects in northern latitudes, because northern latitudes receive less solar radiation than the equator. B There are fewer insects in northern latitudes, because northern latitudes receive less solar radiation than the equator. C There are more insects in northern latitudes, because northern latitudes receive more solar radiation than the equator. D There are fewer insects in northern latitudes, because northern latitudes receive more solar radiation than the equator. Page 8 of 14

9 22. Biologists have made two interesting discoveries about modern-day whales. 1. Whales have bones that resemble hip and leg bones in land mammals. 2. Whales are genetically related to modern-day cows. Study the diagram. What do these two discoveries suggest about the evolution of whales? A Whales lived on land, had legs, and evolved from cows in order to live in water. B Whales lived in the water, had legs, and evolved from cows that also lived in water. C Cows and whales evolved from a common ancestor that had legs and lived on land. D Cows and whales evolved from a common ancestor that had no legs and lived in water. 23. Which of these can create beneficial new genes? A mutation B migration C acclimation D genetic drift Page 9 of 14

10 24. Which process begins with the replication of DNA in the nucleus of a cell? A cell division B energy capture C protein synthesis D cellular respiration 25. Evolutionary relationships are often constructed based on genetic similarities. Study the table. Percentage of Genes that Humans Have in Common with Other Organisms Fruit Fly Bacteria Zebra Fish Mustard Grass Roundworm Human 36% 7% 85% 15% 21% Based on the table, which of these statements is true? A Humans share a more recent common ancestor with roundworms than with fruit flies. B Humans share a more recent common ancestor with fruit flies than with mustard grass. C Humans share a more recent common ancestor with roundworms than with zebra fish. D Humans share a more recent common ancestor with mustard grass than with zebra fish. 26. Which of these is a positive impact that forest fires have on ecosystems? A Fires decrease the biodiversity present in ecosystems. B Fires increase the amount of carbon dioxide in ecosystems. C Fires burn dead material on the forest floor and provide nutrients for new plant growth. D Fires burn nests and shelters so that small animals relocate and less resources are used. Page 10 of 14

11 27. Two plants are heterozygous for red flowers (Rr). They are mated and produce 40 offspring, both red (R) and white (r). What phenotypic ratio of red and white offspring do they produce? A 1:1 B 2:1 C 3:1 D 4:1 28. Which of these is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A DNA replication B ATP production C protein synthesis D structural support 29. Which of these is a morphological adaptation for arid climates? A C4 photosynthesis B waxy cuticle layer on leaves C opening stomata only at night D germinating only during the wet season Page 11 of 14

12 30. A pine tree disease has appeared in two coniferous forests. Arbor Hill forest has pine and spruce trees. Softwood Mountain forest has pine, spruce, hemlock, and fir trees. The two forests are similar in regard to size and biomass. The two forests have similar numbers of pine and spruce trees. Which forest will be impacted the least by the disease and why? A Softwood Mountain forest will be impacted the least because it contains more pine trees than Arbor Hill forest. B Arbor Hill forest will be impacted the least because it contains fewer tree species than Softwood Mountain forest. C Arbor Hill forest will be impacted the least because it will have more nutrients available for the spruce trees once the pine trees are eliminated by the disease. D Softwood Mountain forest will be impacted the least because it contains other tree species that can continue to perform some of the same functions as the pine trees. Page 12 of 14

13 31. Study the figure. Which of these molecules is represented by the figure? A lipid B protein C nucleic acid D carbohydrate 32. Which of these is described as a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix? A adenine B guanine C ribonucleic acid D deoxyribonucleic acid Page 13 of 14

14 33. Which process is directly dependent on the capture of energy from the sun? A mitosis B photosynthesis C DNA replication D cellular respiration 34. If all the microorganisms in an ecosystem were removed, which of these would be the effect on the remaining organisms in the environment? A More organisms would survive because more water would be available. B More organisms would survive because fewer diseases would be present. C Fewer organisms would survive because more pollution would be present. D Fewer organisms would survive because fewer nutrients would be available. 35. Two individuals are heterozygous for a given allele (Aa). If the two individuals produced offspring together, what genotypic ratio would be expected in the offspring? A 1:1 B 2:1 C 1:1:1 D 1:2:1 36. Which of these is a behavioral adaptation for predator avoidance? A foraging at night B cryptic coloration C chemical defenses D highly developed eyesight Page 14 of 14

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