Previously Used Scientific Names: Schwalbea australis Pennell, Schwalbea americana L. var. australis (Pennell) Reveal & Broome
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1 Common Name: CHAFFSEED Scientific Name: Schwalbea americana Linnaeus Other Commonly Used Names: American chaffseed Previously Used Scientific Names: Schwalbea australis Pennell, Schwalbea americana L. var. australis (Pennell) Reveal & Broome Family: Scrophulariaceae (snapdragon) or Orobanchaceae (broomrape) Rarity Ranks: G2/S1S2 State Legal Status: Endangered Federal Legal Status: Endangered Federal Wetland Status: FAC Description: Perennial herb with erect, hairy stems to 28 inches (70 cm) tall. Leaves 1-2 inches (3-5 cm) long, lance-shaped, largest at the base of the stem, gradually decreasing in size upwards, entire, alternate, without leaf stalks, overlapping in a spiral up the stem, covered with velvety hairs. Flower spike at the top of the stem. Flowers about 1 inch (2.5 cm) long, tubular,
2 two-lipped, cream-colored or pale yellow streaked with reddish-purple, especially near the lips; calyx green with 10 reddish lines. Fruit a capsule, about ⅜ inch (1 cm) long, splitting into 4 sections. Similar Species: Lousewort (Pedicularis canadensis) leaves are deeply lobed and cut, and the flowering stem is less than 1 foot tall. Related Rare Species: American chaffseed is the only species in its genus. Habitat: Frequently burned longleaf pine sandhills, savannas, and flatwoods; moist, grassy ecotones around ponds in these habitats. Plants are semi-parasitic on the roots of gallberry, huckleberry, St. John s-wort, silk grass, and others. Life History: Chaffseed is a long-lived perennial herb that reproduces sexually. It flowers in response to fire and also in response to management activities, such as mowing and raking, that mimic fire by removing old chaffseed stems and competing vegetation. Chaffseed plants may remain dormant during years of low rainfall and resprout once conditions improve. Its flowers are pollinated by bumblebees but will also produce fruits and viable seeds following selfpollination. A high percentage of its seeds are viable. The larvae of buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia) have been observed eating the stems, leaves, and flowers of chaffseed, sometimes destroying all aboveground vegetation. Chaffseed is a hemiparasite although it produces carbohydrates by photosynthesis, it extracts water and minerals, particularly nitrogen, from the roots of host plants by means of sucker-like connections called haustoria. Host plants are diverse and include shrubs such as gallberry (Ilex glabra) and huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa), grasses such as panicgrass (Panicum tenui), and composites such as grass-leaved goldenaster (Pityopsis graminifolia), deertongue (Carphephorus odoratissimus), and aster (Symphyotrichum adnatum). Survey Recommendations: Surveys are best conducted during flowering, usually April June, depending on timing of recent fire. Without fire, plants remain short and do not flower. Brown, dead stems with old fruits are conspicuous for about a year after flowering. Range: Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina; historically, plants were found from Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas, but most of these populations have been destroyed. Threats: Conversion of habitat to pine plantations, pastures, and developments. Fire suppression. Georgia Conservation Status: Once known from 9 counties in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, chaffseed is currently known in only 4 counties in southwest Georgia. Two of these populations are protected on conservation land.
3 Conservation and Management Recommendations: Apply prescribed fire every 2-3 years. Avoid mechanical clearing, soil disturbance, and cutting fire lanes through habitat. Avoid placing game food plots near plants. Selected References: Chafin, L.G Field guide to the rare plants of Georgia. State Botanical Garden of Georgia and University of Georgia Press, Athens. Determann, R., L.K. Kirkman, and H. Nourse Plant conservation by propagation: the case of Macranthera and Schwalbea. Tipularia 12: Helton, R.C., L.K. Kirkman, and L.J. Musselman Host preference of the federally endangered hemiparasite Schwalbea americana L. (Scrophulariaceae). Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 127(4): Johnson, R.T Schwalbea americana element stewardship abstract. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia. Kirkman, L.K., M.B. Drew, and D. Edwards Effects of experimental fire regimes on the population dynamics of Schwalbea americana L. Plant Ecology 137: NatureServe NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Norden, A.H Species biology and life history of the federally endangered Schwalbea americana L. (Scrophulariaceae). M.S. Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens. Norden, A.H. and L.K. Kirkman Herbivory of the federally endangered Schwalbea americana. Castanea 69: Norden, A.H. and L.K. Kirkman Factors controlling the fire-induced flowering response of the federally endangered Schwalbea americana L. (Scrophulariaceae). Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 131(1): Norden, A.H. and L.K. Kirkman Persistence and prolonged winter dormancy of the federally endangered Schwalbea americana L. (Scrophulariaceae) following experimental management techniques. Natural Areas Journal 24(2): North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Guide to federally listed endangered and threatened species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Raleigh, North Patrick, T.S., J.R. Allison, and G.A. Krakow Protected plants of Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program, Social Circle.
4 USFWS American chaffseed (Schwalbea americana) recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Hadley, Massachusetts. Author of Species Account: Linda G. Chafin Date Compiled or Updated: L.Chafin, Aug. 2008: original account D.Weiler, Jan. 2010: added pictures G. Krakow. Apr 2016: updated NCNHP link
5
Common Name: PARROT PITCHERPLANT. Scientific Name: Sarracenia psittacina Michaux. Other Commonly Used Names: none
Common Name: PARROT PITCHERPLANT Scientific Name: Sarracenia psittacina Michaux Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Sarraceniaceae Rarity Ranks: G4/S2S3 State
Common Name: FRINGED GENTIAN. Scientific Name: Gentianopsis crinita (Froelich) Ma. Other Commonly Used Names: none
b Common Name: FRINGED GENTIAN Scientific Name: Gentianopsis crinita (Froelich) Ma Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Gentiana crinita Froelich Family: Gentianaceae (gentian)
Other Commonly Used Names: Simpson s zephyr-lily, Florida atamasco-lily, rain zephyr-lily, rain lily
Common Name: SIMPSON S RAIN LILY Scientific Name: Zephyranthes simpsonii Chapman Other Commonly Used Names: Simpson s zephyr-lily, Florida atamasco-lily, rain zephyr-lily, rain lily Previously Used Scientific
Common Name: HOODED PITCHERPLANT. Scientific Name: Sarracenia minor Walter. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: HOODED PITCHERPLANT Scientific Name: Sarracenia minor Walter Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Sarraceniaceae Rarity Ranks: G4/S4 State Legal Status:
Common Name: FLORIDA LADIES-TRESSES. Scientific Name: Spiranthes floridana (Wherry) Cory. Other Commonly Used Names: none
Common Name: FLORIDA LADIES-TRESSES Scientific Name: Spiranthes floridana (Wherry) Cory Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Spiranthes brevilabris var. floridana (Wherry)
Previously Used Scientific Names: Viburnum dentatum L. var. bracteatum
Common Name: LIMEROCK ARROW-WOOD Scientific Name: Viburnum bracteatum Rehder Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Viburnum dentatum L. var. bracteatum Family: Caprifoliaceae
Common Name: GOLDENSEAL
Common Name: GOLDENSEAL Scientific Name: Hydrastis canadensis Linnaeus Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Ranunculaceae (buttercup) or Hydrastidaceae (goldenseal)
Common Name: SHOALS SPIDER-LILY. Scientific Name: Hymenocallis coronaria (J. LeConte) Kunth. Other Commonly Used Names: Cahaba lily, Catawba lily
Common Name: SHOALS SPIDER-LILY Scientific Name: Hymenocallis coronaria (J. LeConte) Kunth Other Commonly Used Names: Cahaba lily, Catawba lily Previously Used Scientific Names: Hymenocallis caroliniana
Common Name: OZARK BUNCHFLOWER. Scientific Name: Veratrum woodii J.W. Robbins ex Wood. Other Commonly Used Names: Wood s false hellebore
Common Name: OZARK BUNCHFLOWER Scientific Name: Veratrum woodii J.W. Robbins ex Wood Other Commonly Used Names: Wood s false hellebore Previously Used Scientific Names: Melanthium woodii (J.W. Robbins
Common Name: YELLOW LADY S-SLIPPER. Scientific Name: Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury. Other Commonly Used Names: golden slipper
Common Name: YELLOW LADY S-SLIPPER Scientific Name: Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury Other Commonly Used Names: golden slipper Previously Used Scientific Names: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus Family:
Common Name: GLADE WINDFLOWER. Scientific Name: Anemone berlandieri Pritzel. Other Commonly Used Names: southern thimble-weed
Common Name: GLADE WINDFLOWER Scientific Name: Anemone berlandieri Pritzel Other Commonly Used Names: southern thimble-weed Previously Used Scientific Names: Anemone caroliniana Walter var. heterophylla
Common Name: FLORIDA ADDER S-MOUTH ORCHID. Scientific Name: Malaxis spicata Swartz. Other Commonly Used Names: none
Common Name: FLORIDA ADDER S-MOUTH ORCHID Scientific Name: Malaxis spicata Swartz Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Malaxis floridana (Chapman) Kuntze, Microstylis floridana
Common Name: THREE BIRDS ORCHID
Common Name: THREE BIRDS ORCHID Scientific Name: Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg Other Commonly Used Names: nodding pogonia, nodding ettercap Previously Used Scientific Names: Arethusa trianthophoros
Common Name: GLADE MEADOW-PARSNIP. Scientific Name: Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckley) Gray. Other Commonly Used Names: cutleaf meadow-parsnip
Common Name: GLADE MEADOW-PARSNIP Scientific Name: Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckley) Gray Other Commonly Used Names: cutleaf meadow-parsnip Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Apiaceae/Umbelliferae
Common Name: PINK LADY S-SLIPPER
Common Name: PINK LADY S-SLIPPER Scientific Name: Cypripedium acaule Aiton Other Commonly Used Names: pink moccasin flower, stemless lady-slipper, slipper orchid Previously Used Scientific Names: Fissipes
Previously Used Scientific Names: Habenaria quinqueseta var. quinqueseta, Orchis habenaria Linnaeus, O. quinqueseta Michaux
Common Name: MICHAUX S ORCHID Scientific Name: Habenaria quinqueseta (Michaux) A. Eaton Other Commonly Used Names: Michaux s orchis, long-horned habenaria, long-horned false rein-orchid Previously Used
Other Commonly Used Names: wintergreen quillwort, evergreen quillwort
Common Name: WINTER QUILLWORT Scientific Name: Isoetes hyemalis D.F. Brunton Other Commonly Used Names: wintergreen quillwort, evergreen quillwort Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Isoetaceae
Family: Parnassiaceae (grass-of-parnassus) or Saxifragaceae (rockbreaker)
Common Name: LARGE-LEAF GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS Scientific Name: Parnassia grandifolia A.P. de Candolle Other Commonly Used Names: bigleaf grass-of-parnassus, limeseep parnassia, undine Previously Used Scientific
Common Name: GEORGIA QUILLWORT. Scientific Name: Isoetes georgiana Luebke. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: GEORGIA QUILLWORT Scientific Name: Isoetes georgiana Luebke Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Isoetaceae (quillwort) Rarity Ranks: G2G3/S2S3 State
Common Name: BOG SPICEBUSH. Scientific Name: Lindera subcoriacea B.E. Wofford. Other Common Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: BOG SPICEBUSH Scientific Name: Lindera subcoriacea B.E. Wofford Other Common Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Lauraceae (Laurel) Rarity Ranks: G2/S1? State Legal
Common Name: BLACK-SPORED QUILLWORT. Scientific Name: Isoetes melanospora Engelmann. Other Commonly Used Names: black-spored Merlin's grass
Common Name: BLACK-SPORED QUILLWORT Scientific Name: Isoetes melanospora Engelmann Other Commonly Used Names: black-spored Merlin's grass Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Isoetaceae (quillwort)
Previously Used Scientific Names: Calopogon barbatus (Walter) Ames var. multiflorus (Lindley) Correll
Common Name: MANY-FLOWERED GRASS PINK Scientific Name: Calopogon multiflorus Lindley Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Calopogon barbatus (Walter) Ames var. multiflorus
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