Rosids (fabids part II), plant biogeography Today s lecture

Transcription

1 Rosids (fabids part II), plant biogeography Today s lecture Salicaceae Fagaceae Betulaceae Class exercise Biogeography Exam review

2 Angiosperm phylogeny Soltis et al., 2011 Rosids' Saxifragales' Caryophyllales' Ranunculaceae' Monocots' Magnoliids' ANITA'grade' Angiosperm phylogeny Basal eudicots Eudicots (Tricolpates) Rosids Asterids

3 Rosids Rosids 2 genera; 435 species as narrowly defined (sensu stricto) (Populus, Salix) Habit: Woody trees or shrubs Salicaceae s.s. Leaves: Simple, alternate Salicoid teeth Deciduous

4 Salicaceae s.s. 2 genera; 435 species Salix spp. Dioecious Salicaceae s.s. Symmetry: Radial Perianth parts: absent Stamens: 2-4; male plants with catkins Pistils: 1 compound pistil (2-4 carpels, many-seeded) female plants with catkins Ovary position: Superior Fruit type: Capsule, seeds hairy

5 Fagales No nectaries Unisexual flowers with reduced perianth Betulaceae Inferior ovary with 1 or 2 ovules per locule Indehiscent fruits Monoecious Fagaceae Manos and Steele 1997 Fagaceae 9 genera; 900 species Habit: Woody trees or shrubs Leaves: Simple, alternate Lobed or entire Deciduous or evergreen

6 Fagaceae Castanea spp. Fagaceae Symmetry: Radial Perianth parts: Usually 6 tepals inconspicuous Stamens: 4-40; staminate flowers in catkins Pistils: 1 compound pistil (usually 3 carpels) pistillate flowers solitary Ovary position: Inferior Fruit type: Nut cupule (involucre)

7 Fagaceae Betulaceae 6 genera, 157 species Habit: Woody trees or shrubs Leaves: Simple, alternate Margins doubly serrate Deciduous

8 Betulaceae Corylus spp. Betulaceae Symmetry: Radial Perianth parts: 1-4 tepals, or none inconspicuous Stamens: 4; staminate flowers in catkins Pistils: 1 compound pistil (2 carpels); pistillate flowers in catkins Ovary position: Inferior Fruit type: achene, samara

9 Biogeography The age of European exploration Ortelius world map, 1564 Biogeography Patterns of geographic variation in nature Biotic assemblages vary according to climate and environment; Environmentally similar regions that are isolated from one another have distinct biotic assemblages (Buffon s Law) What are the processes which result in these patterns? Ecological Biogeography Historical Biogeography

10 Class exercise biogeography Maple Cherry Wattle Iris Dahlia Rhododendron Orchid Protea Peony Washington state (USA), China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, France, Japan, South Africa, Canada Biogeography Global plant diversity

11 WA ecological biogeography Ecological Biogeography Short timescales, functional groups (communities), environmental constraints (niches) How does the environment influence plant assemblages? WA ecological biogeography Steven s Pass Spokane Tacoma Snoqualmie Pass Mt. Rainier Ellensburg

12 WA ecological biogeography Alpine and subalpine: high elevation, short, cool growing season Montane and lowland forest: forest canopy, medlow elevation, med-long growing season Shrub-steppe: sagebrush, low rainfall Temperate rainforest: epiphytes, >2m of rainfall per year WA ecological biogeography NOAA Satellite and Information service, Mean annual precipitation

13 WA ecological biogeography NOAA Satellite and Information service, Minimum winter temperature WA ecological biogeography NOAA Satellite and Information service, Maximum summer temperature

14 WA ecological biogeography Rainforest Alpine Rainforest Alpine Lowland and montane forest Shrub-steppe WA historical biogeography Historical Biogeography Long timescales, taxonomic groups (clades), biogeographic events How do patterns in geographic distributions arise? A B C A C B Dispersal A C B Vicariance

15 WA historical biogeography Mesic coniferous forest of the Pacific Northwest Climax Tsuga heterophylla and Thuja plicata; cedar-hemlock zone Western slopes of the Cascades, narrow band on the east, northern Rockies to Clearwater Disjunction between same spp. In the Cascades (coast) and Rockies (inland) WA historical biogeography

16 WA historical biogeography Sullivan lab, U Idaho Cascades Pinus albicaulis Rockies Salix melanopsis WA historical biogeography Dispersal or vicariance? Dispersal Rockies to Cascades via a northern route Carstens et al, 2005

17 WA historical biogeography Summary Patterns in the geographic distributions of different kinds of organisms; The processes behind those patterns: Ecological biogeography Historical biogeography Proof illustration entitled Characteristic Mammals of a Canadian Forest for Wallace's book The Geographical Distribution of Animals, dated British Natural History Museum.