Photosynthesis. So, to review, for photosynthesis to occur a plant needs: Water Chemical Energy from Sunlight Chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide

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1 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is one of the most important natural processes that occur. It is also one of the hardest processes to understand. If you are not sure what exactly photosynthesis is do not be alarmed. Many people have an idea of what it is though they do not know what the process does specifically. In its most simple definition photosynthesis is the chemical process which changes chemicals and nutrients into food. This definition sums up the entire process nicely. However, the actual reaction that occurs is much harder to explain. Plants are not the only species that use photosynthesis. Algae and even various forms of bacteria use the process to convert chemical energy into food as well. Any species that uses photosynthesis to produce food is called a phototroph. The chemical energy is most often produced by sunlight. This is why sunlight is important to the survival of plant life. Water is also necessary for photosynthesis to occur. You probably already know that when you water a plant the water is absorbed through its roots. The water travels through the roots up long tubes that lead from the roots to other parts of the plant. These tubes are called xylem. As animals breathe in oxygen they release carbon dioxide into the air. The plants take in the carbon dioxide that has been exhaled. Essentially, they recycle the carbon dioxide, using it for the process of photosynthesis. A plant has tiny openings called stomata. Stomata are located in the leaves of the plant. Carbon dioxide is taken into the plant through these openings. Now that the plant has chemical energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide it only needs one more thing for photosynthesis to occur. The plant already has chlorophyll within its leaves. Chlorophyll is a green jelly like chemical that combines with all the other essential ingredients for photosynthesis. So, to review, for photosynthesis to occur a plant needs: Water Chemical Energy from Sunlight Chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide Chlorophyll is responsible for combining all the essential elements of photosynthesis. It also mixes in nutrients that are found in the soil. As everything combines photosynthesis changes the mixture into stored food. Photosynthesis allows the plant to feed itself. The stored food is also used when humans and other animals eat plants. The next time you eat a vegetable you will know that the energy you receive by eating the plant was produced by photosynthesis. 1

2 As photosynthesis occurs oxygen is released into the air. This is the oxygen we breathe. Plants recycle the oxygen through taking in carbon dioxide (which humans and other animals release when they exhale). Once photosynthesis has occurred, new oxygen is produced, animals breathe it in, carbon dioxide is released, and the process repeats over and over again. Without photosynthesis we would not have oxygen in the air. We would all die. That is why it is so important to keep trees and other plant life around. Here is the common chemical equation that is associated with photosynthesis: The left side of the arrow shows us 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (one molecule of carbon dioxide contains 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms) plus 6 molecules of water (one molecule of water contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom) yields (this is what the arrow means yields is the same as saying produces) glucose (one molecule for sugar contains 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms) and 6 oxygen molecules (oxygen may be associated with one or more atom). The equation for glucose (sugar) and oxygen is on the right side of the arrow. Sugar produces energy. Glucose is a common substance in nearly every form of life that produces energy. All of the food we eat is converted to glucose. Plants use glucose as the primary part of the food that is stored. The oxygen, of course, is released into the air since the plant no longer needs it. Respiration The opposite reaction to photosynthesis is called respiration. Respiration occurs once an animal or human eats the food that contains glucose. Even when we eat meat we are still getting energy from photosynthesis. The meat we eat often comes from animals that eat plants and the energy from their food is transferred to us through the meat. The equation for respiration is: You should notice that the right side and the left side of the equation for photosynthesis swapped places. Respiration occurs in the cells of humans and animals. Glucose and oxygen are taken from food and the air. They are combined together in the mitochondria of the cell. As respiration occurs molecules of water and carbon dioxide are released. The body uses the water if it is needed. The carbon dioxide molecules are released from the cell and into the air so plants can use them for photosynthesis. 2

3 As you can see, photosynthesis and respiration work together. There is a never ending cycle as carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged back and forth between plant life and animal life. Regardless, without photosynthesis we would not be here. It truly is one of the most important processes, which is why it is so important to understand how it works. 3

4 Photosynthesis Worksheet I. Matching 1. Photosynthesis A. A green jelly-like substance used to convert the essential elements of photosynthesis into energy 2. Respiration B. Tiny openings in leaves that absorb carbon dioxide 3. Stomata C. A species that uses photosynthesis to make food 4. xylem D. Tubes in plants that transport water from the roots 5. phototroph E. The process plants use to create stored food 6. chlorophyll F. The process that is the opposite of photosynthesis II. Multiple Choice 1. What is not essential for photosynthesis to occur? A. Carbon Dioxide B. Oxygen C. Water D. Sunlight 2. Photosynthesis occurs in. A. Plants B. Algae C. Some Bacteria D. All of the Above 3. A is a phototroph. A. Moose B. Cow C. Human D. Tree 4

5 4. Without photosynthesis humans would not receive. A. Oxygen B. Energy from Glucose/Stored Food C. Both A & B D. None of the Above 5. The stomata are located in the. A. Leaves B. Roots C. Flower D. Stem 6. The xylem transports water from the to other parts of the plant. A. Roots B. Leaves C. Stem D. Flower 7. Respiration occurs in the of an animal cell. A. Nucleus B. Cell Membrane C. Mitochondria D. Cell Wall 8. Glucose is another word for. A. Sugar B. Water C. Minerals D. Vitamins III. Fill in the Blank & Short Answers 1. Photosynthesis yields and oxygen molecules. 2. Respiration yields (2 words) and water molecules. 5

6 3. Explain why photosynthesis is important. Name two things that are essential to human and animal life that are a product of photosynthesis. 4. What would happen if all the trees and other plants disappeared? Why do you think environmentalists are so concerned about protecting plant life? 6

7 Teacher s Answer Key Matching 1. E 2. F 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A Multiple Choice 1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. A Fill in the Blank & Short Answers 1. Glucose 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Photosynthesis is important because it produces oxygen which animals and humans need to breathe and also stored energy which is transported to humans and animals through food. This energy is converted to glucose. 4. Answers may vary. However, it should list that without plants there would be no oxygen and animal/human life would die as a result. 7

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