DNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Other cellular processes (17%)

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Amy Dortha Byrd
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Fig. 35-24 Other metabolism (18%) DNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Unknown (24%) Energy pathways (3%) Cell division and

1 Fig Other metabolism (18%) DNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Unknown (24%) Energy pathways (3%) Cell division and organization (3%) Transport (4%) Transcription (4%) Response to environment (4%) Protein metabolism (7%) Other cellular processes (17%) Other biological processes (11%)

Fig. 35-25 Plane of cell division (a) Planes of cell division Developing guard

2 Fig Plane of cell division (a) Planes of cell division Developing guard cells Unspecialized epidermal cell Guard cell mother cell (b) Asymmetrical cell division

3 Fig Preprophase bands of microtubules 10 µm Nuclei Cell plates

4 Fig Cellulose microfibrils Nucleus Vacuoles 5 µm

5 Fig mm 0.3 mm 2 mm (b) fass seedling (a) Wild-type seedling (c) Mature fass mutant

6 Fig

7 Fig

8 20 µm Fig Cortical cells

Fig. 35-32 Leaves produced by adult phase of apical

9 Fig Leaves produced by adult phase of apical meristem Leaves produced by juvenile phase of apical meristem

10 Fig Ca St Se Pe Pe Se (a) Normal Arabidopsis flower Pe Pe Se (b) Abnormal Arabidopsis flower

Fig. 35-34 Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis A gene activity A + B gene activity B + C gene activity C gene activity Carpel Petal Stamen Sepal Active

11 Fig Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis A gene activity A + B gene activity B + C gene activity C gene activity Carpel Petal Stamen Sepal Active genes: Whorls: B B B B A A C C C C A A Carpel Stamen Petal B B B B A A A A C C C C C C C C A A C C C C A A A B B A A B B A Sepal Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C (b) Side view of flowers with organ identity mutations

Fig. 35-34a Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis A

12 Fig a Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis A + B gene activity B + C gene activity C gene activity Carpel Petal A gene activity Stamen Sepal

Fig. 35-34b Active genes: Whorls: B B B B B B B B A A A A A A C C C C A A C C C C C C C C A A C C C C A A A B B A A B B A Stamen

13 Fig b Active genes: Whorls: B B B B B B B B A A A A A A C C C C A A C C C C C C C C A A C C C C A A A B B A A B B A Stamen Carpel Petal Sepal Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C (b) Side view of flowers with organ identity mutations

14 Fig

Fig. 36-11 Cell wall Cytosol Vacuole Plasmodesma Vacuolar membrane Plasma membrane (a) Cell compartments Key

15 Fig Cell wall Cytosol Vacuole Plasmodesma Vacuolar membrane Plasma membrane (a) Cell compartments Key Transmembrane route Apoplast Symplast Apoplast Symplast Symplastic route Apoplastic route (b) Transport routes between cells

Fig. 36-12 Casparian strip Pathway along apoplast Endodermal cell Pathway through symplast Casparian strip Apoplastic

16 Fig Casparian strip Pathway along apoplast Endodermal cell Pathway through symplast Casparian strip Apoplastic route Plasma membrane Symplastic route Root hair Vessels (xylem) Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Stele (vascular cylinder)

17 Fig

Fig. 36-14 Cuticle Upper epidermis Xylem Mesophyll Air space Microfibrils in cell wall of

18 Fig Cuticle Upper epidermis Xylem Mesophyll Air space Microfibrils in cell wall of mesophyll cell Lower epidermis Cuticle Stoma Microfibril (cross section) Water film Air-water interface

Water potential gradient Fig. 36-15 Xylem sap Outside air ψ = 100.0 Mpa Leaf ψ (air spaces) = 7.0 Mpa Leaf ψ (cell walls) = 1.

19 Water potential gradient Fig Xylem sap Outside air ψ = Mpa Leaf ψ (air spaces) = 7.0 Mpa Leaf ψ (cell walls) = 1.0 Mpa Transpiration Xylem cells Mesophyll cells Stoma Water molecule Atmosphere Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Trunk xylem ψ = 0.8 Mpa Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Cohesion by hydrogen bonding Trunk xylem ψ = 0.6 Mpa Soil ψ = 0.3 Mpa Water uptake from soil Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water

20 Fig a Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water uptake from soil Water

Fig. 36-15b Xylem cells Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall

21 Fig b Xylem cells Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Cohesion by hydrogen bonding

22 Fig c Xylem sap Mesophyll cells Stoma Transpiration Water molecule Atmosphere

23 Fig

Fig. 36-17 Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Cell wall Vacuole Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell

24 Fig Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Cell wall Vacuole Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view) Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed K + (b) Role of potassium in stomatal opening and closing

Fig. 36-17a Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed Cell wall Radially oriented

25 Fig a Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed Cell wall Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Vacuole Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view)

Fig. 36-17b Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells

26 Fig b Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed K + (b) Role of potassium in stomatal opening and closing

Fig. 36-19a Mesophyll cell Cell walls (apoplast) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Companion (transfer)

27 Fig a Mesophyll cell Cell walls (apoplast) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Companion (transfer) cell Sieve-tube element Key Apoplast Symplast Mesophyll cell Bundlesheath cell Phloem parenchyma cell

Fig. 36-19b High H + concentration Proton pump H +

28 Fig b High H + concentration Proton pump H + Cotransporter S ATP H + H + Low H + concentration Sucrose S

29 Bulk flow by negative pressure Bulk flow by positive pressure Fig Vessel (xylem) Sieve tube (phloem) Source cell (leaf) 1 Loading of sugar 2 1 Sucrose 2 Uptake of water 3 Unloading of sugar Sink cell (storage root) 4 3 Sucrose 4 Water recycled

Fig. 36-21 EXPERIMENT 25 µm Sievetube element Sap droplet Stylet Sap

30 Fig EXPERIMENT 25 µm Sievetube element Sap droplet Stylet Sap droplet Aphid feeding Stylet in sieve-tube element Separated stylet exuding sap

2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 1 CO 2 O 2 Light Sugar O 2 and minerals CO 2 2 Buds 42 29 21 34 13 26 5 18 10 31 23 8 15 28 16 2 24 Shoot apical meristem 7 3 20 1 mm 32 11 19 12 6 4 1 25 17 14 9 40 27 22 3 Cell wall Apoplastic route