An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Transcription

1 C h a p t e r 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris

2 1-1 The common functions of all living things include responsiveness, growth, reproduction,movement, and metabolism

3 Living Things All living organisms share the following characteristics Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism

4 1-2 Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function

5 Anatomy Describes the structures of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures

6 Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together

7 Anatomy Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules Cytology: study of cells and their structures: cyt- = cell Histology: study of tissues and their structures

8 Physiology Is the study of Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions

9 Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Special physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases

10 1-3 Levels of organization progress from molecules to a complete organism

11 Levels of Organization The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together The Cellular Level Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together The Tissue Level Tissues are a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level An organ is a group of different tissues working together

12 Levels of Organization The Organ System Level Organ systems are a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism Level A human is an organism Levels of Organization Organ Systems

13 Levels of Organization Figure 1-1

14 1-4 The human body consists of 11 organ systems

15 Organ Systems

16 Organ Systems

17 Organ Systems

18 Organ Systems

19 Organ Systems

20 Organ Systems

21 Organ Systems

22 Organ Systems

23 Organ Systems

24 Organ Systems

25 Organ Systems

26 Organ Systems

27 1-5 Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance

28 Homeostasis Homeostasis: all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)

29 Homeostasis Receptor Receives the stimulus Control Center Processes the signal and sends instructions Effector Carries out instructions

30 The Control of Room Temperature Figure 1-3

31 1-6 Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them

32 Negative Feedback The Role of Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is achieved

33 Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation Figure 1-4

34 Positive Feedback The Role of Positive Feedback The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus Body is moved away from homeostasis Normal range is lost Used to speed up processes

35 Positive Feedback Figure 1-5

36 The Big Picture Systems integration Systems work together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium Opposing forces are in balance Physiological systems work to restore balance Failure results in disease or death

37 1-7 Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections

38 Surface Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down Anatomical Regions Body regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on subject

39 Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior Figure 1-6

40 Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior Figure 1-6

41 Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior Figure 1-6

42 Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior Figure 1-6

43

44

45 Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1-7

46 Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1-7

47 Abdominopelvic Relationships Figure 1-7

48 Directional References. A Lateral View Figure 1-8

49 Directional References. A Lateral View Figure 1-8

50

51 Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques: MRI PET CT

52 Plane of Section Figure 1-9

53

54 1-8 Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape

55 Body Cavities Body cavities have two essential functions Protect organs from accidental shocks Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs Ventral body cavity (coelom) Divided by the diaphragm: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

56 Body Cavities Serous Membranes Line body cavities and cover organs Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer Parietal layer lines cavity Visceral layer covers organ

57 The Thoracic Cavity Separated into regions Right and left pleural cavities: Contain right and left lungs Mediastinum Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus Lower portion contains pericardial cavity: The heart is located within the pericardial cavity

58 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions Figure 1-10

59 The Abdominopelvic Cavity Peritoneal cavity chamber within abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

60 The Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity superior portion Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones Contains digestive organs Pelvic cavity inferior portion Within pelvic bones Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

61 X-Rays Figure 1-11

62 Figure 1-12