Introduction: Natural Bridges Setting and Tidepool Habitats

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1 Introduction: Natural Bridges Setting and Tidepool Habitats

2 1. Physical setting

3 microcosm of coast- zone influenced by 1) river, 2) waves/tides, 3) wind (NW)

4 Rock Types (wave cut bench) Santa Cruz Mudstone

5 hardest rock types resist erosion best- often remain behind forming islands of rock. beautiful pocket beaches.

6 But soft enough to provide complex animal habitats.

7 2. Introduction to the intertidal

8 AGAIN: this is a STATE PARK PRESERVE- TAKE NOTHING!!

9 Basic concept for tide pool component: 1. Adaptation. Organisms constantly shaped by pressures of natural selection or competition. Physical Environment Shapes Biology The fundamental resources, and pressures to which a biological system responds by adaptation

10 You cannot understand organisms without understanding their physical environment.

11 Goals 1. Physical Environmental factors: To understand how specific aspects of a marine environments will determine how life adapts- 2. Describe Main Inter-tidal Environments: definitions of main zones in intertidal, and to understand each in terms of main physical factors.

12 Issues: 1. Primary Production- what factors control production? (base of food chain?) 2. ALL Organisms- what factors will all organisms have to adapt to deal with?

13 Terrestrial Physical Environments

14 Some Terrestrial Physical variables * Water Availability * Temperature * Food Availability (Primary production) * Physical Character of Environment * Stability of environment

15 Littoral Physical Settings

16 Littoral or Coastal ocean regions: Temperature: ~varied Food: high Stability: Low! ( High Energy /Low stability ) Phys. Character: Varied, many habitats.. Predict: many many types of life, adapted in many ways. One common factor? Must Adapt to constant changes.

17 Inter-tidal Special factors: ** WATER availability how much time do you have to spend dry? Other Related factors: Temperature? Major factor Salinity- what other big one..?

18 Inter-tidal factors: ** Stability? Very very Low Special adaptations: Must have way to hold on and endure huge energy of breaking waves

19 Can Consider tide zones as function of time out of water.. ALSO = TIME exposed to pounding waves.. A (what else?) B Distance Vertical Tidal Range

20 Inter-tidal Organisms: ZONES based on physical environment= Adaptations Spray Zone (above highest tides) High tide Zone Mid-tide Zone Low tide Zone Sub-tidal Zone Below lowest lows

21 Shallow: Most energy, most change Spray Zone (above highest tides) High tide Zone Mid-tide Zone Deep: Least energy, Least change Low tide Zone Sub-tidal Zone Below lowest lows

22 Shallow: Least % time under water Spray Zone (above highest tides) High tide Zone Mid-tide Zone Deep: water 100% of time Low tide Zone Sub-tidal Zone Below lowest lows

23 Some Adaptations: Spray Zone (above highest tides) High tide Zone *Thick shells *systems to prevent drying out *resistant to high temp/salinity Mid-tide Zone Low tide Zone Sub-tidal Zone Below lowest lows

24 Natural Bridges Tidepools: example Most organisms live on the surface (epifauna) Upper zones have mostly shelled organisms Lower zones have many soft-bodied organisms and algae of Rocky shore

25 Zonation at Natural Bridges

26 High zone Mid zone Low zone

27 SPLASH zone pools

28 Baxter points out classic zonation

29 2. Main Organism Groups

30 Primary Producers- Q: Based on the physical environment, what would you predict they would be like?

31 1 st : Benthic Primary Producers Algaes: - Groups defined by pigments they have (recall the antenna used to catch light for photosynthesis) 3 groups: Red, Green, Brown All have some way to hold to bottom * specialized cells or structures, often called holdfasts (NOT roots!)

32 Green Algae- Chlorophyta pigments closest to land plants ie antenna = chlorophyls, as on land- live in shallowest water

33 Green Algae- Chlorophyta Some Species are among most primitive Algae Sea Lettuce: 2 cells thick No structures Dead mans fingers : ~ like a colony- a continuous chain of individual identical cells

34 Red Algae- Rhodophyta Pigments most different from land plants ie antenna = modified chlorophyl-like molecules, adapted for low and filtered light levels = can extend into deepest water

35 Red Algae- Rhodophyta Many Species secrete calcium carbonate coverings Coralline red algae. Looks a bit like coral * Very common in tide pools! Crustose or encrusting type Leafy type- still has hard outer armor

36 Brown Algae- Phaeophyta- Pigments intermediate (between reds and greens) and very diverse- A Uniquely Marine group Contain the kelps - among most advanced of all alga

37 Offshore: Brown algae (kelp) Extensive growth in cold, high nutrient near-shore environments. Grow in water m depth. Fasten to hard substrate with holdfast. Gas-filles floats (pneumatocysts) Highly productive grow 6-25 cm/day Eaten by sea urchins Support extensive diverse ecosystem (Macrocystis) forests of the sea

38 Brown Algae- (Fucus sp.)

39 2. Inter-tidal Animals: Almost all are Invertebrates -

40 A main evolutionary division in animals: Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates:

41 Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates: What separates the groups? Have backbone (or similar structure) or not? * eg: Hollow Nerve Tube - running up and down the animal. Or notochord A rigid structural support, like our spine. proxy for complex nervous system.

42 Amazingly diverse adaptations! Some Major Invertebrate groups - Mollusks (squid, snails, octopus) - Crustaceans (= crabs, shimp- BUT also barnacles! ) - Echinoderms (starfish, sea cucumbers, sand dollars) - Coelenterates (jellyfish, anemones, corals)

43 Adaptations: Some modes of making a living 1. Grazing: ( Grazer = Herbivore)

44 Adaptations : Some modes of making a living 2. Scavenging: ( = Omnivores)

45 Filtering Filter-feeders: can take many different forms, depending on environment..

46 Ambush prey with poison darts! Predator, Secondary consumer..

47 Mollusks (snails, squid, octopus, banana slugs) *Enormous group! 100,000 + species in all environments All have soft, muscular foot : used for moving, capturing prey Some have shells, some don t Cephalopod molluscs: squid and octopus highly specialized predators

48 Invertebrates: Mollusks

49 Mollusks in Littoral: many adaptations. *Key Grazers: Graze on all kinds of alga in littoral environments. Often have heavy shells to protect from drying out, and from pounding surf. But, also other important types: Filter feeders: eg: mussels, clams, etc Hunting carnivores!: small rock snail species which drill into prey and eat them!

50 Mussels: the dominant animal in much of inter-tidal

51 Adapted to high energy- pounding surf: 1) very tough shells 2) held to rocks by tough fibers ( bissel fibers )

52 beds of mussels form major habitat for other animals ( protection from surf)

53 Many other mollusks in littoralmany are grazers of alga

54 What is this area?

55 What is this area?

56 Owl Limpet What is this area?

57 Crustaceans

58 Subset of: Arthropods jointed legs *Sizes: Microscopic to Huge: (Copepods to Alaskan king Crabs) All have jointed Legs, Eye stalks, hard body armor made from chitin All oceanic members have gills Very important in oceanic food webs! (both predators and prey!)

59 Crustaceans In Littoral environments: Important Scavengers: *Crabs, lobsters, shrimps *But also, a real Surprise: Barnacles! (both sedentary and gooseneck ) * An interesting evolutionary story: they settled on their heads, and use adapted feet to filter the water!

60 Barnacles: so common, they define most rock surfaces

61 c o l l a Barnacles Large size p s i n g

62 c o l l a Barnacles : Solitary p s i n g

63 c o l l Barnacles a p s i n g

64 c o l l Barnacles a p s i n g

65 c o l l Barnacles a p s i n g

66 Invertebrates: Echinoderms ( spiny skin ) (Starfish, Sand dollars, sea urchins) *Very important marine group! Occupy almost all modes of life- from herbivores to hunters

67 Invertibrates: Echinoderms 1) Radial Symmetry *2) Spiny skin: More obvious in some than in others

68 Invertebrates: Echinoderms Have Suckertip Tube Feet: for motion

69 Focus on two: A major Grazer: sea urchins A major Predator (hunter): sea stars

70 Purple Urchin..

71 Purple Urchin..

72 Urchin Beds (notice anything about rocks?)

73 Urchin hollows

74 Blue water gold?

75 Uni = sea urchin roe (eggs)

76 Uni sushi at Benihana

77 Where it really comes from..

78 Where it really comes from..

79 Stars: mussel predators

80 Stars: mussel predators

81 Stars limit mussel distribution

82 Cnidaria (sea anemone) Over 6000 species of Class Hydrozoa Sea anemones, found from the intertidal to 10,000 m Capture prey with stinging nematocysts Same phylum as corals

83 Inter-tidal: Sea Anemones Giant Green Sea Anemone

84 Sunburst and aggregating anemones

85 Giant green anemones

86 Anemone fight!

87 Giant green anemones: mussel predators?

88 One more Special Adaptation: How can an animal get more food (especially in a low food environment) 5. Symbiosis: (ie teamwork) Zooxanthellae: A dinoflaggelate- autotrophic primary producer

89 Special Adaptations: How can an amimal get more food (especially in a low food environment) 5. Symbiosis: (ie teamwork) Zooxanthellae: A dinoflaggelate- Lives symbiotically inside tissues of a range of invertibrates!

90 Zoozanthellae symbiosis: Animal + a photosynthetic protist

91 Zooxanthellae symbiosis: Animal + a photosynthetic protist ` Solar Powered Slugs

92 END. Look for on Friday!!!

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