Molecular evolution. Joe Felsenstein. GENOME 453, Autumn Molecular evolution p.1/49
|
|
- Thomas West
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Molecular evolution Joe Felsenstein GENOME 453, utumn 2009 Molecular evolution p.1/49
2 data example for phylogeny inference Five DN sequences, for some gene in an imaginary group of species whose names are lpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon: site species lpha T G G C Beta C T C T C Gamma G G T C Delta G G G T Epsilon C T C G C Molecular evolution p.2/49
3 The tree we are evaluating lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.3/49
4 Steps in character 1 C C lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon lpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon T G G C C T C T C G G T C G G G T C T C G C or C C lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.4/49
5 Steps in character 2 T G G T T lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon lpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon T G G C C T C T C G G T C G G G T C T C G C or T G G T T lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon or T G G T T lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.5/49
6 Steps in character 3 G G G C C lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon lpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon T G G C C T C T C G G T C G G G T C T C G C G G G C C lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.6/49
7 Steps in character 4 T T lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon lpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon T G G C C T C T C G G T C G G G T C T C G C or T T lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.7/49
8 Steps in character 5 G G G lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon lpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon T G G C C T C T C G G T C G G G T C T C G C or G G G lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.8/49
9 Steps in character 6 lpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon T G G C C T C T C G G T C G G G T C T C G C C T C C C lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.9/49
10 Steps in all characters showing one of their possible placements lpha Delta Gamma Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.10/49
11 The most parsimonious tree with one possible placement of the changes Gamma Delta lpha Beta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.11/49
12 The same tree as an unrooted tree shown as an unrooted tree root can be anywhere changes can occur in either direction lpha Gamma Beta Delta Epsilon Molecular evolution p.12/49
13 Direction of change depends on where root is Placement of the root affects which way bases change but not how many changes there are lpha Gamma Delta G if root is here C T T G T C G C G T Beta 5 Epsilon Molecular evolution p.13/49
14 Changing the root changes the direction Placement of the root affects which way bases change but not how many changes there are lpha Gamma Beta G T G T C T 6 G T C G C Delta if root is here Epsilon Molecular evolution p.14/49
15 ll possible trees (15 in all) C D B E D B E C B C E D B D C E B C E D E B C D D B C E B C D E C B D E D B E C B D C E B C D E C B D E E B D C E C B D Molecular evolution p.15/49
16 Their best numbers of nucleotide substitutions C D D B B E E C 11 9 B C E B D C D E 11 B C 11 D E E B 11 B C C D D E B D E B D B C C E B D C B 9 E C 11 C E D E C 9 9 E D B D 10 C B 10 D E 8 D B E C 9 Molecular evolution p.16/49
17 The most parsimonious tree C D D B B E E C 11 9 B C E B D C D E 11 B C 11 D E E B 11 B C C D D E B D E B D B C C E B D C B 9 E C 11 C E D E C 9 9 E D B D 10 C B 10 D E 8 D B E C 9 Molecular evolution p.17/49
18 Distance matrix methods C Each possible tree (with branch lengths) predict pairwise distances F D B E B C D E F B C D E F Find the tree which comes closest to predicting the observed pairwise distances compare observed distances calculated from the data B C D E F B C D E F Molecular evolution p.18/49
19 n example Turbeville. J. McC., Schulz, J.R. and R.. Raff Deuterostome phylogeny and the sister group of the chordates: evidence from molecules and morphology. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: Xenopus?TCCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTG-CTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCCG Sebastol??????????????????????G-CTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCG Latimeri?TCCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTG-CTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Squalus??????????????????????G-CTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Myxine??CCCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGCCG-CTTGCTTGTCTCGCTGCCTGCTG Petromyz???CCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTG-CTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Branch???CCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCCG Styela??TCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTGTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCGG Herdman?TTCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTGTTGCTTGTCTC-GTTGCCTGCGG Saccogl??CCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Ophiophol??CCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Strongyl??CCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Placopec CCCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Limicol?TTCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Eurypelm?TCCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG Tenebrio?TCCCTGGTTGTCCTGCCGTGTCTTGCTTGTCTCGTTGCCTGCTG (and so on for 33 more pages) Molecular evolution p.19/49
20 Tree using parsimony (acorn worms) Saccogl Ophiophol (echinoderms) Strongyl Herdman (sea squirts) Styela Brachiostoma (amphioxus) Placopec (molluscs) Limicol Petromyz(lamprey) Eurypelm (insects) Tenebrio Latimeri (coelacanth) Squalus(dogfish) Sebastol(fish) Xenopus (frog) Myxine (hagfish) Molecular evolution p.20/49
21 Saccogl Myxine Tree using a distance method Herdman Styela Ophiophol Branch (echinoderms) (acorn worms) (sea squirts) (amphioxus) Strongyl Placopec Squalus Sebastol (molluscs) Latimeri Xenopus Petromyz Limicol Eurypelm Tenebrio (insects) (lamprey) (dogfish) (fish) (coelacanth) (frog) (hagfish) Molecular evolution p.21/49
22 Tree using a maximum likelihood method Herdman (sea squirts) (acorn worm) Styela Saccogl Branch (amphioxus) Ophiophol (lamprey) (echinoderms) Petromyz Strongyl Myxine (hagfish) Placopec (molluscs) Limicol Squalus (dogfish) Sebastol (teleost) Xenopus Latimeri (frog) (coelacanth) Eurypelm (insects) Tenebrio Molecular evolution p.22/49
23 The tree with images of the animals Placopecten (scallop) Strongylocentrotus (sea urchin) Saccoglossus (acorn worm) Molecular evolution p.23/49
24 The tree with images of the animals Branchiostoma (amphioxus) tunicate Myxine (hagfish) Molecular evolution p.24/49
25 The tree with images of the animals Petromyzon dogfish dogfish (lamprey) Molecular evolution p.25/49
26 The tree with images of the animals Sebastoles (lrockfish) Latimeria (coelacanth) Xenopus (clawed frog) Molecular evolution p.26/49
27 Blair and Hedges alternative tree (in Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2005.) Molecular evolution p.27/49
28 Molecular evolution (1963 on) Linus Pauling in 1963 Emile Zuckerkandl, more recently Molecular evolution p.28/49
29 The late Margaret Dayhoff Responsible for the first computer-produced molecular phylogeny (1966), the start of protein sequence databases (1965), the recognition of gene families (1960s-1970s) Molecular evolution p.29/49
30 Morris Goodman Using immunological methods with proteins, defined the human-chimp-gorilla clade (1962), later pioneered work on evolution of gene families, especially the globin family. Molecular evolution p.30/49
31 The late llan Wilson With Vincent Sarich, supported the human-chimp-gorilla clade. dvocated use of the molecular clock by which they dated the divergence of these species to 5 million years ago. Later (as we shall see) found the tree of human mitochondria, whose ancestor was mitochondrial Eve. Molecular evolution p.31/49
32 n example: who is most closely related to whales? from mrine-madsen, H. et al., 2003, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Molecular evolution p.32/49
33 The tree of human ancestry Old world monkeys Orangutan Chimp Bonobo Humans Gorilla Gibbon New world monkeys Molecular evolution p.33/49
34 Just who are you calling an ape? Old world monkeys Orangutan Chimp Bonobo Humans Gorilla Gibbon New world monkeys Molecular evolution p.34/49
35 Just who are you calling an ape? Old world monkeys Orangutan Chimp Bonobo Humans Gorilla Gibbon New world monkeys Molecular evolution p.35/49
36 Molecular phylogenies Some examples of other important conclusions from molecular phylogenies: Using immunological distances, Morris Goodman (1962 on) and later Wilson and Sarich (1966) show that humans, gorilla, and chimps were a clade. Wilson and Sarich (in that work, 1967) date the divergence of humans to 5 million years. Charles Sibley and Jon hlquist (1984) use DN hybridization to argue for the clade humans-chimps. Carl Woese (1978) uses rrn trees to introduce evolution into microbiology, argue for the domain rchaea. Much progress on early radiation of angiosperms Protostome-deuterostome tree of metazoans (more or less) replaced by deuterostome-lophotrichozoa-ecdysozoa tree. Fungi closer to animals than either is to plants. Symbiotic origin of mitochondria and of chloroplasts verified. mphioxus diverged before split of tunicates from craniate chordates. Lots of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes, almost not a tree. Molecular evolution p.36/49
37 Different parts of hemoglobin genes lignment of hemoglobin ε loci of Human, Tarsier Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 Intron 1 Intron 2 region bases differences % different upstream exon intron exon intron exon downstream Differences in exons position 1 10 position 2 5 position 3 33 Molecular evolution p.37/49
38 Higher Rates of Substitution for some proteins than others some sites within proteins than others (less in active sites, interior sites) some amino acid replacements than others (less changes to chemically more similar amino acids) silent changes than nonsilent ones in-between" DN than introns, introns than coding sequences transitions than transversions Molecular evolution p.38/49
39 Morris Goodman tabulation for β hemoglobin where sites change/100myr Heme contacts Nonheme contacts Salt bridges β-β ,3-DPG binding Nonsalt bridge α,β contacts Remaining interior Remaining exterior ll Molecular evolution p.39/49
40 PhyloHMM analysis of multiple genomes From a paper by Siepel and Haussler (Journal of Computational Biology, 2004) describing the machinery for finding conserved regions of multiple genomes. Molecular evolution p.40/49
41 Rates of change from neutral and selective mechanisms Neutral mutations fraction µ of all copies of a gene mutate. Of these 1 2N (equal to the initial frequency of the mutant) succeed in drifting to fixation for the mutant. There are in all 2N copies of the gene available to mutate. The resulting rate of substitution is µ 1 2N 2N = µ So the rate of substitution of neutral mutations is equal to the mutation rate (the mutation rate of neutral mutants, not the total mutation rate). Molecular evolution p.41/49
42 Change by neutral mutation end of a lineage which is the ancestry of a single copy of the gene: change is expected to be µ per generation gene copy ancestry Interestingly, the expected rate of change is the same no matter what the population size is (small populations make all copies more likely to become the same, but all are still expected to differ from their ancestors by this amount) time species boundary Molecular evolution p.42/49
43 Rates from neutral and selective mechanisms Selectively advantageous mutations fraction µ of copies of the gene mutate. There are in all 2N copies available. fraction 2s succeed in fixing. The resulting rate of substitution is µ 2N 2s = 4Nsµ Note that this is 4Ns times as high as for neutral mutants, if the mutation rate in both categories were equal (which it isn t). Molecular evolution p.43/49
44 Substitution of neutral and advantageous mutations Suppose that the population size is N = 1, 000, 000, and mutation rates are: dvantageous mutations Neutral mutations u a = 10 7 u n = 10 6 If the selection coefficient in favor of advantageous mutations is s = , the rates of substitution expected are: dvantageous mutations Neutral mutations (4Ns)u a = u n = 10 6 Molecular evolution p.44/49
45 The molecular clock (from Wilson, 1976) Molecular evolution p.45/49
46 not-quite-clocklike tree of Plethodon salamanders (Palmer et al., 2005, in Molecular Biology and Evolution) Molecular evolution p.46/49
47 Phylogeny and gene tree with a gene duplication phylogeny with a gene duplication event: Frog Human Monkey Squirrel a b a b a b species boundary gene duplication tree of genes Molecular evolution p.47/49
48 Phylogenies, gene trees, and gene duplication So when genes are all aligned with each other, their "gene tree" is: Frog Human Monkey Squirrel Human Monkey Squirrel a a a b b b These two subtrees should be identical Molecular evolution p.48/49
49 gene family Molecular evolution p.49/49
Inference of phylogenies, with some thoughts on statistics and geometry p.1/31
Inference of phylogenies, with some thoughts on statistics and geometry Joe Felsenstein University of Washington Inference of phylogenies, with some thoughts on statistics and geometry p.1/31 Darwin s
More informationMETHODS FOR DETERMINING PHYLOGENY. In Chapter 11, we discovered that classifying organisms into groups was, and still is, a difficult task.
Chapter 12 (Strikberger) Molecular Phylogenies and Evolution METHODS FOR DETERMINING PHYLOGENY In Chapter 11, we discovered that classifying organisms into groups was, and still is, a difficult task. Modern
More informationBio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2007
Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2007 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Evolution lecture #5 -- Molecular genetics and molecular evolution
More informationLecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011
Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean system
More information8/23/2014. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Objectives Explain the following characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification: a. binomial nomenclature b. hierarchical classification List the major
More informationTree of Life iological Sequence nalysis Chapter http://tolweb.org/tree/ Phylogenetic Prediction ll organisms on Earth have a common ancestor. ll species are related. The relationship is called a phylogeny
More informationMultiple Sequence Alignment. Sequences
Multiple Sequence Alignment Sequences > YOR020c mstllksaksivplmdrvlvqrikaqaktasglylpe knveklnqaevvavgpgftdangnkvvpqvkvgdqvl ipqfggstiklgnddevilfrdaeilakiakd > crassa mattvrsvksliplldrvlvqrvkaeaktasgiflpe
More informationPhylogenetic Trees. How do the changes in gene sequences allow us to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between related species?
Why? Phylogenetic Trees How do the changes in gene sequences allow us to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between related species? The saying Don t judge a book by its cover. could be applied
More informationAlgorithms in Bioinformatics
Algorithms in Bioinformatics Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University San José, California, USA khuri@cs.sjsu.edu www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/khuri Distance Methods Character Methods
More informationMolecular phylogeny - Using molecular sequences to infer evolutionary relationships. Tore Samuelsson Feb 2016
Molecular phylogeny - Using molecular sequences to infer evolutionary relationships Tore Samuelsson Feb 2016 Molecular phylogeny is being used in the identification and characterization of new pathogens,
More informationPHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 11 Chapter 26 Activity #15 NAME DATE PERIOD PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS PHYLOGENY Evolutionary history of species or group of related species SYSTEMATICS Study
More informationMolecular phylogeny How to infer phylogenetic trees using molecular sequences
Molecular phylogeny How to infer phylogenetic trees using molecular sequences ore Samuelsson Nov 2009 Applications of phylogenetic methods Reconstruction of evolutionary history / Resolving taxonomy issues
More informationCHAPTERS 24-25: Evidence for Evolution and Phylogeny
CHAPTERS 24-25: Evidence for Evolution and Phylogeny 1. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural selection or shown as an evolutionary trend: a. Paleontology
More informationMolecular phylogeny How to infer phylogenetic trees using molecular sequences
Molecular phylogeny How to infer phylogenetic trees using molecular sequences ore Samuelsson Nov 200 Applications of phylogenetic methods Reconstruction of evolutionary history / Resolving taxonomy issues
More informationPhylogenetic Analysis. Han Liang, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology UT MD Anderson Cancer Center
Phylogenetic Analysis Han Liang, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology UT MD Anderson Cancer Center Outline Basic Concepts Tree Construction Methods Distance-based methods
More informationConstructing Evolutionary Trees
Constructing Evolutionary Trees 0-0 HIV Evolutionary Tree SIVs (monkeys)! HIV (human)! human infection! human HIV/M human HIV/M chimpanzee SIV chimpanzee SIV human HIV/N human HIV/N chimpanzee SIV chimpanzee
More informationPhylogenetic Trees. Phylogenetic Trees Five. Phylogeny: Inference Tool. Phylogeny Terminology. Picture of Last Quagga. Importance of Phylogeny 5.
Five Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University San José, California, USA sami.khuri@sjsu.edu v Distance Methods v Character Methods v Molecular Clock v UPGMA v Maximum Parsimony
More informationC3020 Molecular Evolution. Exercises #3: Phylogenetics
C3020 Molecular Evolution Exercises #3: Phylogenetics Consider the following sequences for five taxa 1-5 and the known outgroup O, which has the ancestral states (note that sequence 3 has changed from
More informationChapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogenies Show Evolutionary Relationships
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life You Must Know The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness. How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees. How to construct a phylogenetic
More informationTheory of Evolution Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution Charles arwin 858-59: Origin of Species 5 year voyage of H.M.S. eagle (83-36) Populations have variations. Natural Selection & Survival of the fittest: nature selects best adapted varieties
More informationEvolutionary trees. Describe the relationship between objects, e.g. species or genes
Evolutionary trees Bonobo Chimpanzee Human Neanderthal Gorilla Orangutan Describe the relationship between objects, e.g. species or genes Early evolutionary studies The evolutionary relationships between
More informationUoN, CAS, DBSC BIOL102 lecture notes by: Dr. Mustafa A. Mansi. The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics)
- Phylogeny? - Systematics? The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics) - Phylogenetic systematics? Connection between phylogeny and classification. - Phylogenetic systematics informs the
More informationPhylogeny. Properties of Trees. Properties of Trees. Trees represent the order of branching only. Phylogeny: Taxon: a unit of classification
Multiple sequence alignment global local Evolutionary tree reconstruction Pairwise sequence alignment (global and local) Substitution matrices Gene Finding Protein structure prediction N structure prediction
More informationBINF6201/8201. Molecular phylogenetic methods
BINF60/80 Molecular phylogenetic methods 0-7-06 Phylogenetics Ø According to the evolutionary theory, all life forms on this planet are related to one another by descent. Ø Traditionally, phylogenetics
More informationCladistics and Bioinformatics Questions 2013
AP Biology Name Cladistics and Bioinformatics Questions 2013 1. The following table shows the percentage similarity in sequences of nucleotides from a homologous gene derived from five different species
More informationPhylogenetic inference
Phylogenetic inference Bas E. Dutilh Systems Biology: Bioinformatic Data Analysis Utrecht University, March 7 th 016 After this lecture, you can discuss (dis-) advantages of different information types
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationAN ALTERNATING LEAST SQUARES APPROACH TO INFERRING PHYLOGENIES FROM PAIRWISE DISTANCES
Syst. Biol. 46(l):11-lll / 1997 AN ALTERNATING LEAST SQUARES APPROACH TO INFERRING PHYLOGENIES FROM PAIRWISE DISTANCES JOSEPH FELSENSTEIN Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Box 35736, Seattle,
More informationGene Families part 2. Review: Gene Families /727 Lecture 8. Protein family. (Multi)gene family
Review: Gene Families Gene Families part 2 03 327/727 Lecture 8 What is a Case study: ian globin genes Gene trees and how they differ from species trees Homology, orthology, and paralogy Last tuesday 1
More informationChapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Biologists estimate that there are about 5 to 100 million species of organisms living on Earth today. Evidence from morphological, biochemical, and gene sequence
More informationChapter 27: Evolutionary Genetics
Chapter 27: Evolutionary Genetics Student Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Understand what the term species means to biology. 2. Recognize the various patterns
More informationBiology Keystone (PA Core) Quiz Theory of Evolution - (BIO.B ) Theory Of Evolution, (BIO.B ) Scientific Terms
Biology Keystone (PA Core) Quiz Theory of Evolution - (BIO.B.3.2.1 ) Theory Of Evolution, (BIO.B.3.3.1 ) Scientific Terms Student Name: Teacher Name: Jared George Date: Score: 1) Evidence for evolution
More informationPage 1. Evolutionary Trees. Why build evolutionary tree? Outline
Page Evolutionary Trees Russ. ltman MI S 7 Outline. Why build evolutionary trees?. istance-based vs. character-based methods. istance-based: Ultrametric Trees dditive Trees. haracter-based: Perfect phylogeny
More informationLecture 7 Mutation and genetic variation
Lecture 7 Mutation and genetic variation Thymidine dimer Natural selection at a single locus 2. Purifying selection a form of selection acting to eliminate harmful (deleterious) alleles from natural populations.
More informationPhylogeny 9/8/2014. Evolutionary Relationships. Data Supporting Phylogeny. Chapter 26
Phylogeny Chapter 26 Taxonomy Taxonomy: ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature,
More information"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky EVOLUTION - theory that groups of organisms change over time so that descendeants differ structurally
More informationPhylogeny and systematics. Why are these disciplines important in evolutionary biology and how are they related to each other?
Phylogeny and systematics Why are these disciplines important in evolutionary biology and how are they related to each other? Phylogeny and systematics Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species
More informationWhat can sequences tell us?
Bioinformatics What can sequences tell us? AGACCTGAGATAACCGATAC By themselves? Not a heck of a lot...* *Indeed, one of the key results learned from the Human Genome Project is that disease is much more
More informationBiodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life
Biodiversity The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life How the 6 kingdoms came about At first, only two kingdoms were recognized Then Haeckel proposed a third kingdom Protista (where protists had both plant
More informationMicrobial Diversity and Assessment (II) Spring, 2007 Guangyi Wang, Ph.D. POST103B
Microbial Diversity and Assessment (II) Spring, 007 Guangyi Wang, Ph.D. POST03B guangyi@hawaii.edu http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/marinefungi/ocn403webpage.htm General introduction and overview Taxonomy [Greek
More informationPhylogenetics in the Age of Genomics: Prospects and Challenges
Phylogenetics in the Age of Genomics: Prospects and Challenges Antonis Rokas Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University http://as.vanderbilt.edu/rokaslab http://pubmed2wordle.appspot.com/
More informationPhylogeny and Evolution. Gina Cannarozzi ETH Zurich Institute of Computational Science
Phylogeny and Evolution Gina Cannarozzi ETH Zurich Institute of Computational Science History Aristotle (384-322 BC) classified animals. He found that dolphins do not belong to the fish but to the mammals.
More informationMolecular Evolution & the Origin of Variation
Molecular Evolution & the Origin of Variation What Is Molecular Evolution? Molecular evolution differs from phenotypic evolution in that mutations and genetic drift are much more important determinants
More informationMolecular Evolution & the Origin of Variation
Molecular Evolution & the Origin of Variation What Is Molecular Evolution? Molecular evolution differs from phenotypic evolution in that mutations and genetic drift are much more important determinants
More informationProcesses of Evolution
15 Processes of Evolution Forces of Evolution Concept 15.4 Selection Can Be Stabilizing, Directional, or Disruptive Natural selection can act on quantitative traits in three ways: Stabilizing selection
More informationElements of Bioinformatics 14F01 TP5 -Phylogenetic analysis
Elements of Bioinformatics 14F01 TP5 -Phylogenetic analysis 10 December 2012 - Corrections - Exercise 1 Non-vertebrate chordates generally possess 2 homologs, vertebrates 3 or more gene copies; a Drosophila
More informationCREATING PHYLOGENETIC TREES FROM DNA SEQUENCES
INTRODUCTION CREATING PHYLOGENETIC TREES FROM DNA SEQUENCES This worksheet complements the Click and Learn developed in conjunction with the 2011 Holiday Lectures on Science, Bones, Stones, and Genes:
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION Second Edition Dan Graur TELAVIV UNIVERSITY Wen-Hsiung Li UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC., Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts Contents Preface xiii
More informationEarly History up to Schedule. Proteins DNA & RNA Schwann and Schleiden Cell Theory Charles Darwin publishes Origin of Species
Schedule Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: History and Biological Background (JH) 0.0 he Parsimony criterion GKN.0 Stochastic Models of Sequence Evolution GKN 7.0 he Likelihood criterion GKN 0.0
More informationChapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny 2. Determining Phylogenies 3. Evolutionary History Revealed in Genomes 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny PHYLOGENY
More informationPrinciples of Phylogeny Reconstruction How do we reconstruct the tree of life? Basic Terminology. Looking at Trees. Basic Terminology.
Principles of Phylogeny Reconstruction How do we reconstruct the tree of life? Phylogeny: asic erminology Outline: erminology Phylogenetic tree: Methods Problems parsimony maximum likelihood bootstrapping
More informationBiodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life
Biodiversity The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life How the 6 kingdoms came about At first, only two kingdoms were recognized Then Haeckel proposed a third kingdom Protista (where protists had both plant
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationOrganizing Life on Earth
Organizing Life on Earth Inquire: Organizing Life on Earth Overview Scientists continually obtain new information that helps to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Each group of organisms
More informationMichael Yaffe Lecture #5 (((A,B)C)D) Database Searching & Molecular Phylogenetics A B C D B C D
7.91 Lecture #5 Database Searching & Molecular Phylogenetics Michael Yaffe B C D B C D (((,B)C)D) Outline Distance Matrix Methods Neighbor-Joining Method and Related Neighbor Methods Maximum Likelihood
More informationChapter 18 Systematics: Seeking Order Amidst Diversity
Chapter 18 Systematics: Seeking Order Amidst Diversity Bird Diversity in Indonesia Chapter 18 At a Glance 18.1 How Are Organisms Named and Classified? 18.2 What Are the Domains of Life? 18.1 How Are Organisms
More informationInvestigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships with BLAST
Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships with BLAST Introduction Bioinformatics is a powerful tool which can be used to determine evolutionary relationships and
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Class: _ Date: _ Ch 17 Practice test 1. A segment of DNA that stores genetic information is called a(n) a. amino acid. b. gene. c. protein. d. intron. 2. In which of the following processes does change
More informationTitle slide (1) Tree of life 1891 Ernst Haeckel, Title on left
MDIBL talk July 14, 2005 The Evolution of Cytochrome P450 in animals. Title slide (1) Tree of life 1891 Ernst Haeckel, Title on left My opening slide is a collage (2) containing 35 eukaryotic species with
More informationTree thinking pretest
Page 1 Tree thinking pretest This quiz is in three sections. Questions 1-10 assess your basic understanding of phylogenetic trees. Questions 11-15 assess whether you are equipped to accurately extract
More informationMechanisms of Evolution Darwinian Evolution
Mechanisms of Evolution Darwinian Evolution Descent with modification by means of natural selection All life has descended from a common ancestor The mechanism of modification is natural selection Concept
More informationPhylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)
More informationPhylogenetic Tree Reconstruction
I519 Introduction to Bioinformatics, 2011 Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction Yuzhen Ye (yye@indiana.edu) School of Informatics & Computing, IUB Evolution theory Speciation Evolution of new organisms is driven
More informationMolecular Evolution and Comparative Genomics
Molecular Evolution and Comparative Genomics --- the phylogenetic HMM model 10-810, CMB lecture 5---Eric Xing Some important dates in history (billions of years ago) Origin of the universe 15 ±4 Formation
More informationTheory of Evolution. Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution harles arwin 858-59: Origin of Species 5 year voyage of H.M.S. eagle (8-6) Populations have variations. Natural Selection & Survival of the fittest: nature selects best adapted varieties
More information7. Tests for selection
Sequence analysis and genomics 7. Tests for selection Dr. Katja Nowick Group leader TFome and Transcriptome Evolution Bioinformatics group Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research www. nowicklab.info
More informationPhylogenetics. BIOL 7711 Computational Bioscience
Consortium for Comparative Genomics! University of Colorado School of Medicine Phylogenetics BIOL 7711 Computational Bioscience Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Computational Bioscience Program Consortium
More informationAmira A. AL-Hosary PhD of infectious diseases Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut
Amira A. AL-Hosary PhD of infectious diseases Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University-Egypt Phylogenetic analysis Phylogenetic Basics: Biological
More informationChapter 16: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies
Chapter Review 1. Use the phylogenetic tree shown at the right to complete the following. a. Explain how many clades are indicated: Three: (1) chimpanzee/human, (2) chimpanzee/ human/gorilla, and (3)chimpanzee/human/
More informationChapter 19 Organizing Information About Species: Taxonomy and Cladistics
Chapter 19 Organizing Information About Species: Taxonomy and Cladistics An unexpected family tree. What are the evolutionary relationships among a human, a mushroom, and a tulip? Molecular systematics
More informationHow should we organize the diversity of animal life?
How should we organize the diversity of animal life? The difference between Taxonomy Linneaus, and Cladistics Darwin What are phylogenies? How do we read them? How do we estimate them? Classification (Taxonomy)
More informationEvolution. Changes over Time
Evolution Changes over Time TEKS Students will analyze and evaluate B. 7 C how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals B. 7 E/F effects of genetic mechanisms and their relationship
More informationMichael Yaffe Lecture #4 (((A,B)C)D) Database Searching & Molecular Phylogenetics A B C D B C D
7.91 Lecture #4 Database Searching & Molecular Phylogenetics Michael Yaffe A B C D A B C D (((A,B)C)D) Outline FASTA, Blast searching, Smith-Waterman Psi-Blast Review of enomic DNA structure Substitution
More informationBioinformatics Exercises
Bioinformatics Exercises AP Biology Teachers Workshop Susan Cates, Ph.D. Evolution of Species Phylogenetic Trees show the relatedness of organisms Common Ancestor (Root of the tree) 1 Rooted vs. Unrooted
More informationName. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 2245/2245W Exam 2 1 March 2014
Name 1 Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 2245/2245W Exam 2 1 March 2014 1. Use the following matrix of nucleotide sequence data and the corresponding tree to answer questions a. through h. below. (16 points)
More informationPhylogeny Tree Algorithms
Phylogeny Tree lgorithms Jianlin heng, PhD School of Electrical Engineering and omputer Science University of entral Florida 2006 Free for academic use. opyright @ Jianlin heng & original sources for some
More informationEmily Blanton Phylogeny Lab Report May 2009
Introduction It is suggested through scientific research that all living organisms are connected- that we all share a common ancestor and that, through time, we have all evolved from the same starting
More informationPrimate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline)
Primate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline) 1. Source of evidence for evolutionary relatedness of organisms 2. Primates features and function 3. Classification of primates and representative species
More informationEvolutionary trees. Describe the relationship between objects, e.g. species or genes
Evolutionary trees Bonobo Chimpanzee Human Neanderthal Gorilla Orangutan Describe the relationship between objects, e.g. species or genes Early evolutionary studies Anatomical features were the dominant
More informationPhylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)
More informationPhylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)
More informationThe neutral theory of molecular evolution
The neutral theory of molecular evolution Introduction I didn t make a big deal of it in what we just went over, but in deriving the Jukes-Cantor equation I used the phrase substitution rate instead of
More informationLecture 27. Phylogeny methods, part 7 (Bootstraps, etc.) p.1/30
Lecture 27. Phylogeny methods, part 7 (Bootstraps, etc.) Joe Felsenstein Department of Genome Sciences and Department of Biology Lecture 27. Phylogeny methods, part 7 (Bootstraps, etc.) p.1/30 A non-phylogeny
More information9/30/11. Evolution theory. Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction. Phylogenetic trees (binary trees) Phylogeny (phylogenetic tree)
I9 Introduction to Bioinformatics, 0 Phylogenetic ree Reconstruction Yuzhen Ye (yye@indiana.edu) School of Informatics & omputing, IUB Evolution theory Speciation Evolution of new organisms is driven by
More informationLecture Notes: BIOL2007 Molecular Evolution
Lecture Notes: BIOL2007 Molecular Evolution Kanchon Dasmahapatra (k.dasmahapatra@ucl.ac.uk) Introduction By now we all are familiar and understand, or think we understand, how evolution works on traits
More informationConstructing Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Trees
Constructing Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Trees 2 broad categories: istance-based methods Ultrametric Additive: UPGMA Transformed istance Neighbor-Joining Character-based Maximum Parsimony Maximum Likelihood
More informationPhylogeny and Molecular Evolution. Introduction
Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution Introduction 1 Credit Serafim Batzoglou (UPGMA slides) http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs262/slides Notes by Nir Friedman, Dan Geiger, Shlomo Moran, Ron Shamir, Sagi Snir,
More informationLecture 27. Phylogeny methods, part 4 (Models of DNA and protein change) p.1/26
Lecture 27. Phylogeny methods, part 4 (Models of DNA and protein change) Joe Felsenstein Department of Genome Sciences and Department of Biology Lecture 27. Phylogeny methods, part 4 (Models of DNA and
More informationBio Microbiology - Spring 2013 Study Guide 14.
Bio 230 - Microbiology - Spring 2013 Study Guide 14 http://www.swarthmore.edu/natsci/cpurrin1/evolk12/slm/origindayimages/06soup.jpg Working Backwards to the Age of the Earth Radioactive decay is consistent
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
More informationPrimate phylogeny: molecular evidence for a pongid clade excluding humans and a prosimian clade containing tarsiers
Huang, 1 Primate phylogeny: molecular evidence for a pongid clade excluding humans and a prosimian clade containing tarsiers Shi Huang State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics Xiangya Medical School Central
More informationMany of the slides that I ll use have been borrowed from Dr. Paul Lewis, Dr. Joe Felsenstein. Thanks!
Many of the slides that I ll use have been borrowed from Dr. Paul Lewis, Dr. Joe Felsenstein. Thanks! Paul has many great tools for teaching phylogenetics at his web site: http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/plewis
More information08/21/2017 BLAST. Multiple Sequence Alignments: Clustal Omega
BLAST Multiple Sequence Alignments: Clustal Omega What does basic BLAST do (e.g. what is input sequence and how does BLAST look for matches?) Susan Parrish McDaniel College Multiple Sequence Alignments
More informationSequence Analysis 17: lecture 5. Substitution matrices Multiple sequence alignment
Sequence Analysis 17: lecture 5 Substitution matrices Multiple sequence alignment Substitution matrices Used to score aligned positions, usually of amino acids. Expressed as the log-likelihood ratio of
More informationBiology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY!
Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY Chapter 1 KEY FIGURES: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 VOCABULARY: Adaptation: a trait that increases the fitness Cells: a developed, system bound with a thin outer layer made of
More informationUnderstanding relationship between homologous sequences
Molecular Evolution Molecular Evolution How and when were genes and proteins created? How old is a gene? How can we calculate the age of a gene? How did the gene evolve to the present form? What selective
More informationDr. Amira A. AL-Hosary
Phylogenetic analysis Amira A. AL-Hosary PhD of infectious diseases Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University-Egypt Phylogenetic Basics: Biological
More information9/19/2012. Chapter 17 Organizing Life s Diversity. Early Systems of Classification
Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains and Kingdoms Click on a lesson name to select. Early Systems of Classification Biologists use a system of classification
More informationPhylogeny & Systematics: The Tree of Life
Phylogeny & Systematics: The Tree of Life An unexpected family tree. What are the evolutionary relationships among a human, a mushroom, and a tulip? Molecular systematics has revealed that despite appearances
More informationEvidence of EVOLUTION
Evidence of EVOLUTION Evolution: Genetic change in a population through time Charles Darwin On his journey around the world, Darwin found evidence of GRADUAL CHANGE (evolution) He cited evidences he found
More information