BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
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- Reynold Owen
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1 Return your textbooks!!! BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
2 ECOLOGY
3 ECOLOGY Remember the levels of organization, and where all the energy comes from. -The sun!
4 ECOLOGY Climate makes the biomes of the world:
5 ECOLOGY Ecosystems are made of 2 factors: Abiotic: Non-living Biotic: Living
6 ECOLOGY Nutrients are transferred through the various ecological systems. Water Carbon Phosphorous And
7 ECOLOGY And the Nitrogen Cycle! Which is necessary to help build macromolecules Bacteria in soil and intestines Decomposers (fungi) Legumes (plants)
8 ECOLOGY Remember the energy levels and types of consumers. Energy is not lost, it s Transformed between trophic levels. *Only 10% is passed on.
9 ECOLOGY Autotrophs make their food Plants. Heterotrophs eat their food Animals. Food Chains & Food Webs
10 ECOLOGY Ways that autotrophs obtain energy by making carbohydrates: Photosynthesis: Plants Chemosynthesis: Prokaryotes in caves/deep sea
11 ECOLOGY Ecosystems change over time: Primary Succession: -New area formed Secondary Succession: -After a disaster
12 ECOLOGY Populations change over time due to: -Immigration -Emigration -Births -Deaths *Measured by density
13 ECOLOGY Population growth curves: Logistic Exponential
14 ECOLOGY Population growth is controlled by factors: Density-Independent -Natural Disasters Density-Dependent -Food, shelter, water, air, etc.
15 GENETICS
16 GENETICS
17 GENETICS
18 GENETICS Phenotype: physical appearance of a gene. (Tall) Genotype: written version of a gene. (TT or Tt)
19 GENETICS Complete Dominance: Dominant over Recessive. Incomplete Dominance: Blend/mix phenotypes together. Co-Dominance: Both phenotypes expressed spots.
20 GENETICS Probability: likelihood of an occurrence. *Punnett Squares to find possible offspring. Generations: P (parent) F1--- (offspring) *Use Pedigree to find traits.
21 GENETICS Gametes = sex cells (Haploid ½ genetic info.) 1 chromosome (n) Diploid = whole cell (full genetic info ½ from each parent) 2 chromosomes (2n)
22 GENETICS
23 GENETICS Linked Genes Gene Map
24 Humans have 46 chromosomes! GENETICS
25 GENETICS Genetic Disorders of sex chromosomes: Kleinfelters = XXY Turners = X
26 GENETICS
27 GENETICS Barr Bodies form in cells where one X-chromosome is turned off. Non-Dysjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis. -Down Syndrome 3 copies of 21 st chromosome
28 EVOLUTION
29 EVOLUTION Charles Darwin! Sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle. Species change over time = Evolution
30 EVOLUTION Lamark: Use or disuse of traits changes a species. FALSE!
31 EVOLUTION Natural Selection = Survival of the Fittest! -Fitness: the ability to survive & reproduce. Natural Variation = Species have natural differences. Artificial Selection = Humans choose the traits they want a species to have.
32 EVOLUTION Adaptations help species to survive better.
33 EVOLUTION Gene Pool: ALL the genes in a population in a certain location: Relative Frequency of Alleles: percent of each different genes in a population.
34 EVOLUTION Bell Curves show the highest fitness for polygenic traits.
35 EVOLUTION Genetic Drift 2 types: Founder Effect: migration to new area = new population. Bottleneck: natural disaster = only fittest survive. *Either way results in lower genetic diversity = lower frequency of alleles.
36 EVOLUTION Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium If nothing changes population will stay the same = NO evolution! No Change
37 EVOLUTION Speciation = when new species arise, caused by isolation: Behavioral Isolation: different mating rituals/songs. Geographic Isolation: different physical locations. Temporal Isolation: different mating times/seasons.
38 ANATOMY
39 ANATOMY Levels of organization in the body: Cell Tissue Organ Organ System
40 ANATOMY
41 ANAMOMY Thermo-receptors: feel temperature (skin) Photo-receptors: detect light (eyes) Mechano-receptors: feel movement (skin/tendons/muscles/bones) Pain-receptors: (skin/muscles)
42 ANATOMY Skeleton = support! -Joints allow for complex movements.
43 ANATOMY
44 ANATOMY Kidneys filter waste from our blood and create urine.
45 ANATOMY
46 ANATOMY Blood consists of: Red Blood Cells - to transport oxygen. (Most in our bodies!) White Blood Cells to help stop infections. Platelets to make blood clot.
47 ANATOMY Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allow for exchange of nutrients/waste.
48 ANATOMY
49 ANATOMY Cerebrum = thinking! Cerebrum
50 ANATOMY Nerve Cells allow us to feel and have reflexes.
51 ANATOMY Nervous System: responds to changes in your environment = reflexes. *Helps maintain homeostasis!
52 FINAL EXAM 100 questions Essential Knowledge from: Genetics Evolution Ecology Anatomy +25pts for fully competed Review Packet!
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