BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW

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1 Return your textbooks!!! BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW

2 ECOLOGY

3 ECOLOGY Remember the levels of organization, and where all the energy comes from. -The sun!

4 ECOLOGY Climate makes the biomes of the world:

5 ECOLOGY Ecosystems are made of 2 factors: Abiotic: Non-living Biotic: Living

6 ECOLOGY Nutrients are transferred through the various ecological systems. Water Carbon Phosphorous And

7 ECOLOGY And the Nitrogen Cycle! Which is necessary to help build macromolecules Bacteria in soil and intestines Decomposers (fungi) Legumes (plants)

8 ECOLOGY Remember the energy levels and types of consumers. Energy is not lost, it s Transformed between trophic levels. *Only 10% is passed on.

9 ECOLOGY Autotrophs make their food Plants. Heterotrophs eat their food Animals. Food Chains & Food Webs

10 ECOLOGY Ways that autotrophs obtain energy by making carbohydrates: Photosynthesis: Plants Chemosynthesis: Prokaryotes in caves/deep sea

11 ECOLOGY Ecosystems change over time: Primary Succession: -New area formed Secondary Succession: -After a disaster

12 ECOLOGY Populations change over time due to: -Immigration -Emigration -Births -Deaths *Measured by density

13 ECOLOGY Population growth curves: Logistic Exponential

14 ECOLOGY Population growth is controlled by factors: Density-Independent -Natural Disasters Density-Dependent -Food, shelter, water, air, etc.

15 GENETICS

16 GENETICS

17 GENETICS

18 GENETICS Phenotype: physical appearance of a gene. (Tall) Genotype: written version of a gene. (TT or Tt)

19 GENETICS Complete Dominance: Dominant over Recessive. Incomplete Dominance: Blend/mix phenotypes together. Co-Dominance: Both phenotypes expressed spots.

20 GENETICS Probability: likelihood of an occurrence. *Punnett Squares to find possible offspring. Generations: P (parent) F1--- (offspring) *Use Pedigree to find traits.

21 GENETICS Gametes = sex cells (Haploid ½ genetic info.) 1 chromosome (n) Diploid = whole cell (full genetic info ½ from each parent) 2 chromosomes (2n)

22 GENETICS

23 GENETICS Linked Genes Gene Map

24 Humans have 46 chromosomes! GENETICS

25 GENETICS Genetic Disorders of sex chromosomes: Kleinfelters = XXY Turners = X

26 GENETICS

27 GENETICS Barr Bodies form in cells where one X-chromosome is turned off. Non-Dysjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis. -Down Syndrome 3 copies of 21 st chromosome

28 EVOLUTION

29 EVOLUTION Charles Darwin! Sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle. Species change over time = Evolution

30 EVOLUTION Lamark: Use or disuse of traits changes a species. FALSE!

31 EVOLUTION Natural Selection = Survival of the Fittest! -Fitness: the ability to survive & reproduce. Natural Variation = Species have natural differences. Artificial Selection = Humans choose the traits they want a species to have.

32 EVOLUTION Adaptations help species to survive better.

33 EVOLUTION Gene Pool: ALL the genes in a population in a certain location: Relative Frequency of Alleles: percent of each different genes in a population.

34 EVOLUTION Bell Curves show the highest fitness for polygenic traits.

35 EVOLUTION Genetic Drift 2 types: Founder Effect: migration to new area = new population. Bottleneck: natural disaster = only fittest survive. *Either way results in lower genetic diversity = lower frequency of alleles.

36 EVOLUTION Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium If nothing changes population will stay the same = NO evolution! No Change

37 EVOLUTION Speciation = when new species arise, caused by isolation: Behavioral Isolation: different mating rituals/songs. Geographic Isolation: different physical locations. Temporal Isolation: different mating times/seasons.

38 ANATOMY

39 ANATOMY Levels of organization in the body: Cell Tissue Organ Organ System

40 ANATOMY

41 ANAMOMY Thermo-receptors: feel temperature (skin) Photo-receptors: detect light (eyes) Mechano-receptors: feel movement (skin/tendons/muscles/bones) Pain-receptors: (skin/muscles)

42 ANATOMY Skeleton = support! -Joints allow for complex movements.

43 ANATOMY

44 ANATOMY Kidneys filter waste from our blood and create urine.

45 ANATOMY

46 ANATOMY Blood consists of: Red Blood Cells - to transport oxygen. (Most in our bodies!) White Blood Cells to help stop infections. Platelets to make blood clot.

47 ANATOMY Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allow for exchange of nutrients/waste.

48 ANATOMY

49 ANATOMY Cerebrum = thinking! Cerebrum

50 ANATOMY Nerve Cells allow us to feel and have reflexes.

51 ANATOMY Nervous System: responds to changes in your environment = reflexes. *Helps maintain homeostasis!

52 FINAL EXAM 100 questions Essential Knowledge from: Genetics Evolution Ecology Anatomy +25pts for fully competed Review Packet!

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