Unit 3 Test 2 Study Guide

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1 Unit 3 Test 2 Study Guide How many chromosomes are in the human body cells? 46 How many chromosomes are in the sex cells? 23 What are sex cells also known as? gametes What is fertilization? Union of the egg and sperm What is a Zygote? Fertilized egg Below are the stages of Meiosis label and explain what is occurring in each stage. (Interphase I, Prophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase I, Metaphase II, Anaphase I, Anaphase II, Telophase I, Telophase II, Cytokinesis ) **make sure to indicate where crossing over takes place and why it is important** Cell prepares for Meiosis

2 PROPHASE I: Spindle fibers form. Nuclear membrane disappears. Chromosome are formed, they pair up with their matching counterpart *REMEMBER! You have 2 copies of each of the 23 chromosomes (1 from mom, 1 from dad), this adds up to make 46 total. This is called a HOMOLOGOUS PAIR **A homologous pair is a pair of chromosomes which contain genes for the same physical trait, but may contain different varieties of those physical traits **CROSSING OVER occurs between the homologous chromosomes (GENES can FLIP-FLOP from one chromosome to its partner)crossing over creates endless gene combinations and GREATLY increases GENETIC DIVERSITY Metaphase I: Paired homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell. Anaphase I-Homologous chromosomes move away to opposite poles. Sister chromatids are not pulled apart (butterflies are still intact

3 Telophase I: Spindle fibers disappear. Nuclear membrane reappears. The cell is now haploid it has 23 chromosomes At the end of Meiosis I daughter cell are Haploid or Diploid? Prophase II: Nuclear membrane disappears. Spindle fibers from Chromosomes condense. Metaphase II: NON-homologous chromosomes move to the middle. Anaphase II: Sister Chromatids are separated and move away to opposite poles.

4 Telophase II: nuclear membrane reforms and 4 haploid cells are completed. How many cells result at the end of Meiosis? (what type of cell is this?) 4 haploid What is nondisjunction? Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate leaving a daughter cell with the wrong number of chromosomes Define the following terms and give examples: What is this person s gender? Male Are there any chromosomal abnormalities? Yes, 3 chromosomes on #21 Trisomy 21 Diploid (give example) Haploid (give example) Genotype Phenotype Allele Dominant trait 46 chromosomes (2N) the gamete's chromosome number is HALF of the normal number. 23 chromosomes (N) the combination of alleles that an individual has for a specific trait. the physical appearance of the trait when alternate forms of a gene for the same trait exist, they are called Alleles trait will always show

5 Recessive trait Polygenic traits Multiple alleles trait will never show unless two recessive alleles are paired together traits controlled by two or more gene pairs (ex. height, eye color) If more than two alleles exist for a particular trait it is said to have multiple alleles (ex. blood type) Provide an example of a pure blood genotype and a hybrid blood genotype Pure Blood: AA, BB, OO Hybrid: AO, BO, AB How are sex-linked traits different from other traits? They are carried on the x-chromosome Explain the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance. Codominance: When two different alleles are both dominant over other alleles, but not dominant over each other Incomplete: Heterozygous genotype creates an intermediate phenotype The trait for brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b). What are the genotypes and phenotypes when a parent with heterozygous brown eyes and a parent with blue eyes are crossed? Parent Genotypes: Bb x bb B b b Bb bb Possible Genotypes: 50% Bb, 50% bb Possible Phenotypes: 50% brown, 50% blue b Bb bb A tall man (TT) marries a short woman (tt). What would be the genotypes of their child? a. all TT c. all tt b. all Tt d. 50% TT, 50% tt A red flower is incompletely dominant to white flowers. The intermediate phenotype shows as pink. What genotypes would be crossed to show a crossing of a white flower and a pink flower? a. RR x WW c. RW x WW b. RW x RW d. Rr x Ww

6 The trait for colorblindness is sex-linked and recessive to normal vision. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring when crossing a female carrier with a normal male? Parent Genotypes: X B X b x X B Y X B X b X B X B X B X B X b Possible Genotypes: 25% X B X B, 25% X B X b, 25% X B Y, 25% X b Y Possible Phenotypes: 25% normal female, 25% carrier female Y X B Y X b Y 25% normal male, 25% colorblind male What is a pedigree used for? To show the inheritance of a trait in a family Label the generations and the individuals in each generation for the pedigree below. Left handedness (r) is non-sex linked and recessive to right handedness (R). How are II-4 and II-5 related? They are married How many children do I-1 and I-2 have? 3 children What is II-3 s genotype? a. RR c. Rr b. rr

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