1/30/2012. Review. Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter

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1 Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter Objectives: - Review meiosis -Species -Repro. Isolating mechanisms - Speciation -Is evolution always slow -Extinction Review Meiosis: division of cells that results in daughter cells with one-half of the genetic information that the original cell had Diploid 2n 4 Haploid n 4 Pa Haploid n Ma Haploid n Species (Biological Species Concept) A group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics that in nature breed only with each other and have a close common ancestry - a common gene pool (isolated from others) Junior = Zygote = diploid organism= 2n - restricted by reproductive barriers 1

2 Species and reproductive isolation Problems with concept: 1. What about asexual organisms? 2. What about when two species interbreed and produce an offspring? lion + tiger = liger (sterile) female horse + male donkey = mule Reproductive isolating mechanisms - genetic integrity is maintained Prezygotic barriers interfere with mating! They are prezygotic!! 1. Temporal isolation 2. Behavioral (sexual) isolation 3. Mechanical isolation 4. Habitat isolation & Geographic isolation 1. Temporal Isolation 2. Behavioral Isolation 3. Mechanical Isolation 4. Habitat isolation & Geographic isolation Closey related species that occur in different habitats Geographically separated 2

3 Species and reproductive isolation Postzygotic barriers prevent successful reproduction when mating does occur: Hybrid Sterility 1. Hybrid inviability: (embryonic hybrid dies) 2. Hybrid sterility: (hybrid is sterile - no gametes) 3. Hybrid breakdown = F 2 Hybrid has defect: F 1 hybrid Okay but offspring doesn t reproduce well Female horse Mule (Sterile) Male donkey 4 Gamete Isolation: gamete doesn t fertilize egg at all The key to speciation is reproductive isolation. Speciation: The evolution of a new species. 1. Allopatric speciation (Allo = different) patri = fatherland 2. Sympatric speciation (Sym = together ) Sypatric Speciation: - Long physical isolation - Different selective pressures Allopolyploidy: (Plants) Multiple sets of chromosomes from > 2 spp. Changing ecology (fruit maggot flies in Hudson River valley) Kaibab squirrel?? 3

4 Polyploidy Hybrid Species A 2n = 6 Species B 2n = 4 P generation n = 3 n = 2 Gametes F 1 generation Hybrid AB They eat, mate, and lay eggs on different hosts No doubling of chromosome number Doubling of chromosome number 2n = 10 Chromosomes either cannot pair or go through erratic meiosis Pairing now possible during meiosis n = 5 Hawthorne maggot fly range (parasitic on native hawthorne) No gametes or sterile gametes-no sexual reproduction possible Viable gametes-sexual reproduction possible (self-fertilization) Slide 3 Apple maggot fly and Hawthorn maggot fly range (parasitic on domestic apples) Slide 5 Hybrid Zones Is evolutionary change fast or slow? Areas of overlap where interbreeding might occur? i.e., Reproductive barrriers break down - Mule deer & white-tailed deer - Red-shafted flicker & yellow shafted flicker Darwin s view predicts slow gradual change? Does the fossil record support this? 4

5 Macroevolution: Large scale phenotypic changes - radical changes that create new species Driving forces behind macroevolutionary changes? 1. Evolutionary novelties? 2. Adaptive radiation? 2. Mass extinction? 1. Evolutionary novelties Recall: Evolution works on existing things (its conservative) Pre-adaptations: variations on a pre-existing structure - originally filled one role changed in a way to become adaptive for a different role - feathers? Scales (protection/insulation) to insulation/flight How might such a novelty occur? - mutation in a gene? - e.g. Developmental gene that regulates development of an organism Consider Allometric growth - different parts of body grow at different rates - slight change in gene (mutation) cause different growth rates of different body parts - fiddler crab sun fish t-rex? How would such a novelty occur? - mutation in a gene? - e.g. Developmental gene that regulates development of an organism Mutation of a developmental gene - Axolotl salamander: mutation prevented maturation Remember evolution is conservative Paedomorphosis Fig b, p

6 2. Adaptive radiation The evolution of many related species from an ancestral species a b c d e z - adaptive zones (ecological niches) 3. Extinction!!!!!!!!!!!!! Is the process of extinction evolution? Background vs. Mass extinction 6th Great Extinction! 6

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