7 th Grade Science Unit 2NCFE Review

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1 7 th Grade Science Unit 2NCFE Review

2 Cells The basic units of a living system or organism

3 2 Types of Cells: Prokaryotic - Cells that don t have a membrane-covered nucleus for example: bacteria Eukaryotic Cells with a nucleus covered by a membrane for example: plant and animal cells

4 How do we know cells exist? Invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells Robert Hooke looked at cork cells Anton van Leuenhock used a simple microscope and was the first person to see microorganisms.

5 Anton van Leeuwenhoek First compound light microscope

6 Cell Theory developed by 3 German scientists: Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow

7 These scientists discoveries led to the cell theory What is the CELL THEORY??? Theory that states 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life which can perform life processes. 3. All cells come from other living cells.

8 Cells Smallest living unit Most are microscopic

9 Characteristics of All Cells A surrounding membrane Protoplasm cell contents in thick fluid Organelles structures for cell function Control center with DNA

10 Organelles -Tiny cell structures that are specialized parts of a cell that have specific functions a cell organ.

11 Representative Animal Cell

12 Animal Cell

13 Representative Plant Cell

14 Plant Cell

15 CELL MEMBRANE gate keeper outer boundary (or layer) of the cell controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

16 CELL WALL found in plant cells tough rigid boundary made of cellulose gives cells their shape (it also provides protection, as well as support)

17 CYTOPLASM cell fluid a gel-like material inside the cell Many cellular activities occur here and where the organelles are contained

18 NUCLEUS brain of the cell controls cell processes Contains DNA or chromosomes - the heredity material or genetic blueprint of the cell

19 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE materials pass in and out through tiny holes called porins

20 NUCLEOLUS ribosomes are made here

21 Cell Structures and Functions Chloroplast Traps suns energy and Makes food Location: in plant cells

22 Cell Parts and Functions Mitochondria Makes energy/ powerhouse Location: in cytoplasm

23 RIBOSOMES protein factories place where protein is made in the cells some are attached some float in the cytoplasm

24 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM conveyer belt transports synthesized proteins throughout the cell

25 GOLGI BODIES (Also called the Golgi Apparatus) sort, modify, process, and ship the proteins through the cell (Also known As GOLGI Apparatus)

26 VACUOLES storage store water, sugar, salts, nutrients, & wastes in cells maintains the proper pressure to provide structure and support in plant cells

27 LYSOSOMES contain chemicals that break down waste materials.

28 What is cellular respiration? ð The process by which cells break down simple food molecules (glucose) to release energy. Glucose

29 What is selectively permeable? A property of cell membranes to allow some substances through, while other cannot A spaghetti strainer allows water to pass through but does not allow spaghetti to pass

30 What two ways do materials enter the cell? Passive Transport Active Transport Entering through the Cell Membrane Passive Transport Active Transport Diffusion/ Osmosis

31 What is passive transport? The movement of materials through the cell membrane without using energy Diffusion and Osmosis

32 What is diffusion? NO ENERGY! The process by which molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. diffusion

33 What is active transport? The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy Uses energy to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. ENERGY!

34 Unicellular organisms Some organisms only consist of a single cell But these do usually have the components of cells (nucleus, membrane etc) Image Credit Paramecium

35 Euglena Environment: Ponds or puddles with rich organic matter. Movement: By flagella Flagellum: helps to move Chloroplast: helps with photosynthesis Food: They make their own food or absorb food from their environment.

36 Euglena

37 Amoeba Environment: Mud at the bottom of freshwater ponds. Movement: They change shapes which allows them to move (called shape shifters). Pseudopodium: what allows it to move over mud (false foot) Capturing Prey: They surround their prey and engulf it.

38 Amoeba

39 Volvox Environment: ponds, ditches, shallow puddles Movement: They beat cillia which allows it to swim. Daughter colonies Cillia: helps to move Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll Food: makes its own food by photosynthesis.

40 Volvox

41 Paramecium Environment: Fresh water or stagnant water Movement: Cilia bend and straighten helping propel the paramecium through water Cilia: hair-like projections that propel it through water Food: uses cilia to sweep the food into the cell.

42 Paramecium

43 Where are my genes? Your genes are inside all the cells of your body. Inside the nucleus of your cells, are chromosomes. Chromosomes are made of tightly wound up DNA (called chromatin). The DNA code makes up your genes.

44 Chromosomes?!?! Chromosomes are tightly wound-up packages of DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in all. (Sperm & Egg cells only have 23 single chromosomes!) Each parent contributes one chromosome to each pair, so you get half your chromosomes from your mom and half from your dad.

45 The Structure of DNA DNA looks like a long, twisted ladder called a DOUBLE HELIX. There are 2 long strands. These are the sugarphosphate backbones of DNA. The steps of the ladder that connect the strands are base- pairs.

46 DNA DNA is located in the nucleus and controls all cell ac+vi+es including cell division Long and thread- like DNA in a non- dividing cell is called chroma+n Doubled, coiled, short DNA in a dividing cell is called chromosome Consists of 2 parts: chroma+d and centromere

47 Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction 47

48 Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent Offspring have 100% the same chromosomes as the parent. In other words, the offspring are exact clones of the parent. Most unicellular organisms reproduce this way. Mitosis 48

49 Different Types of Asexual Reproduction Fission Budding (Like when a plant has a new shoot that can be cut off and planted, which becomes a new plant.) Fragmentation (Like when an organism is cut in 2 and becomes 2 different organisms) Regeneration (Like when a starfish growing an arm back)

50 Cell Division Mitosis Notes Cell Division process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells Why do cells need to divide? 1. Living things grow by producing more cells, NOT because each cell increases in size 2.Repair of damaged Hssue 3. If cell gets too big, it cannot get enough nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the cell

51 The original cell is called the parent cell; 2 new cells are called daughter cells Before cell division occurs, the cell replicates (copies) all of its DNA, so each daughter cell gets complete set of gene+c informa+on from parent cell Each daughter cell is exactly like the parent cell same kind and number of chromosomes as the original cell Parent Cell 2 Daughte r Cells

52 Many organisms, especially unicellular organisms, reproduce by means of cell division called asexual reproduc+on Ex: bacteria

53 o 2 idenhcal sister chromahds avached at an area in the middle called a centromere o When cells divide, sister chroma+ds separate and 1 goes to each new cell

54 ChromaHn to chromosomes illustrahon: ChromaHn Duplicates itself Coils up into chromosomes Why does DNA need to change from chromahn to chromosome? More efficient division

55 Cell Cycle - - series of events cells go through as they grow and divide Cell grows, prepares for division, then divides to form 2 daughter cells each of which then begins the cycle again

56 4 phases of nuclear division (mitosis), directed by the cell s DNA (PMAT) Prophase Metaphase (Middle) Anaphase (Apart) Anaphase (Apart) Telophase (Two)

57 Cytokinesis the division of the rest of the cell (cytoplasm and organelles) azer the nucleus divides In animal cells the cytoplasm pinches in In plant cells a cell plate forms AZer mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell returns to Interphase to conhnue to grow and perform regular cell achvihes

58 Phase Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Chromosome Appearance & Loca+on DNA copies itself; chromatin Chromosomes coil up Chromosomes line up in the middle Chromosome copies divide and move apart Chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin Chromati n Important Events DNA replication, cell grows and replicates organelles Nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers form Spindle fibers connect to chromosomes Spindle fibers pull chromosome copies apart to opposite poles Nuclear envelopes reform, 2 new nuclei are formed, spindle fibers disappear Division of the rest of the cell: cytoplasm and organelles

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