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1 General Biology I SPRING 2017 Dr. Milind Suraokar CRN# What is wrong with this picture? is the flu virus a living organism? 1

2 Figure 1.1 How is the dandelion adapted to its environment? the seeds of the dandelion Figure 1.1a are moved by wind due to their parachute-like structures An organism s adaptations to its environment 1 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick 2

3 Biology is the scientific study of life What is Life? Life is recognized by what living things do Class Activity Contrast Properties of Cell Phone vs Pet (dog/cat/goldfish) Figure 1.2 Some properties of life Order Regulation Evolutionary adaptation Reproduction Energy processing Growth and development Response to the environment 4 Main Concepts 1) The study of life reveals 5 common themes 2) Evolution accounts for Unity and Diversity 3) Scientific Method: make observations, form and test hypothesis 4) How Science is done 3

4 Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common themes There are five unifying common themes Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution Common Theme 1 : Organization Levels of Biological Organization Life can be studied at different levels of biological organization, from molecules to the entire living planet big small What is the smallest thing you can buy here? And the biggest thing? 4

5 What is the smallest thing which is part of life- here? And the biggest thing? Figure The Biosphere 7 Tissues 2 Ecosystems 6 Organs and Organ Systems 3 Communities 5 Organisms 10 Molecules 8 Cells 9 Organelles 4 Populations Figure 1.3a The Biosphere = all life on earth 5

6 Figure 1.3b Ecosystems = all living and non-living (that it interacts with) in a particular area. Figure 1.10 Ecosystems: An Organism s Interactions with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment Figure 1.3c Communities = all living things in a particular Ecosystem made up of many species 6

7 Figure 1.3d Populations = all individuals of a single species Figure 1.3e Organisms = individual living thing Figure 1.3f Organs and Organ Systems Organ = body part which carries out a particular function 7

8 Figure 1.3g 50 µm Tissues = many of these make an organ When we look at these Levels of Biological Organization we notice 3 important things 1) Emergent Properties 2) Structure and Function Correlation 3) Cell is the basic unit Emergent Properties Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system Emergent properties characterize nonbiological entities as well For example, a functioning cellphone emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way 8

9 2 methods to explore emergent properties 1) Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study For example, studying the molecular structure of DNA helps us to understand the chemical basis of inheritance 2) Systems biology - analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system Figure The Biosphere 7 Tissues 2 Ecosystems 6 Organs and Organ Systems 3 Communities 5 Organisms 10 Molecules 8 Cells 9 Organelles 4 Populations When we look at these Levels of Biological Organization we notice 3 important things 1) Emergent Properties 2) Structure and Function Correlation 3) Cell is the basic unit 9

10 Structure and Function correlation at successive Levels of Biological Organization At each level of the biological hierarchy we find a correlation between structure and function When we look at these Levels of Biological Organization we notice 3 important things 1) Emergent Properties 2) Structure and Function Correlation 3) Cell is the basic unit The Cell: An Organism s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life All living things made up of cells Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment 10

11 Only 2 major types of cells exist A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common themes There are five unifying common themes Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution Common Theme 2 : Information Life s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 11

12 Figure 1.7 Cell Nucleus DNA Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides and nicknamed A, G, C, and T (a) DNA double helix A C Nucleotide T A T A C C G T A G T A (b) Single strand of DNA Figure 1.6 Nuclei containing DNA Sperm cell DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embryo s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Figure 1.8 (b) How do lens cells make crystallin proteins? Crystallin gene (a) Lens cells are tightly packed with transparent proteins called crystallin. Lens cell DNA TRANSCRIPTION mrna A C C A A A C C G A G T T G G T T T G G C T C A U G G U U U G G C U C A Central Dogma TRANSLATION Chain of amino acids Protein Crystallin protein 12

13 Figure 1.8 Gene expression (a) Lens cells are tightly packed with transparent proteins called crystallin. Central Dogma Lens cell (b) How do lens cells make crystallin proteins? Crystallin gene DNA (genes) TRANSCRIPTION mrna TRANSLATION Chain of amino acids A C C A A A C C G A G T T G G T T T G G C T C A U G G U U U G G C U C A Protein Crystallin protein Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common themes There are five unifying common themes Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution Figure 1.9 => >>> one way ENERGY FLOW Chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants. Light energy Chemical energy Heat Plants take up chemicals from the soil and air. Chemicals RECYCLE Decomposers return chemicals to the soil. 13

14 Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as solar energy or light and exiting as heat while chemicals recycle Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common themes There are five unifying common themes Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution Ecosystems: An Organism s Interactions with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment At the ecosystem level, each organism interacts continuously with other organisms and with the physical factors in the environment These interactions may be beneficial or harmful to one or both of the organisms e.g. parasitism, mutualism etc 14

15 Figure 1.10 Sunlight Leaves absorb light energy from the sun. CO 2 Leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. O 2 Leaves fall to the ground and are decomposed by organisms that return minerals to the soil. Water and minerals in the soil are taken up by the tree through its roots. Animals eat leaves and fruit from the tree, returning nutrients and minerals to the soil in their waste products. Molecules: Interactions Within Organisms Interactions between components organs, tissues, cells, and molecules - that make up living organisms are crucial to their smooth operation Cells are able to coordinate various chemical pathways through a mechanism called feedback mechanism In feedback regulation the output, or product of a process, regulates that very process The most common form of regulation in living organisms is negative feedback, in which the response reduces the initial stimulus Feedback is a regulatory motif common to life at all levels 15

16 Negative feedback 1/17/2017 Figure 1.11 STIMULUS: High blood glucose level Insulin-producing cell in pancreas Insulin Circulation throughout body via blood Liver and muscle cells RESPONSE: Glucose uptake by liver and muscle cells Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common themes There are five unifying common themes Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution Figure 1.12 SPECIES GENUS FAMILY ORDER CLASS PHYLUM KINGDOM DOMAIN Ursus broadest units of classification Ursidae Grouping Species Carnivora Taxonomy Mammalia the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth Chordata Animalia Eukarya 16

17 The Three Domains of Life 1) Bacteria, prokaryotes broadest units of classification 2) Archaea prokaryotes 3) Eukarya Unity in the Diversity of Life A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example 1) DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms 2) Cell structures Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life A fundamental organizing principle of biology Responsible for adaption of organism to environment 17

18 Xanthopan morgani praedicta Darwin s hawk moth Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology What is Evolution? The scientific explanation for both the unity and diversity of organisms is the concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors Many kinds of evidence support the occurrence of evolution Figure 1.15 Fossils are some of the strongest evidence -document the evolution of life on Earth over billions of years 18

19 Another key point not just fossils but more complex recent fossils above simpler olders ones So Evolution is real Living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors But why is there evolution? what is the mechanism of evolution? Figure 1.16 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in

20 Voyage of the Beagle A different bird on different island A different food on different island 20

21 Island 1 More of his kind survive and reproduce 3 conditions for natural selection to occur and to result in evolutionary change 1. Variation must exist among individuals in a population 2. Variation must be genetically inherited 3. Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation i.e. unequal/differential reproductive success 21

22 Figure 1.20 COMMON ANCESTOR Warbler finches Insect-eaters Seedeater Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Cactus-flowereaters Budeater Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Tree finches Insect-eaters Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Ground finches Seed-eaters Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Darwin proposed that natural selection Camarhynchus could parvulus cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or Large more cactus ground descendent finch Geospiza conirostris species Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens For example, the finch species of the Small Galápagos ground finch Islands Geospiza fuliginosa are descended from a common ancestor Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Descent with modification Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Figure 1.20b Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their descendants Mangrove finch Woodpecker finch Medium tree finch Large tree finch Small tree finch Unity in diversity arises from descent with modification For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and horse and the whale flipper all share a common skeletal architecture 22

23 More Resources Darwins-Finches.htm Evolution: Library: Adaptive Radiation: Darwin's Finches - PBS evolution-darwin-finches-beaks-genome-science/ DNA differences Figure Population 2 Elimination 3 Reproduction 4 Increasing with varied inherited traits of individuals with certain traits of survivors frequency of traits that enhance survival Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin made two main points Species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors Natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification 23

24 Figure 1.UN10 Population of organisms Hereditary variations Overproduction of offspring and competition Environmental factors Differences in reproductive success of individuals Evolution of adaptations in the population Darwin observed that Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are heritable More offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable Species generally suit their environment Darwin inferred that Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals 24

25 In other words, the environment selects for the propagation of beneficial traits Darwin called this process natural selection Because of natural selection there is evolution Figure 1.20b Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their descendants Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Tree finches Insect-eaters Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus What is wrong with this picture? 25

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