Warm Up. Explain how a mutation can be detrimental in one environmental context and beneficial in another.

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1 Warm Up Explain how a mutation can be detrimental in one environmental context and beneficial in another.

2 Last Picture 4B

3 Evidence for Evolution

4 1A.4a: Scientific evidence of biological evolution uses information from geographical, geological, physical, chemical, and mathematical applications 1A.4b: Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution. 1A.4b.1: Fossils can be dated by a variety of methods that provide evidence for evolution. The include the age of rocks where a fossil is found, the rate of decay of isotopes including carbon-14, the relationships within phylogenetic trees, and the mathematical calculations that take into account information from chemical properties and/or geographical data. 1A.4b.2: Morphological homologies represent features shared by common ancestry. Vestigial structures are remnants of functional structures, which can be compared to fossils and provide evidence for evolution. 1A.4b.3: Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence evolution and ancestry. 1A.4b.4: Mathematic models and simulations can be used to illustrate and support evolutionary concepts. Illustrative example: construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 1C.3a: Scientific evidence supports the idea that evolution has occurred in all species.

5 Evidence for Evolution Four Methods For Determining Age and Relationships: Geological Analysis where fossils are in layers (fossils in different layers didn t live together)

6 Evidence for Evolution Four Methods For Determining Age and Relationships: Geological Analysis where fossils are in layers (fossils in different layers didn t live together) Carbon Dating precisely how old are fossils

7 Evidence for Evolution Four Methods For Determining Age and Relationships: Geological Analysis where fossils are in layers (fossils in different layers didn t live together) Carbon Dating precisely how old are fossils Morphological Homologies structures present in multiple fossils/living species = structures present in a common ancestor vestigial leg bone

8 Evidence for Evolution Four Methods For Determining Age and Relationships: Geological Analysis where fossils are in layers (fossils in different layers didn t live together) Carbon Dating precisely how old are fossils Morphological Homologies structures present in multiple fossils/living species = structures present in a common ancestor Genetic Homologies lining up DNA/protein sequences

9 Genetic Homologies lining up DNA/protein sequences

10 1A.1a: According to Darwin s theory of natural selection, competition for limited resources results in differential survival. Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent generations. 1A.1b: Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success. 1A.2a: Environments change and act as selective mechanism on populations. Illustrative example: the peppered moth 1A.2d: Humans impact variation in other species. Illustrative example: artificial selection 4A.6g: Many adaptations of organisms are related to obtaining and using energy and matter in a particular environment.

11 Natural Selection

12 Natural Selection Phenotypes of living species match demands of environment. Charles Darwin, 1859

13 Natural Selection Phenotypes of living species match demands of environment. Favorable changes of phenotype are promoted selected for Orange beetles are going to have more babies than green beetles.

14 Natural Selection Phenotypes of living species match demands of environment. Favorable changes of phenotype are promoted selected for Evolutionary fitness = Reproductive fitness Survival of the Fittest

15 Natural Selection Phenotypes of living species match demands of environment. Favorable changes of phenotype are promoted selected for Evolutionary fitness = Reproductive fitness When variation is present, changing environments act as selective mechanisms on a particular variety. Case in point: the peppered moth, 19 th century England Industrial Revolution Pre-Industrial Revolution Post-Industrial Revolution

16 Natural Selection Phenotypes of living species match demands of environment. Favorable changes of phenotype are promoted selected for Evolutionary fitness = Reproductive fitness When variation is present, changing environments act as selective mechanisms on a particular variety. Natural selection is the changing proportion of varieties in a population because of these mechanisms. Orange beetles are much more abundant than green beetles.

17 Natural Selection Phenotypes of living species match demands of environment. Favorable changes of phenotype are promoted selected for Evolutionary fitness = Reproductive fitness When variation is present, changing environments act as selective mechanisms on a particular variety. Natural selection is the changing proportion of varieties in a population because of these mechanisms. When humans are the selective mechanism, it s called artificial selection. Artificial Selection time

18 Closure Explain three scientific methods which provide evidence for biological evolution. (LO 1.12)

Enduring Understanding: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution Pearson Education, Inc.

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