10. Explain two ways in which water helps to maintain homeostasis in an organism s body. a. b.

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1 Name AP Biology Summer Assignment - Basic Biology Review ***Instructions: Print out and complete all questions in the following document. All answers must be hand written. You may use your textbook to assist you in completing this task. Basic Biochemistry 1. What is an enzyme? 2. What group of biomolecules are enzymes in? 3. What is the job of an enzyme? 4. List 2 ways to increase enzyme s function. 5. What are two things that can cause enzymes to denature? 6. An acid is a substance with a ph of, a base is a substance with a ph of, and a neutral solution has a ph of. 7. On example of an acid is, a base is, and a neutral solution is. 8. Draw a water molecule. Label its atoms and their associated charges. 9. List and explain four properties that make water unique and vital to life. a. b. c. d. 10. Explain two ways in which water helps to maintain homeostasis in an organism s body. a. b. 11. Fill in the chart: Biomolecule Building Blocks Type(s) and function(s) within the cell Carbohydrate (Do not write anything in this box you will cover the types/functions of carbohydrates below) A) Monosaccharide B) Disaccharide

2 C) Polysaccharide Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Cells and Cell Chemistry 1. Complete the following: Organelle/Cell Structure Function Where found (plant, animal, fungi, and/or prokaryote) Cell (plasma) membrane Ribosome Vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Lysosome Mitochondria Nucleus

3 Centriole Cytoskeleton 2. Why is the cell membrane called selectively permeable? 3. Discuss the conditions needed to cause water to diffuse into a cell. (Draw a diagram as well). 4. Discuss the conditions necessary to cause water to diffuse out of a cell. (Draw a diagram as well). 5. Describe what would happen to a red blood cell in each of the following situations: a. It is placed in a solution with an extremely high concentration of salt. b. It is placed in distilled water. 6. Name two body systems that help organisms to remove excess water. Explain how these systems work to remove water. 7. How is osmosis related to homeostasis. 8. Osmosis is the movement of from concentration to concentration. 9. Diffusion is the movement of from concentration to concentration. 10. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will because. 11. Active transport uses, passive transport uses no, and facilitated diffusion is a form of transport. 12. Fill in the blanks with the following terms: pseudopodia, flagella, skeletal, ciliate, movement The movement of some animals is dependent upon the relationship between its muscular and its system. The muscles are required to pull the bones in order for movement to occur. Protozoa are classified according to their method of locomotion, or. One type of movement is through the twirling or lashing of the, which are long, whip-like structures on the surface of the cell. Another type of movement is amoeboid, which is a creeping caused by. The third type of movement is, which is the synchronized beating of short hair-like projections.

4 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1. Write the photosynthesis equation below: 2. Write the cellular respiration equation below: 3. What organelle carries out photosynthesis? 4. What organelle carries out cellular respiration? 5. Fill in the chart below: Type of Respiration Conditions in which it occurs How much energy does it produce? Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration 6. Carbon dioxide used during photosynthesis is placed in the atmosphere by. The process that produces carbon dioxide in cells is called. 7. The carbon dioxide is used by. They take CO 2 + water in the presences of chlorophyll and sunlight and produce + in their (organelle). This process is called. Cell Division and Genetics 1. The DNA must replicate before mitosis in order to 2. The cell will complete mitosis when making cells. 3. The cell will complete meiosis when making cells. 4. List four differences between mitosis and meiosis: a. b. c. d.. 5. Summarize how sexual reproduction, which includes meiosis and fertilization, affects the genetic variation within an offspring. 6. Mitosis phases fill in the chart Phase What happens in the phase Interphase

5 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 7. What are the three components of a nucleotide? 8. Draw a picture of the structure of DNA that (at least) includes the terms: base, 1 sugar, phosphate, nucleotide, and helix. 9. Describe gel electrophoresis using the following terms: electrophoresis, agarose gel, DNA bands, banding pattern, lane, DNA fragment, common ancestry, relatedness. 10. What do the bands in the gel pattern represent? What causes some bands to move further than others? 11. RNA/DNA comparison. Fill in the chart Characteristic DNA RNA Sugar present Number of strands Location(s) it can be found Function(s) 12. Mutations and crossovers create different genes and gene sequences. Explain how mutations are an important and normal part of sexual reproduction.

6 13. Protein Synthesis Definitions Word Definition/Picture Codon Nucleotide Replication Anticodon Clone mrna trna 14. What happens during transcription? 15. What happens during translation? 16. What is a chain of amino acids called? 17. Genetics Definitions Word Allele Definition Autosome Dominant Gene Genotype Heterozygous Homozygous

7 Phenotype Recessive Sex-chromosome **Complete the following punnett squares. Give the genotype(s) and phenotype(s) of each. 18. Monohybrid: cross a heterozygous right handed person with a left handed person. Right is dominant over left. 19. Sex-linked: cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a hemophiliac male. 20. Answer the following questions. In Pisum sativum, a pea plant, the allele for purple flower (P) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (p). A cross between two purple-flowered plants produced the data shown below. Results for Pea Plant Cross Flower color Number of Plants Purple 103 White 35 Draw a Punnett Square that shows the cross between the two purple-flowered parent plants described above. When writing the allele pairings, underline all lowercase letters (p). Fill in the genotypes of all the offspring on the Punnett Square. Make a key to indicate which genotype produces which flower color. Give the ratio of flower colors that can be expected from the cross. Explain how the data in the table and the Punnett square helped you determine the ratio.

8 21. A genetics study was conducted that crossed two red-flowered plants. The next generation was a mixture of redflowered and white-flowered offspring. Which of these represents those of the parent generation? Explain your answer. A) rr and rr B) Rr and Rr C) RR and rr D) RR and RR Classification and Evolution 1. Fill in the blanks using the words provided. Adaptations, diversity, prokaryotes, anatomical similarities, eukaryotes In a classification system, organisms may be grouped according to likenesses of their body parts, or. They may also be classified according to the type of cells they have. For example, some cells do not have a true nucleus and are called ; some cells are and have a nucleus. Classifying organisms shows that there are a wide variety of living things, that there is much among organisms. Organisms exhibit a wide variety of traits. Many of these traits are, which enable the organisms to survive in their surroundings. 2. List the 8 levels of organization in the system of classification starting with domain. (Hint: domain kingdom ) 3. Complete the table below: Characteristic Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Has a nucleus? (Y or N) Has a cell wall? (Y or N) Uses cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia (Y or N specify) Autotroph or heterotroph? Multicellular or unicellular? An example would be 4. Explain how natural selection occurs. (Hint: Use VIST ) V = Variation I = Inheritance S = Speciation T = Time

9 5. Does biological evolution occur in individuals or in a population? Explain your answer. Ecology 1. What is the ultimate source of energy for life? 2. What common characteristics do all producers have? 3. What common characteristics do all consumers have? 4. Predict which organism type would have the most biomass in an ecosystem: carnivore, herbivore, producer, by drawing a food pyramid. Explain your diagram. 5. In general, how do humans affect biodiversity? (Do we have a negative or positive impact? Explain) 6. How does the lack of biodiversity affect an ecosystem: (Hint: Think about food chains and food webs.) 7. Factors affecting living organisms Factor Abiotic or Biotic How it affects living things Space Soil Water Light Temperature Food

10 8. Relationships Relationship +/-/0 2 Examples Parasitism Mutualism Predation Commensalism Competition 9. Succession Key Term Definition What happens Primary Succession Secondary Succession Pioneer stage Climax community 10. Draw a food web including the following organisms: shark, phytoplankton, bacteria, killer whale, medium sized fish 11. Fill in the blanks with the following terms: habitats, ph, toxins, oxygen, pollution, urbanization Cells exist within a narrow range of conditions. Some conditions that affect cells are the, or acidity, or the environment, and the amount of water and, or air, available. Changes in environment will affect the cell and may cause death to the cell or organism. Some events that affect the cell and organism are the release of poisons, called ; (contamination of the environment); destruction of areas where organisms live, called ; and, the change of areas of land into cities. Body Systems 1. Fill out the following chart: System Functions How do the functions help maintain homeostasis? Circulatory

11 Nervous system Digestive Excretory Skeletal Muscular Endocrine Respiratory Integumentary Lymphatic Reproductive Data Analysis Exercise 1: Given the following information complete the Data Table. Then interpret the data and answer the five questions that follow. The following hair colors were found among three classes of students: Class 1: Brown 20 Class 2: Brown 18 Class 3: Brown 15 Black 1 Black 0 Black 4 Blond 4 Blond 6 Blond 15 Data Table Hair Color Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 TOTAL Brown Black Blond

12 1. What type of information is being gathered? 2. Which hair color occurs most often? 3. From the information in Data Table, can you give the number of boys with black hair? 4. What information can you give about the number of students with black hair? 5. Which class has the most blond students? 6. How many students made up the entire student population? Exercise 2: Given the following information, organize the data into a table. Use the blank area provided in Figure 1 to draw in the necessary columns and rows. Then interpret the data and answer the questions that follow. On an expedition around the world, several scientists collected the venom of various snakes. One of the tests that the scientists conducted determined the toxicity of the venom of each snake. Other data obtained by the scientists included the mortality percentage, or relative death rate, from the bites of various snakes. The snakes observed were the (1) southern United States copperhead, (2) western diamondback rattlesnake, (3) eastern coral snake, (4) king cobra, (5) Indian krait, (6) European viper, (7) bushmaster, (8) fer-de-lance, (9) black-necked cobra, and (10) puff adder. The mortality percentage of people bitten by snakes varied from 100% to less than 1%. The scientists noted the mortality percentage for each of the snakes was (1) less than 1 %, (2) 5-15 %, (3) 5-20 %, (4) greater than 40 %, (5) 77 %, (6) 1-5 %, (7) usually 100 %, (8) %, (9) %,and (10) %. Figure 1

13 1. Which snake s venom has the highest mortality rate? 2. Which snake s venom has the lowest mortality rate? 3. From the information recorded, can you determine the snake whose venom works most rapidly? The least rapidly? 4. Which two snakes venom have the same mortality rate? 5. How many types of snakes were observed? Graphing Skills Graphing is an important procedure used by scientist to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. There are three main types of graphs: Pie/circle graphs: Used to show parts of a whole. Bar graphs: Used to compare amounts. Line graphs: Use to show the change of one piece of information as it relates to another change. Both bar and line graphs have an X axis (horizontal) and a Y axis (vertical). Parts of a Graph: Title: Summarizes information being represented in ANY graph. Independent Variable: The variable that is controlled by the experimenter, such as, time, dates, depth, and temperature. This is placed on the X axis. Dependent Variable: The variable that is directly affected by the I.V. It is the result of what happens as time, dates, depth and temperature are changed. This is placed on the Y axis. Scales for each Variable: In constructing a graph, one needs to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. This must also take up a conservative amount of space. It is not suggested to have a run on scale making the graph too hard to manage. The scales should start with 0 and climb in intervals such as, multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, etc the scale of numbers will be determined by your data values. Legend: A short descriptive narrative concerning the graph s data. It should be short and concise and placed under the graph. For any set of data, you will need to determine the following: Mean: This is determined by adding all the numbers in a set of data and then dividing by the number of values. Median*: This is the middle number in a set of data. If the there is an even set of numbers in the data, then take the average of the two middle numbers. Ex: 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 median = 8 Ex: 3, 5, 8, 11, 17, 19, 27, 30 median is = 28/2 = 14 Mode*: This is the number that occurs most often in a set of data.

14 Ex: 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 9,9,9, 12, 12, 15 mode = 9 * To determine median and mode, the numbers in the set of data must be put in numerical order. Extrapolate: extending the graph, along the same slope, above or below measured data. Interpolate: predicting data between two measured points on the graph A. Graph the following information in a BAR graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately. Month # of deer Sept 38 Oct 32 Nov 26 Dec 20 Jan 15 Feb What is the independent variable? 2. What is the dependent variable? 3. What is an appropriate title? 4. What is the average number of deer per month? B. Graph the following information in a LINE graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately. # of Days # of Bacteria What is the independent variable? 2. What is the dependent variable? 3. What is an appropriate title?

15 C. Graph the following information in a BAR graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately. # of Hours Grade of Study What is the independent variable? 2. What is the dependent variable? 3. What is an appropriate title? 4. What was the average grade earned? D. Graph the following information in a LINE graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately. Temperature Enzyme Activity What is the independent variable? 2. What is the dependent variable? 3. What is an appropriate title?

End of Course Review. Review sheet

End of Course Review. Review sheet Review Tips: Review ALL vocabulary, notes, assignments and worksheets Holt Biology CP: Review Science Skills on pages 1050 1063 and Lab safety on pages xxiv xxvii Modern Biology H: Review Lab safety &