e e = expected individuals with observed genotype Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy

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1 Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy 1. The Galapagos Islands were extremely important to Darwin and the Theory of Evolution. Darwin discovered many organisms and scientific ideas that were instrumental to the future of science. Explain in detail what Darwin discovered upon his visit. In your answer you should include topics such as descent with modification, natural selection, the importance of the fossil record, heredity, comparative anatomy, gene sequencing, and speciation. 2. List and describe, in detail, the five pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution. 3. What did Thomas Malthus state? 4. What is the difference between analogous and homologous structures? 5. What is compartmentalization and why is it important? 6. Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Write the equation for each. 7. List and describe the NINE characteristics of living things. 8. Homeostasis is the body s ability to maintain an internal balance. Explain the role of negative and positive feedback loops in relation to homeostatic levels. Make sure to provide examples. 9. List the three Domains and note whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. 10. The classification of living things can be difficult. List the order of classification from broad to the most specific. 11. What are the four Kingdoms that make up the Domain Eukarya? Briefly describe each one. 12. Living systems show a hierarchy of organization. Write the correct order starting with atoms and ending with the biosphere. 13. List the steps of the scientific method. 14. Define taxonomy, population, natural selection, descent with modification, adaptive radiation, inductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning. 15. How does scientific theory differ from scientific hypothesis? 16. What is the difference between independent, dependent, and control variable? 17. Look over the statistics practice review sheet. Chi Square Review 1. Formulas: Chi Square 2 2 ( o e) o = observed individuals with observed genotype e e = expected individuals with observed genotype Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one Degrees of Freedom p Example problem:

2 Wisconsin Fast Plants have two very distinctive visible traits (stems and leaves). Each plant will either have a purple (P) or green (p) stem and also have either have green (G) or yellow (g) leaves. Suppose that we cross a dihybrid heterozygous plant with another plant that is homozygous purple stem and heterozygous for the leaf trait. Make a Punnett square to figure out the expected ratios for the phenotypes of the offspring. Surface Area to Volume Ratio 1) Cells throughout the world have variable shapes and sizes. Because of this, and because structure is designed around function, certain shapes are optimal for certain processes. Analyze the following cells (units not to scale), and determine the following Cell 1 (spherical) where the radius is 3 mm Cell 2 (flat and rectangular) where the height is 0.5mm, length is 4mm, width is 2mm a. What is the surface area to volume ratio of both cells? How to calculate Surface Area? Cell 1 Surface area How to calculate Volume? Volume Surface area to Volume Ratio Cell 2 b. Conclusion: Compare the ratios and explain why one cell would be more efficient than another. c. Are you made of lots of large cells or lots of small cells? Why? How do you actually grow in height? Unit 2-4: Intro to Chemistry, Properties of Water, and Biochemistry 1. MEMORIZE THE MACROMOLECULE TABLE 2. Describe how the polarity of water contributes to its unique properties and their importance to life. 3. Describe the importance of adhesion, cohesion, capillary action, surface tension, high specific heat, insulation, and evaporation. Provide examples of each. 4. Distinguish between the covalent bonds of the water molecule and the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Draw the molecule, label the bonds, and explain why each bond is important. 5. Explain the ph scale in full detail. How do buffers help? 6. What are the functional groups? Write and describe each one. 7. Know all the molecules and functions from our index cards. 8. Define dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions, explain how they build organic molecules, and how they are related. Provide a detailed example. 9. List the four major classes of macromolecules. 10. What are the elements found in each macromolecule?

3 11. Describe the four levels of protein structure (1-4 ) and the interactions that determine these structures (hydrophobic, ionic, h-bond, disulfide bridges). 12. What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines. Draw and label each. 13. Identify the parts of a nucleotide in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the similarities between them and the differences. 14. Label the DNA molecule. 15. Which of the macromolecules are polar or non-polar? 16. Which ones are soluble in water? 17. How do oxidation / reduction help organisms? 18. What are the different types of bonds? Describe each and include the strength of their bonds. 19. What elements make up 96% of all living organisms? 20. Describe the structure and function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule. 21. What type of organic molecule is an enzyme and how does it work (properties)? What is a substrate? 22. How do ph, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration affect the activity of an enzyme? 23. Draw and explain the enzyme substrate complex. What happens when the product is finally released? 24. Define denaturization. 25. Be able to recognize the structural composition of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Unit 4- Cells and their organelles, the Cell Membrane and Cellular Processes 1. Who were the scientists that contributed to the cell theory? Describe each. 2. What are the three parts of the cell theory? 3. Describe the features that all cells have. 4. Compare and contrast the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 5. What is Peptidoglycan and why is it important? How is it altered by antibiotics? 6. Describe three benefits of prokaryotes. 7. What is antibiotic resistance? 8. What are the two kingdoms of bacteria? 9. Know the function of all cell organelles. Organelle Plant/Animal/Both Function Cell membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Vacuole Ribosomes Golgi

4 Rough ER Smooth ER Central Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondria Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Centrosome Lysosomes Microtubules Nuclear pores 10. Be able to label the plant and animal cell. 11. How do plant and animal cells contrast? 12. How does the size and shape of a cell affect its surface area to volume ratio? 13. Explain the Endosymbiotic theory. 14. Explain in detail why the mitochondria is so important to organism s survival and maintaining daily homeostatic and metabolic rates. 15. Why is the chloroplast so important? Explain the various parts and functions of the chloroplast. Cell Membrane and Cellular Processes 1. What are the main functions of the cell membrane? 2. Describe the six roles of membrane proteins. 3. What are the functions of the following: a. Phospholipid Bilayer b. Cholesterols c. Integral Proteins d. Glycolipids e. Glycoproteins f. Carbohydrate Chains

5 g. Peripheral Proteins h. Channel Proteins i. Receptor Proteins j. Carrier Proteins k. Spectrins l. Clathrins 4. Describe the four main components that make up the biological membrane. 5. Explain the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. 6. List the different components of phospholipids. 7. Explain how membranes form spontaneously. 8. Why is the lipid bilayer stable? 9. Discuss and describe the factors involved in membrane fluidity. 10. Compare and contrast the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. 11. Proteins allow membrane diffusion to be selective, differentiate between channel proteins and carrier proteins that allow this to happen. 12. Explain the three types of tonicity in our cells. Draw each one with the correct direction of water flow as well as solute concentration. 13. What is the difference between osmotic pressure balance in animal cells versus the cells of prokaryotes, fungi, plants, and many protists? 14. Look up three ocean animals and explain how they osmoregulate. 15. What is the difference between active transport and diffusion? 16. What is the function of the Na+ / K+ pump? 17. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? 18. Explain how endocytosis can be specific. 19. Intravenous solutions (IV Fluids) must be prepared so that they are isotonic to red blood cells. A 0.9 % salt solution is isotonic to red blood cells. a. Explain what will happen to a red blood cell placed in a solution of 99.3% water and 0.7% salt. b. Explain what would happen to a red blood cell placed in a solution of 90% water and 10% salt c. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution? 20. Describe a plant in a hypotonic solution. How come it responds differently than an animal cell? 21. What are some ways animals have adapted to different osmotic conditions? 22. When American pioneers moved west in the 19th century, they often preserved food, especially meat, by burying it in casks of salt. Bacteria would land on the salt and would quickly die because water would move out of them by osmosis. Dried, salted jerky is still very popular. How does the salt keep it preserved? 23. Label the Cell Membrane.