Phylum Porifera. Phylum Porifera (sponges) Defining Characteristics of Phylum. Sponges

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Phylum Porifera. Phylum Porifera (sponges) Defining Characteristics of Phylum. Sponges"

Transcription

1 Phylum Porifera Sponges Ancient group of animals that dates back to the late Precambrian about 600 million years ago Phylum Porifera (sponges) Sessile, aquatic, benthic, suspension feeders on bacteria and protists Mainly marine (~7000 species), but some in freshwater (~300 species). ~27 freshwater species in North America. Defining Characteristics of Phylum Cellular level of organization No true tissues No true embryological germ layers Cells are not connected to each other by basement membrane as seen in true tissues Adults asymmetrical or radially symmetrical; no fixed body shape Cells are totipotent Can change form and function Unique flagellated cells choanocytes drive water through pores, canals and chambers constituting the aquiferous system 1

2 Defining Characteristics of Phylum Adults are sessile (immobile) suspension feeders (a few are carnivorous) Larval stages are motile Mesohyle - middle layer: variable, but always includes motile cells and usually some skeletal material. Skeletal elements Spicules composed of calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide and/or collagen fibers (protein = spongin) Phylum Porifera BAUPLAN Two Unique Characteristics 1. Aquiferous System Water current channels Choanocytes 2. Cells are totipotent Most able to change many times Reproductive cells and those that make spicules differentiate irreversibly These two features define sponges and have played major roles in poriferan success. Sponge diversity is largely derived from these two characteristics. 2

3 Compensating for Simplicity of Form in Sponges Increasing size/surface area comes from folding body wall in variety of patterns. Plasticity of form and totipotency of sponge cells compensate for lack of tissues and organs Aquiferous system Brings water close to the cells responsible for food gathering and gas exchange. Removes excretory and digestive wastes and reproductive products are expelled 1 x 10 cm Leucosolenia filters 22.5 liters daily What is A Sponge Old idea: individual sponge was one cell Later one choanocyte chamber = one sponge Currently two ideas: Each excurrent opening (osculum) = one sponge Preferred: each sponge in its entirety = individual Any and all sponge material bounded by a continuous outer cellular covering. Bauplan - Body Structure Outer squamous surface cells make up the pinacoderm (single cell thick) Cell = Pinacocyte Pinacoderm is perforated by small holes Incurrent pores = dermal pores or ostia Pinacocytes lining internal canals are endopinacocytes vs. exopinacoderm Inner surface is the choanoderm (single cell thick) Cell = Choanocyte 3

4 Sponge Anatomy Bauplan - Body Structure Between pinacoderm and choanoderm is the mesohyle Various thicknesses Contains amoeboid cells, collagen, spicules Plays roles in digestion, gamete production, transport of nutrients and waste products (via amoeboid cells) and secretion of the skeleton Water movement is driven by beating of choanocyte flagella Pump large volumes of water at low pressure = water current (aquiferous) system Bauplan - Body Structure Body covered in holes (ostia) Pores lined with porocytes Pores - hence the name Porifera Pore bearer Skeleton made of spicules Silica CaCO 3 Or Spongin protein 4

5 Sponge Anatomy Porifera Bauplan CELL TYPES 5

6 Pinacocytes ( tablet cells ) - form the pinacoderm, the outermost layer of sponge; equivalent of epidermis Porocytes (pore cells) - line the pores (or ostia) of the sponge; provide channels to spongocoel Water enters thru prosopyle, exits thru apopyle prosopyle apopyle Sponge Cell Types Microvillae form collars around flagella of Collar cells = Choanocytes Functions of choanocytes Generate currents that maintain water flow throughout sponge. Capture small food particles on sticky contractile collar. Capture sperm for fertilization/may produce sperm Flagellum Collar microvillus nucleus 6

7 Choanocytes - flagellated collar cells that pump water through the sponge, capture prey, capture sperm Choanocytes, form the choanoderm. Similar to choanoflagellates. Collect food matter on sticky contractile collar; may also produce sperm. Sponge Cell Types Amoebocytes (or Archaeocytes) are amoeba-like cells that are totipotent, in other words each is capable of transformation into any other type of cell. Have important roles in feeding, reproduction and in clearing debris that blocks the ostia. Store, digest and transport food, excrete wastes, secrete skeleton Amoebocytes wander through the central jelly or mesohyle Form gametes May give rise to buds in asexual reproduction. Several different types. 7

8 Amoebocytes Functions of Amoebocytes Transfer food from cells that do the feeding to cells that have other functions Produce spicules, collagen and other mesyhyle components. Replace missing cells Act as immune response cells Become gametes Amoebocyte Types Large Amoebocytes- distribute food to other cells of sponge; move by way of pseudopods Archeocytes- undifferentiated sponge cells that can give rise to more differentiated cells such as pinacocytes, porocytes or oocytes. Play major role in digestion, transport excretory activities. Chromocytes pigmented amoebocytes Trophocytes nurse cells (provide nutrients) involved in gemmule formation Sclerocytes - produce spicules - the mineralized spicules that form the skeletons of many sponges and in some species provide some defense against predators. Calcoblasts make calcium carbonate spicules Silicoblasts make silicious spicules 8

9 Other types of cells within the mesohyl Lophocytes are amoeba-like cells that move slowly through the mesohyl and secrete collagen fibers. Collenocytes are another type of collagen-producing cell. Rhabdiferous cells secrete polysaccharides that also form part of the mesohyl. Thesocytes - resting archaeocytes in gemmules of freshwater sponges Myocytes ("muscle cells") regulate the opening and closing of the ostia and osculum. "Grey cells" act as the equivalent of an immune system for the sponge. Oocytes and spermatocytes are reproductive cells. Other types of cells within the mesohyl In addition to or instead of sclerocytes, demosponges have spongocytes that secrete a form of collagen that polymerizes into spongin, a thick fibrous material that stiffens the mesohyl. No specialized cellular communication. Cells signal each other by diffusion of chemical messages Cell aggregation cells can reaggregate after mechanical disruption. Can identify self from non-self If two different species cells are mixed, each species reaggregates only with its own cells. Mesohyl Middle layer of sponge Acellular matrix Gelatinous Nonliving Acellular Contains archaeocytes Contains spicules and spongin 9

10 Sponge Skeletal Materials Spicules and spongin fibers are Structural Used in defense against predators Also important for identification of sponges Sclerocytes - derived from amoebocytes; produce spicules Growth of a sponge spicule Sclerocytes - derived from amoebocytes; produce spicules Founder cell Thickener cell Spicule 10

11 Figure 4.2 Additional spicule shapes 33 11

12 Massive calcium carbonate supports evolved several times independently in the Demospongiae and the Calcarea. Generalized Sponge Anatomy Osculum H 2 O inhalant pore (ostium) spongocoel (atrium) 12

13 Cell Layers Pinacoderm made of pinacocytes Ostia lined by porocytes Mesohyle with amoebocytes Choanoderm with choanocytes Mesohyle 13

14 Sponge Body Plans Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid See handout for details of water flow and anatomy for practice, label the following diagrams 14

15 Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid Choanocytes Mesohyl Pinacocytes Water flow 15

16 Leucosolenia Pinacoderm Leucosolenia Asconoid sponge 16

17 Leucosolenia Asconoid Body Plan Simplest body type Found only in the Calcarea Choanoderm is simple and continuous Water: enters through pores and flows into spongocoel then out through osculum. Structure and organization of an asconoid sponge. Osculum Spongocoel Spicule Pinacoderm Porocyte Inhalant pore Amoebocyte Choanocyte in choanoderm Mesohyl 17

18 Syconoid Body Plan More complex body type Choanoderm is folded into many radial canals Water: enters through pores and travels through radial canals to spongocoel then out through osculum. radial canals spongocoel Grantia = Scypha = Sycon See following slides for anatomy 18

19 Grantia = Scypha = Sycon Structure and organization of a syconoid sponge. Spicule Osculum Incurrent Pore Incurrent Canal Amoebocyte Mesohyl Spongocoel Pinacoderm Choanocyte Radial Canal Internal water canal 19

20 Sycon (Grantia, Scypha) Asconoid sponge Grantia longitudinal section; water flow shown by arrows 20

21 Amphiblastula larva apopyle 21

22 prosopyles Grantia cross section; water flow shown by arrows. 22

23 Grantia Details of radial canal Structure and organization of a leuconoid sponge 23

24 24

25 Leuconoid Body Plan Most common and most complex type of sponge body Water: flows in through pores into inhalant canals. It then enters choanocyte lined chambers and finally travels the excurrent canals to the osculum. Detailed organization of the leuconoid sponge Apopyle Prosopyle 25

26 Hexactinellida 26

27 Hexactinellida Hexactinellida Live in deep water Habitat favored possibly because body structures are so fragile. 27

28 Hexactinellida Glass sponge community in Antarctica's eastern Weddell Sea, in an area not covered by ice shelves Syncitia Hexactinellid sponges No pinacoderm covering body wall and lining aquiliferous system Instead the tissue is arranged in threedimensional cobweb-like strands called a trabecular syncitium or network No choanoderm, have a choanosyncitium instead Collar bodies (no nucleus) rise of the surface of the choanosyncitium. Each group of collar bodies occupies a syconoidlike pocket supported by the trabecular network. Each group of collar bodies comes from out growths of stem cell - choanoblast Choanosyncitium Trabecular Syncitium Major components of the body are the trabecular syncytium and Choanosyncitium. Flagellated cells lack nuclei, and are called collar bodies. Produced by nucleated choanoblasts. 28

29 Trabecular Syncytium Is the largest example of a syncytium known in the animal kingdom. Comes from fusion of early embryonic cells. Embryos are cellular until gastrulation SO - Hexactinellid sponges may have evolved from cellular sponges Choanosyncitium Trabecular syncitium Syncytium Is Cytoplasmic Lacks cell walls Possesses multiple nuclei Is bilayered Extends through the entire body of the sponge. Syncytium Connects through cytoplasmic bridges to various cells in the sponge, such as choanoblasts and archaeocytes. 29

30 Trabecular Syncytium Choanosyncitium encloses and supports the collar bodies and the choanoblasts Trabecular syncitium branches from the primary reticulum and forms a kind of barrier around the collars of the collar bodies. Nuclei are scattered within the two reticula. Water is drawn through openings, or prosopyles, and moves through the microvilli of the collar bodies then through the excurrent canals to the outside through apopyles. Some water passes directly through the prosopyles into the flagellated chamber 30

31 prosopopyle Collar body Syncytia Cytoplasm within the syncytium flows bidirectionally. Food products may be distributed through the sponge via the syncytium and not via cellular transport as in other sponges. 31

32 32

12.1. Advent of Multicellularity A. Advantages 1. Nature s experiments with larger organisms without cellular differentiation are limited. 2. Increasi

12.1. Advent of Multicellularity A. Advantages 1. Nature s experiments with larger organisms without cellular differentiation are limited. 2. Increasi Phylum: Porifera The Sponges 12.1. Advent of Multicellularity A. Advantages 1. Nature s experiments with larger organisms without cellular differentiation are limited. 2. Increasing the size of a cell

More information

Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide

Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide Members of the phylum Porifera are considered the simplest metazoans, they are little more than a loose grouping of cells, with

More information

Phyllum Porifera: Sponges

Phyllum Porifera: Sponges Phyllum Porifera: Sponges Chapter 12 Ini5ally not considered animals but molecular evidence demonstrate that sponges are phylogene5cally grouped with other metazoa (animals) Sponges are the simplest mul5cellular

More information

C. Body is platelike, no symmetry, organs, muscular or nervous systems present. D. 2-3 mm E. marine F. glide over food and secrete digestive enzyme an

C. Body is platelike, no symmetry, organs, muscular or nervous systems present. D. 2-3 mm E. marine F. glide over food and secrete digestive enzyme an Chapter 9 (multicellularity) I. Similarities A. cells are grouped B. groups of cells are specialized for various functions C. All cells in an organism is interdependent. II. Multicelled life appeared ~

More information

Lab ( 3) Kingdom: Animalia

Lab ( 3) Kingdom: Animalia Lab ( 3) Kingdom: Animalia Characteristics of animals: - Multicellular - Eukaryotic organisms - Cells with out cell wall Animalia is divided in two group : A/ Invertebrate ( animals with out backbones

More information

Simplest metazoan (multi-cellular) Lecture 5 - Sponges!

Simplest metazoan (multi-cellular) Lecture 5 - Sponges! Simplest metazoan (multi-cellular) Lecture 5 - Sponges! Metazoan origins unicellular ancestors Originated during the Precambrian (1.2 billion - 670 million years ago) From what? Two hypotheses: Multinucleated

More information

basal animalia porifera, cnidaria

basal animalia porifera, cnidaria basal animalia porifera, cnidaria PHYLUM PORIFERA porifera Sponges, no tissues or organs, cellular level of organization outer layer is made of cells called pinacocytes choanocytes (collar cells) Flagella

More information

Bilateria. Radiata. Eumetazoa. Parazoa no true tissues. Multicellularity

Bilateria. Radiata. Eumetazoa. Parazoa no true tissues. Multicellularity Quiz 1. What does porifera mean? 2. Class Hexactinellida's skeletal structure is made out of what material? 3. Characterized as large openings where water comes out 4. Cells responsible for the circulating

More information

Porifera. BIO2135 Animal Form & Function ACD. Page 1. Kingdom Animalia. Cladistics Useful terms. Cladistics - Useful terms

Porifera. BIO2135 Animal Form & Function ACD. Page 1. Kingdom Animalia. Cladistics Useful terms. Cladistics - Useful terms Kingdom Animalia 1 Cladistics - Useful terms Apomorphies Derived characters within a group Plesiomorphies Primitive characters within a group Synapomorphies Derived characters shared between groups Symplesiomorphies

More information

Ph. Porifera and Ph. Cnidaria

Ph. Porifera and Ph. Cnidaria I. Phylum Porifera (sponges; pore bearer ) A. General characteristics 1. simplest animals 2. asymmetric 3. aquatic habitats a. typically marine 4. live alone or in colonies a. often members of reef habitats

More information

Invertebrate Zoology. Unit 2: Phylums: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora

Invertebrate Zoology. Unit 2: Phylums: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora Invertebrate Zoology Unit 2: Phylums: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora Objective 1: Differentiate between the 3 types of Poriferians (Asconoids, Syconoids, and Leuconoids) and the three main classes

More information

BIO2135 Animal Form & Function 2 9:10 AM 1 9:10 AM. A= Symplesiomorphy C= Synapomorphy. (Autoapomorphy) 3 9:10 AM

BIO2135 Animal Form & Function 2 9:10 AM 1 9:10 AM. A= Symplesiomorphy C= Synapomorphy. (Autoapomorphy) 3 9:10 AM Kingdom nimalia Cladistics - Useful terms pomorphies Derived characters within a group Plesiomorphies Primitive characters within a group Synapomorphies Derived characters shared between groups Symplesiomorphies

More information

Module 4: Marine Invertebrates I. Kingdom Animalia

Module 4: Marine Invertebrates I. Kingdom Animalia Module 4: Marine Invertebrates I Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Contains the largest number of species We will split them into 2 large groups Invertebrates- Animals w/o a backbone Vertebrates- Animals

More information

Sponges and Cnidarians

Sponges and Cnidarians The Animal Kingdom Multicellular Sponges and Cnidarians Biology : Chapter 26 Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Cells lack cell walls 95% are invertebrates What Animals Do to Survive Feeding Response Respiration

More information

Mesozoa, Parazoa, and Metazoa. Chapter 12 pg. 239

Mesozoa, Parazoa, and Metazoa. Chapter 12 pg. 239 Mesozoa, Parazoa, and Metazoa Chapter 12 pg. 239 3 Multicellular Groups: Mesozoa, Parazoa, Eumetazoa Multicellular organisms are divided into three groups: Mesozoa, Parazoa (phylum Porifera, phylum Placozoa)

More information

The Rise of the Animals

The Rise of the Animals The Rise of the Animals Animal or Plant? No eye spots Don t move No organs How can it be an animal? Or is it a plant? Meeting the Minimum Multicellular + Heterotrophic + Differentiated Cells + Structural

More information

COMPARISON BETWEEN PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA. Colwyn Sleep

COMPARISON BETWEEN PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA. Colwyn Sleep COMPARISON BETWEEN PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA Colwyn Sleep INTRODUCTION Porifera Cnidaria Porifera and Cnidaria are organisms which share similar characteristics with one another. -They are both multicellular,

More information

Sponge and Cnidarian Review

Sponge and Cnidarian Review Name Period Date Sponge and Cnidarian Review Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition that matches each term. 1. Invertebrate 2. Filter feeder 3. Asymmetry 4. Radial 5. Medusa

More information

Characteristics of Animals

Characteristics of Animals Characteristics of Animals Multicellular Cellular Organization What is this? Heterotrophic Adaptations CHAPTER 9 Cellular Organization 4 Major Functions of Animals Obtain food and water Sustain metabolism

More information

Notes - Porifera and Cnideria

Notes - Porifera and Cnideria Notes - Porifera and Cnideria - Animals exist on every continent on the planet. Most people consider animals to be the most important kingdom as we are considered animals. But, what is an animal? What

More information

09/12/2012. Classification. Characteristics. Learning Outcome G2. Student Achievement Indicators. Phylum Porifera The Sponges

09/12/2012. Classification. Characteristics. Learning Outcome G2. Student Achievement Indicators. Phylum Porifera The Sponges Learning Outcome G2 Analyse the increasing complexity of the Phylum Porifera and the Phylum Cnidaria Learning Outcome G2 Phylum Porifera & Phylum Cnidaria Student Achievement Indicators Students who have

More information

Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora

Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora Contents Animal Classification - Flow Chart... 3 Phylum Porifera... 4 Phylum Cnidaria... 10 Phylum Ctenophora... 16 www.topperlearning.com 2 Animal Classification - Flow

More information

Lab 2 Phylum Porifera and phylum Cnidaria. Grantia. Phylum Porifera. Kingdom :- Animalia. Phylum:- Porifera. Class:- Calcarea. Order:- Leucosolenida

Lab 2 Phylum Porifera and phylum Cnidaria. Grantia. Phylum Porifera. Kingdom :- Animalia. Phylum:- Porifera. Class:- Calcarea. Order:- Leucosolenida Lab 2 Phylum Porifera and phylum Cnidaria Phylum Porifera Adults sessile and attached Radial symmetry or asymmetrical Multi-cellular ; loose aggregation of cells Skeleton made of collagen and spicules

More information

Intro to Animals. Chapter 32

Intro to Animals. Chapter 32 Intro to Animals Chapter 32 1) Multicellular Organization (Different cells have different functions) Specialization: adaptation of a cell for a particular function Remember: cells tissues organs organ

More information

Unit 2. The pellicle acts as a membrane It maintains the shape of the protozoan but remains flexible Ectoplasm

Unit 2. The pellicle acts as a membrane It maintains the shape of the protozoan but remains flexible Ectoplasm Kingdom Protista A polyphyletic group containing: Unit 2 Polyphyletic- The Protozoans (Unicellular - can be very complex) Individuals may group together to form colonies Colony Specialized organelles Pellicle

More information

chapter six Sponges Phylum Porifera The Advent of Multicellularity

chapter six Sponges Phylum Porifera The Advent of Multicellularity 6 chapter six Sponges Phylum The Advent of Multicellularity Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals. Because the cell is the elementary unit of life, organisms larger than unicellular protozoa arose

More information

Animal Body Plans. Aggregate Blind sac Tube-within-a-tube Segmented Molluscan Arthropod. Sponges. Acoelomate -Eucoelomate Annelid Mollusca Arthropoda

Animal Body Plans. Aggregate Blind sac Tube-within-a-tube Segmented Molluscan Arthropod. Sponges. Acoelomate -Eucoelomate Annelid Mollusca Arthropoda Animal Body Plans Aggregate Blind sac Tube-within-a-tube Segmented Molluscan Arthropod Sponges Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes Acoelomate -Eucoelomate Annelid Mollusca Arthropoda Size Constraints

More information

26-2: Sponges. I. Sponges A. An ancient life form; sponges date back to the beginning of the Cambrian period. Shape of Life VIDEO

26-2: Sponges. I. Sponges A. An ancient life form; sponges date back to the beginning of the Cambrian period. Shape of Life VIDEO 26-2: Sponges I. Sponges A. An ancient life form; sponges date back to the beginning of the Cambrian period Shape of Life VIDEO B. Habitat: live in the sea, although a few live in freshwater lakes and

More information

Learning Objectives. The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity. Sexual Reproduction

Learning Objectives. The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity. Sexual Reproduction Learning Objectives The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Chapter 29 What characters are common to most animals? Advantages and disadvantages of different environments Searching for relationships

More information

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Major Animal Phyla based upon SSU-rRNA

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Major Animal Phyla based upon SSU-rRNA Biology 4B Laboratory Invertebrates I: Porifera, Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes Objectives To understand the basic differences among the invertebrate animal phyla To investigate and learn the obvious external

More information

INVERTEBRATE LAB. Phylum Protozoa & Porifera

INVERTEBRATE LAB. Phylum Protozoa & Porifera INVERTEBRATE LAB Phylum Protozoa & Porifera... These are single celled animals that are usually microscopic but some are visible to the naked eye. Many marine protozoa build themselves shells or skeletons,

More information

Chapter 7. Marine Animals Without a Backbone

Chapter 7. Marine Animals Without a Backbone Chapter 7 Marine Animals Without a Backbone General Characteristics of Animals Multicellular, diploid organisms with tissues, organs or organ systems in most Heterotrophic Require oxygen for aerobic

More information

Kingdom Animalia: Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria

Kingdom Animalia: Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria Kingdom Animalia: Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria Essential Question(s): What are key characteristics to the animal kingdom? Objectives: 1. Students will be able to distinguish essential characteristics in

More information

Sponges and Cnidarians *

Sponges and Cnidarians * OpenStax-CNX module: m48094 1 Sponges and Cnidarians * Miranda Dudzik Based on Sponges and Cnidarians by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

More information

What Is an Animal? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. About 98 percent of all animals are invertebrates. The Kingdom Animalia

What Is an Animal? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. About 98 percent of all animals are invertebrates. The Kingdom Animalia What Is an Animal? What characteristics do all animals have? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. Scientists estimate that there are between 1 and 2 million species of animals! Some, like whales

More information

Introduction to Animals

Introduction to Animals Introduction to Animals Characteristics of Animals multicellular Except for sponges, animal cells are arranged into tissues. Tissues are necessary to produce organs and organ systems. Tissues, organs,

More information

The Evolution of Animal Diversity. Dr. Stephen J. Salek Biology 130 Fayetteville State University

The Evolution of Animal Diversity. Dr. Stephen J. Salek Biology 130 Fayetteville State University The Evolution of Animal Diversity Dr. Stephen J. Salek Biology 130 Fayetteville State University Create your own animal? Start with a basic plant. Make the plant into a simple animal such as a worm. Consider:

More information

introduction to the Animal Kingdom (pages $55-560) Formulating a Definition: Building Vocabulary Skills

introduction to the Animal Kingdom (pages $55-560) Formulating a Definition: Building Vocabulary Skills STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER Sponges, Cnidarians, and Unsegmented Worms Section 26-1 introduction to the Animal Kingdom (pages $55-560) SECTION REVIEW With this section you began your study of the animal kingdom.

More information

Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals

Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals 1 Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals I. Animal characteristics A. General Animal Features Multicellular B. Feeding and Digestion a. acquire nutrients from various sources obtaining nutrients unique to

More information

Outline. v Definition and major characteristics of animals v Dividing animals into groups based on: v Animal Phylogeny

Outline. v Definition and major characteristics of animals v Dividing animals into groups based on: v Animal Phylogeny BIOSC 041 Overview of Animal Diversity: Animal Body Plans Reference: Chapter 32 Outline v Definition and major characteristics of animals v Dividing animals into groups based on: Body symmetry Tissues

More information

v Scientists have identified 1.3 million living species of animals v The definition of an animal

v Scientists have identified 1.3 million living species of animals v The definition of an animal Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements BIOSC 041 v Genetics review: group problem sets Groups of 3-4 Correct answer presented to class = 2 pts extra credit Incorrect attempt = 1 pt extra credit v Lecture: Animal

More information

Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements

Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements Biosc 41 9/10 Announcements v Genetics review: group problem sets Groups of 3-4 Correct answer presented to class = 2 pts extra credit Incorrect attempt = 1 pt extra credit v Lecture: Animal Body Plans

More information

Kingdom Protista. The world of Protists: Animal-like Protists Plant-like Protists Fungus-like Protists

Kingdom Protista. The world of Protists: Animal-like Protists Plant-like Protists Fungus-like Protists Kingdom Protista The world of Protists: Animal-like Protists Plant-like Protists Fungus-like Protists DOMAIN EUKARYA PROTISTS KINGDOM PROTISTA Any eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus, plant, or

More information

Resources. Visual Concepts. Chapter Presentation. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Resources. Visual Concepts. Chapter Presentation. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Introduction to Animals Table of Contents Section 2 Animal Body Systems Objectives Identify the features that animals have in

More information

origin and evolution of species

origin and evolution of species origin and evolution of species E V O L U T I O N O F L I F E Since its formation some 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth has witnessed the genesis of continents and oceans and the appearance of animals

More information

Animals contain specialized cells

Animals contain specialized cells What is an Animal? Kingdom Animalia Main Characteristics Members of the Animal Kingdom are: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Have cells with membranes BUT NO cell wall Animals contain specialized

More information

Chapter 8. Sponges Phylum Porifera Basic characteristics: simple asymmetric sessile

Chapter 8. Sponges Phylum Porifera Basic characteristics: simple asymmetric sessile Chapter 8 Key Concepts Sponges are asymmetric, sessile animals that filter food from the water circulating through their bodies. Sponges provide habitats for other animals. Cnidarians and ctenophores exhibit

More information

Chapter 32. Objectives. Table of Contents. Characteristics. Characteristics, continued. Section 1 The Nature of Animals

Chapter 32. Objectives. Table of Contents. Characteristics. Characteristics, continued. Section 1 The Nature of Animals Introduction to Animals Table of Contents Objectives Identify four important characteristics of animals. List two kinds of tissues found only in animals. Explain how the first animals may have evolved

More information

What is a Cnidarian?

What is a Cnidarian? Invertebrate What is a Cnidarian? 9000 species of jellyfishes, corals, sea anemones, hydras Mostly marine animals Radially symmetrical One body opening Two layers of cells organized into tissues with specific

More information

3. Choanoflagellates resemble what? What is the significance of this resemblance?

3. Choanoflagellates resemble what? What is the significance of this resemblance? I. Animal Diversity 1. What are some basic characteristics of the animal kingdom? What characteristics make them different from plants? - Eukaryotic, heterotrophic (we don t make our own food), we store

More information

Importance of Protists

Importance of Protists Protists Protists The kingdom Protista is a very diverse kingdom. Eukaryotes that are not classified as fungi, plants, or animals are classified as protists. However, even though they are officially in

More information

Cell Organelles. 2. Cells are the basic unit of organization in an organism Cells tissues organ organ system organism

Cell Organelles. 2. Cells are the basic unit of organization in an organism Cells tissues organ organ system organism Cell Organelles What are some of the differences you see between these two cells? A. Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of organization in an organism

More information

BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring Correction: Porifera. Lower Metazoan Clades: Choanoflagellata Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora

BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring Correction: Porifera. Lower Metazoan Clades: Choanoflagellata Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring 2010 Stephen M. Shuster Northern Arizona University http://www4.nau.edu/isopod Lecture 6 Correction: Porifera a. Are distinct from the Placozoa by: 1. Have collar

More information

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Animal Diversity An Introduction to Animal Diversity What defines an animal? Why so many species? The early history of animals life 7 Requirements of Animal Life What is an adaptation? Adapting to different habitats A

More information

BIOLOGY. An Introduction to Invertebrates CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. An Introduction to Invertebrates CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 33 An Introduction to Invertebrates Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 33.UN08 Metazoa Eumetazoa

More information

Biology. Introduction to Cells. Sunday, November 8, 15

Biology. Introduction to Cells. Sunday, November 8, 15 Biology Introduction to Cells Cell Theory Biology is the study of life. Ideas about cells are built on the cell theory which states: 1. All living things are made of cells and their products. 2. The cell

More information

Sponges: Animal Origins

Sponges: Animal Origins Episode Sponges: Animal Origins Background Episode One of The Shape of Life: The Story of the Animal Kingdom, entitled Sponges: Animal Origins, features the rather unassuming phylum Porifera [pronounced

More information

Eukaryote Phylogeny. Glycogen. Kingdom Animalia. Amoebozoa Animalia. Plantae. Chromalveolata Rhizaria. Fungi. Excavata

Eukaryote Phylogeny. Glycogen. Kingdom Animalia. Amoebozoa Animalia. Plantae. Chromalveolata Rhizaria. Fungi. Excavata Eukaryote Phylogeny most protozoans, brown algae, & water molds Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Plantae Amoebozoa Animalia Fungi cpsts. w/ 2 memb. chitin, hyphae glycogen eukaryotic cells (nucleus, etc.)

More information

The. Cell Biology. Sponges

The. Cell Biology. Sponges The Cell Biology of Sponges Tracy L. Simpson The Cell Biology of Sponges With 221 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo Tracy L. Simpson Department of Biology and Health Science University

More information

4.1 Cells are the Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Structure. Cells. Fundamental units of life Cell theory. Except possibly viruses.

4.1 Cells are the Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Structure. Cells. Fundamental units of life Cell theory. Except possibly viruses. Cells 4.1 Cells are the Fundamental Units of Life Fundamental units of life Cell theory All living things are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life. All cells come from

More information

BIOS1101 Lab Notes. Contents ANIMALS. Lab 1: Animal Diversity invertebrates. Lab 2: Animal Diversity 2 vertebrates

BIOS1101 Lab Notes. Contents ANIMALS. Lab 1: Animal Diversity invertebrates. Lab 2: Animal Diversity 2 vertebrates Contents ANIMALS Lab 1: Animal Diversity invertebrates Lab 2: Animal Diversity 2 vertebrates Lab 3: Animal Structure 1 Gross morphology Lab 4: Animal Structure 2 Histology Lab 5: The Nervous System & Sensory

More information

There are two commonly accepted theories for how eukaryotic cells evolved: infolding and endosymbiosis. Infolding

There are two commonly accepted theories for how eukaryotic cells evolved: infolding and endosymbiosis. Infolding Protists Protists The kingdom Protista is a very diverse kingdom. Eukaryotes that are not classified as fungi, plants, or animals are classified as protists. However, even though they are officially in

More information

VOCABULARY. Cell Membrane Nucleus Cell Wall Chloroplast Vacuole Tissue Organ Organ System

VOCABULARY. Cell Membrane Nucleus Cell Wall Chloroplast Vacuole Tissue Organ Organ System CELLS VOCABULARY Cell Membrane Nucleus Cell Wall Chloroplast Vacuole Tissue Organ Organ System THE IMPORTANCE OF CELLS Cells are the smallest unit of life in all living things They are organized structures

More information

Intro to Invertebrate STUDENT NOTES Date: 1. Taxonomy : the science of classifying/grouping organisms

Intro to Invertebrate STUDENT NOTES Date: 1. Taxonomy : the science of classifying/grouping organisms Intro to Invertebrate STUDENT NOTES Date: 1 Warm up What does it mean to be an invertebrate? Taxonomy : the science of classifying/grouping organisms Who is the father of our modern day classification

More information

13. The diagram below shows two different kinds of substances, A and B, entering a cell.

13. The diagram below shows two different kinds of substances, A and B, entering a cell. Name 1. In the binomial system of nomenclature, which two classification groups provide the scientific name of an organism? A) kingdom and phylum B) phylum and species C) kingdom and genus D) genus and

More information

Chapter 2 Development of Sponges from the Class Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870

Chapter 2 Development of Sponges from the Class Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 Chapter 2 Development of Sponges from the Class Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 Representatives of the class Hexactinellida, commonly called glass sponges, are very variable in shape. They may be tubular,

More information

Characteristics of Echinoderms

Characteristics of Echinoderms Characteristics of Echinoderms Adult echinoderms have a body plan with five parts organized symmetrically around a center Does not have an anterior nor posterior end or a brain Most echinoderms are two

More information

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism.

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism. STATION 1 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to a. assemble into multicellular organisms b. establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms c. obtain energy from the

More information

Biology. Introduction to Cells. Tuesday, February 9, 16

Biology. Introduction to Cells. Tuesday, February 9, 16 Biology Introduction to Cells Biology Biology is the study of life. In Biology, we are going to start small (the cell) and end with explaining a larger system (organisms) How small? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/

More information

Invertebrate Zoology Midterm Exam 1- Fall 2015

Invertebrate Zoology Midterm Exam 1- Fall 2015 Invertebrate Zoology Midterm Exam 1- Fall 2015 Name Read through the exam before you begin. This exam consists of four (4) Parts. You must provide answers for each Part. However, you are required to answer

More information

Microbiology: A Systems Approach

Microbiology: A Systems Approach Microbiology: A Systems Approach First Edition Cowan &Talaro Chapter 5 Eucaryotic cells and microorganisms Chapter 5 2 3 Eucaryotic cells 3 Flagella 4 Cilia similar in overall structure to flagella, but

More information

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function Cell Structure and Function Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live Gas exchange CO 2 & O 2 Eat (take in & digest food) Make energy ATP Build

More information

ZOOLOGY 101 SECTION 2 LECTURE NOTES

ZOOLOGY 101 SECTION 2 LECTURE NOTES ZOOLOGY 101 SECTION 2 LECTURE NOTES I. Protists - Commonly called protozoans - All single celled eukaryotes Three most important phyla: 1. Sarcomastigophora: includes the amebas and the flagellates 2.

More information

Unicellular Marine Organisms. Chapter 4

Unicellular Marine Organisms. Chapter 4 Unicellular Marine Organisms Chapter 4 The Cellular Structure of Life: Review Cell wall: firm, fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists;

More information

Use of Sandwich Cultures for the Study of Feeding in the Hexactinellid Sponge Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni (Lambe, 1892)

Use of Sandwich Cultures for the Study of Feeding in the Hexactinellid Sponge Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni (Lambe, 1892) 0001-7272(95)00020-8 Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 227-232, 1996 Copyright 0 1996 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Published by Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All

More information

Biology: Life on Earth

Biology: Life on Earth Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byers Biology: Life on Earth Eighth Edition Lecture for Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4 Outline 4.1 What

More information

Invertebrate Diversity

Invertebrate Diversity CHAPTER 23 Invertebrate Diversity Summary of Key Concepts Concept 23.1 Diverse animals share several key characteristics. (pp. 494 496) More than a million living species of animals are organized into

More information

Classification. The three-domains. The six-kingdom system. The traditional five-kingdom system. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Classification. The three-domains. The six-kingdom system. The traditional five-kingdom system. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Classification The three-domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

More information

Chapter Life Is Cellular

Chapter Life Is Cellular Chapter 7 7-1 Life Is Cellular The Discovery of the Cell Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to observe tiny little organisms in pond water. The Discovery of the Cell In 1665, Robert Hooke

More information

prokaryotic eukaryotic

prokaryotic eukaryotic Cell Basics Two Basic Cell Types All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells a.k.a. Bacteria Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria. They are the simplest cellular organisms. They

More information

Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology

Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology Cytology Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology Email: da.hassan@psau.edu.sa Cells All living things are made up of cells Basic building blocks of life It is the smallest functional and

More information

Objective 1: I can describe protists. Protists are a kingdom of living organisms that CAN NOT be classified as animals plants or fungus.

Objective 1: I can describe protists. Protists are a kingdom of living organisms that CAN NOT be classified as animals plants or fungus. Kingdom Protista Objective 1: I can describe protists Protists are a kingdom of living organisms that CAN NOT be classified as animals plants or fungus. They are: Eukaryotic they contain a nucleus Can

More information

What is an animal? Introduction to Animals. Germ Layers. Tissues and Organs. Structural Support. Types of Symmetry 11/3/2015

What is an animal? Introduction to Animals. Germ Layers. Tissues and Organs. Structural Support. Types of Symmetry 11/3/2015 What is an animal? Introduction to Animals Multicellular chemoorganoheterotrophs Eukaryotes that lack cell walls and chloroplasts Have mitochondria Are motile at some point in their lives Contain collagen

More information

Anatomy of Plants Student Notes

Anatomy of Plants Student Notes Directions: Fill in the blanks. Anatomy of Plants Student Notes Plant Cell Biology Segment 1. Plants Plants are organisms are incapable of movement produce food through 2. Animals Animals are multicellular

More information

The Discovery of Cells

The Discovery of Cells The Discovery of Cells Microscope observations! General Cell & Organelle Discovery 1600s Observations made by scientists using more powerful microscopes in the 1800s led to the formation of the cell theory.

More information

The Cell Notes 1 of 11

The Cell Notes 1 of 11 The Cell The basic unit of structure and function in living things The smallest units in living things The smallest units in living things that show the characteristics of life Organisms can be made of

More information

Notes - Microbiology Protista

Notes - Microbiology Protista Notes - Microbiology Protista Part 1 Animal like Protists - Kingdom Protista is a very diverse group of organisms. There are over 115 000 different kinds, with traits that fit with fungi, plants, and animals.

More information

Cell Review: Day "Pseudopodia" literally means? a) False feet b) True motion c) False motion d) True feet

Cell Review: Day Pseudopodia literally means? a) False feet b) True motion c) False motion d) True feet Cell Review: Day 1 1. "Pseudopodia" literally means? a) False feet b) True motion c) False motion d) True feet Cell Review: Day 1 2. What is the primary method of movement for Euglena? a) Flagella b) Cilia

More information

Revision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11

Revision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11 Revision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11 Biology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

More information

What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics. I. Characteristics of Animals. Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen

What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics. I. Characteristics of Animals. Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen I. Characteristics of Animals A. All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, have ways of moving to reproduce, obtain

More information

29/11/2012. Characteristics. Protist Diversity. Characteristics. Kingdom Protista. Examples of Plant-like Protists

29/11/2012. Characteristics. Protist Diversity. Characteristics. Kingdom Protista. Examples of Plant-like Protists Kingdom Protista Learning Outcome B1 Characteristics Appeared in the fossil record 1.5 billion years ago have an evolutionary advancement over bacteria, because they have a membranebound nucleus. also

More information

Cells Cytology = the study of cells. Nonliving Levels. Organization Levels of Life. Living Levels 11/14/13. More Living Levels

Cells Cytology = the study of cells. Nonliving Levels. Organization Levels of Life. Living Levels 11/14/13. More Living Levels Cells Cytology = the study of cells What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? 1. Made of CELLS 2. Require ENERGY (food) 3. REPRODUCE (species) 4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS 5. ORGANIZED 6. RESPOND to environment

More information

Name Date Class CHAPTER 19

Name Date Class CHAPTER 19 Name Date Class Study Guide CHAPTER 19 Section 1: Introduction to Protists In your textbook, read about protists. Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B. Column A Column B 1. protist

More information

Cell Structure Vocab. Plasma membrane. Vacuole. Cell wall. Nuclear envelope. Chloroplast. Nucleus. Cytoskeleton. Nucleolus. Cytoplasm.

Cell Structure Vocab. Plasma membrane. Vacuole. Cell wall. Nuclear envelope. Chloroplast. Nucleus. Cytoskeleton. Nucleolus. Cytoplasm. The Cell Cell Structure Vocab Plasma membrane Nuclear envelope Nucleus Nucleolus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Centriole

More information

Overview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory

Overview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Overview of Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotic Cells Archaea Bacteria Come in many different shapes and sizes.5 µm 2 µm, up to 60 µm long Have large

More information

Introduction to Animal Diversity Lecture 7 Winter 2014

Introduction to Animal Diversity Lecture 7 Winter 2014 Introduction to Animal Diversity Lecture 7 Winter 2014 Evolution of Animals 1 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes No nucleus Nucleoid region Simple No membrane bound organelles Smaller (1-5 nm) Evolutionarily

More information

Animals. What are they? Where did they come from? What are their evolutionary novelties? What characterizes their diversification?

Animals. What are they? Where did they come from? What are their evolutionary novelties? What characterizes their diversification? Animals What are they? Where did they come from? What are their evolutionary novelties? What characterizes their diversification? What synapomorphies unite Animals Multicellular Heterotrophs (Metazoans)?

More information

The Cell. The basic unit of all living things

The Cell. The basic unit of all living things The Cell The basic unit of all living things 1 Robert Hooke was the first to name the cell (1665) 2 The Cell Theory The cell is the unit of Structure of all living things. The cell is the unit of Function

More information

Basic Structure of a Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell Basic Structure of a Cell Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Archaea & Eubacteria One circular chromosome Extremely small Eukaryotic Cells Has a nucleus!!! Membrane-bound organelles Plants, Animals, Fungi, &

More information