EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS EXTRACTS ON VARIOUS. instead of the animal tissues. These bacterial extracts, by the nature of their BACTERIA
|
|
- Felicity Jordan
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS EXTRACTS ON VARIOUS BACTERIA LEO G. NUTINI, SR. THOMAS AQUIN KELLY, AND SR. MARGARET ANN McDOWELL Laboratories of the Institutum Divi Thomae, Cincinnati, Ohio, and its associated unit at St. Mary of the Springs College, Columbus, Ohio Received for publication January 7, 1946 For some time past, reports dealing with the effect of protein-free alcoholic extracts of various animal tissues on the growth of certain bacteria in vitro and in vivo have come from these laboratories (Nutini and Kreke, 1942; Nutini, Kreke, and Schroeder, 1945; Nutini and Lynch, 1945). The effectiveness of such extracts suggested further research using extracts of specific bacteria instead of the animal tissues. These bacterial extracts, by the nature of their preparation, differ from the bacterial filtrates investigated by other workers. Observations on the manner in which bacterial filtrates affect the growth of microorganisms have been made since the time of Pasteur. Within relatively recent years research concerned with bacteriostatic agents, initiated by Dubos (1939), has been carried on by such workers as Hettche and Weber (1939), Sarnowiec (1939), Waksman and Woodruff (1940), and Hotchkiss and Dubos (1941). The influence of living cells of one bacterial strain on the life processes of another grown in its presence has also been studied extensively by a number of workers, among whom may be mentioned McLeod and Govenlock (1921), Dujardin- Beaumetz (1932), Duliscouet (1935), and Waksman and Woodruff (1940; 1942). The literature has been briefly reviewed by Stokes and Woodward (1942) and exhaustively studied by Waksman (1945). It was the purpose of the present investigation to test the effect on bacterial growth in vitro of (a) protein-free alcoholic extracts of Staphylococcus aureus cells alone, (b) protein-free alcoholic extracts of medium obtained from ultraviolet-irradiated and nonirradiated cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, and (c) filtered, sterilized, but unextracted medium from ultraviolet-irradiated and nonirradiated cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Source of Staphylococcus aureus. The culture of Staphylococcus aureus was one isolated from an infected tonsil (Pathological Laboratory, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio). It was the same strain as that used for the test organism in experiments employing animal tissue extracts in these laboratories (Nutini and Lynch, 1945). Cell extract. The cell extract was prepared as follows: Large Roux flasks containing 250 ml of nutrient agar were inoculated aseptically with 3 ml of a 24- hour-old broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus, plugged, and incubated for 48 hours at 37 C. At the end of that time the bacterial cells were washed from the 533
2 534 L. G. NUTINI, T. A. KELLY, AND M. A. McDOWELL agar surface with 20 ml normal saline. The washings were subjected to the procedures previously described for animal tissues (Nutini and Kreke, 1942). Extracts of medium from nonirradiated cultures. Erlenmeyer flasks (250 ml) containing 100 ml of sterile nutrient broth were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a 24- hour-old broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. The bacterial cells were then removed by centrifugation. An extract of the supematant broth was prepared exactly as for the cells with the exception of the omission of the freezing and thawing, which was considered uinnecessary in the absence of cellular material. In order to determine whether active substances were adsorbed by the filters, some extracts were sterilized by using Seitz and others by using Berkefeld filters. Extracts of medium from irradiated cultures. Large quantities of 48-hour-old broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus were introduced into special large glass (Coming 9741, grade 3) tubes and exposed to nonfiltered ultraviolet radiation from a Burdick A.C. quartz mercury arc at a distance of 45 cm for 24- and 48- hour periods. The tubes were rotated from time to time. After centrifugation the supematant broth was divided into two parts and an alcoholic extract prepared from one part. Filtrates of irradiated cultures. The second portion of the irradiated broth was sterilized by Seitz filtration in order to compare the effectiveness of the irradiated, protein-free alcoholic extracts of medium with that of untreated, irradiated, sterilized filtrates. Filtrates of nonirradiated cultures. The nonirradiated broth medium of 48- hour-old cultures was centrifuged and the supematant broth sterilized. Measurement of activity. Bacterial growth in terms of increase or decrease in colony numbers was estimated by the pour plate method. To 15 ml of warm, sterile nutrient agar, volumes of the extract or filtrate to be tested were added aseptically to give concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 per cent. The extract or filtrate was thoroughly mixed through the agar by rotating the tube. It was then poured into petri plates containing 0.1 ml of a 1:10,000 dilution of a 24-hour broth culture of the test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, strain 4265, Aerobacter aerogenes, strain 211, and Shigella dysenteriae, strain (The last three organisms were from the American Type Culture Collection, but the strain of Staphylococcus aureus was the same as that used in making the extracts and filtrates.) The plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37 C, and growth was determined by making colony counts on a Wolfhuegel plate counter. Control organisms were cultured in plates containing agar only, or agar and a sterile nutrient broth in the same percentage of concentration as was used for the experimental plates. Colony counts for the control plates were taken as 100 per cent, and the difference between these counts and those obtained on the experimentals was calculated. Results with the pour plate method are subject to about 25 per cent experimental error, so that only extracts producing stimulatory or inhibitory effects in terms of colony numbers lying well beyond this range were considered significant. Triplicate experiments were conducted. In several experiments Hopkins
3 EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS EXTRACTS ON BACTERIA tubes were also used as checks, but the cell volume was too small for accurate reading. Investigations were also undertaken to determine whether changes had occurred in the biochemistry of the test organisms. These experiments consisted of the fermentation of lactose, sucrose, and glucose; coagulation of litmus milk; liquefaction of gelatin; indole formation; and nitrate reduction. Only Staphylococccus aureus cell extract and the Seitz-filtered broth extract were used in these experiments. 535 TABLE 1 Effect of extracts of Staphylococcus aureus cells and of irradiated and nonirradiated broth media on the growth of organisms TYPE OF EXTRACT USED 0 E. COLI A. AEROGENES S. AUREUS S.DYSE. RIAE Cell extract 0.1 No effect Inhibition Complete inh. Complete inh. 0.5 Slight inh. Complete inh. Complete inh. Complete inh. 1.0 Inhibition Inhibition Complete inh. Stimulation 5.0 No effect Inhibition Stimulation Stimulation Broth extract, Seitz 0.1 No effect Inhibition No effectt No effect filter 0.5 No effect* Slight inh. No effectt Inhibition 1.0 No effect* Slight inh. No effectt Inhibition 5.0 Stimulation Slight inh. No effect Inhibition Broth extract, Berke- 0.1 Slight stim. No effect No effect No effect feld filter 0.5 No effect No effect No effect No effect 1.0 No effect No effect No effect No effect 5.0 No effect No effect No effect Slight inh. Extract of 24-hr. irra- 0.1 Stimulation Inhibition Inhibition No effect diated broth, Seitz 0.5 Stimulation Slight inh. Inhibition Stimulation filter 1.0 Stimulation Slight inh. Inhibition Stimulation 5.0 Slight stim. Inhibition Inhibition Stimulation Control colonies, 100 per cent; slight stimulation, 125 to 175 per cent; slight inhibition, 75 to 25 per cent; inhibition, 25 to 0 per cent; stimulation, 175 to 500 per cent; no effect, 75 to 125 per cent. * Prevented coagulation of milk. t Coagulated milk. RESULTS The effects of several concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus extracts and filtrates on the growth of 4 test bacteria are given in tables 1 and 2. A survey of the data shows that the growth response varied with the species of the test organism, the material tested, and its concentration, as well as with the irradiation of the Staphylococcus aureus cultures from which the test materials were prepared. The mode of filtration, whether by Seitz or Berkefeld, produced no appreciable difference in the response of the organisms to the broth extracts and filtrates.
4 536 L. G. NUTINI, T. A. KELLY, AND M. A. McDOWELL Cell extract. Extracts of Staphylococcus aureus cells had a predominatingly inhibitory effect on the growth of the 4 test organisms. The exceptions were in the stimulating action of higher concentrations of the cell extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae. Broth extracts. The broth extracts, with the single exception of growth stimulation of Escherichia coli by a 5 per cent concentration, had no effect or inhibited growth of the test organisms. It is apparent from table 1 that extracts produced from broth media of 24-hour irradiated Staphylococcus aureus cultures differed in their action from nonirradiated preparations. Filtrates. The action of the simple filtrates, on the other hand, was essentially one of stimulation of growth. Filtrates of 24-hour irradiated cultures of Staph- TABLE 2 Effect of filtrates of irradiated and nonirradiated broth media in which Staphylococcus aureus was cultured TYP 01 PLTRATZ *. COLI A.A.ROGENES S. AUREUS S. DYSZNTEURSA Filtrate of nonirra- 0.1 Stimulation No effect No effect No effect diated broth 0.5 Stimulation No effect No effect No effect 1.0 Stimulation Slight inh. Stimulation Slight stim. 5 0 Slight stim. Slight inh. Stimulation Stimulation Filtrate of 24-hr. irra- 0.1 Slight inh. Inhibition No effect No effect diated broth 0.5 No effect Inhibition Slight stim. No effect 1.0 No effect Inhibition Slight stim. No effect 5.0 No effect Inhibition Stimulation Inhibition Filtrate of 48-hr. irra- 0.1 Stimulation No effect No effect No effect diated broth 0.5 Stimulation No effect Slight stim. Slight stim. 1.0 Stimulation No effect Stimulation No effect 5.0 Slight inh. No effect No effect No effect See footnote to table 1 for definition of terms of response. ylococcus aureus differed somewhat in their effect on the growth of the 4 test organisms from nonirradiated filtrates. After 48-hour irradiation of cultures of Staphylococcus aureus the action of broth filtrates on the growth of organisms was essentially the same as that of filtrates of nonirradiated cultures. Biochemical changes. Observations on biochemical tests showed that the presence of the cell or broth extracts did not interfere with the fermentation of sugars, indole formation, nitrate reduction, or the liquefaction of gelatin. Broth extract, as shown in table 1, prevented coagulation of milk by Escherichia coli. The coagulating system was also affected in Staphylococcus aureus, which, like other strains obtained from similar sources, does not coagulate milk. Coagulation was observed in the presence of the broth extract, as indicated in table 1. In vitro and in vivo investigations of extracts of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as those from other organisms, are under way in these laboratories.
5 EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS EXTRACTS ON BACTERIA 537 DISCUSSION As Waksman (1944) points out, such bacterial preparations as those described here may affect one or more of the metabolic functions of the bacterial cell which is submitted to investigation. Among the probable mechanisms involved are interference with cell division, modification of the respiratory and other enzymatic systems, and changes in the surface tension of the cell and in the osmotic pressure, with accompanying changes in the utilization of nutrient materials and growth-regulatory substances. The results, though inconclusive, add evidence to Waksman's (1944) observation that antibiotic substances are selective in their action on bacteria. This investigation also confirms the report of Loofbourow and Morgan (1940) that different concentrations of the same cellular extract can produce opposite effects on bacterial growth. SUMMARY Several protein-free alcoholic extracts of a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus cells and of filterable bacterial products in the media in which they were grown were prepared. The effects of these and simple filtrates on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Aerobacter aeroegenes were investigated. Extracts of both cells and the media in which they were grown, while showing some slight differences, were predominantly inhibitory in their growth effects on the test organisms. Cell-free filtrates of media in which Staphylococcus aureus was grown were, in general, stimulatory in their action on the growth ofthe test organisms. Ultraviolet irradiation of Staphylococcus aureus cultures slightly modified the action of both the broth extract and the filtrates. There was a reversal of the growth response of the test organisms with higher concentrations of the cell extract (2 instances) and filtrates of the 48-hour ultraviolet irradiated cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (1 instance). Biochemical tests indicate that in some cases the alcoholic broth extract may interfere with the coagulase reactions of the bacteria in culture. REFERENCES DUBOS, R. J Studies on a bactericidal agent extracted from a soil bacillus. J. Exptl. Med., 70, 1-7; DUJARDIN-BEAUMETZ, E Action antibiotique d'une vari6t6 de staphylocoque A l'egard des bacilles gram-positifs et acido-resistants. Compt. rend. soc. biol., 110, DULISCOUET, R., AND BALLET, B Curieuses proprietds des staphylocoque chez les porteurs de bacilles diphtheriques; indications prognostiques et applications therapeutiques. Presse med., 43, HETTCHE, H. O., AND WEBER, B Die Ursache der bakteriziden Wirkung von Mesentericusfiltraten. Arch. Hyg. Bakt., 123, HOTCHKISS, R. D., AND DUBOS, R. J The isolation of bacterial substances from cultures of Bacillus brevis. J. Biol. Chem., 141,
6 538 L. G. NUTINI, T. A. KELLY, AND M. A. McDOWELL LOOFBOUROW, J. R., AND MORGAN, SR. M. N Investigations of the production of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting factors by ultraviolet irradiated microorganisms. J. Bact., 39, MCLEOD, J. W., AND GOVENLOCK, P The production of bactericidins by microorganisms. Lancet, 1, NuTINI, L. G., AND KREKE, C. W The toxic effect of splenic extracts on Streptococcus hemolyticus. J. Bact., 44, NuTINI, L. G., KREKE, C. W., AND SCHROEDER, SR. M. P Further studies on the effects of spleen extract on bacteria. J. Bact., 50, NuTiNI, L. G., AND LYNCH, SR. E. M Effect of tissue extracts in controlling Staphylococcus aureus infections. Nature, 156, SARNOWIEC, W. von Untersuchungen uber den Einfluss von Kulturfiltraten verschiedener Bakterien auf das Wachstum von Tuberkelbazillen in der Tiefenkultur. Zentr. Bakt. Parasitenk., I, Orig., 143, STOKES, J. L., AND WOODWARD, C. R., JR The isolation from soil of spore-forming bacteria which produce bactericidal substances. J. Bact., 43, WAKSMAN, S. A., AND WOODRUFF, H. B The soil as a source of microorganisms antagonistic to disease-producing bacteria. J. Bact., 40, WAKSMAN, S. A., AND WOODRUFF, H. B Streptothricin, a new selective bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent, particularly active against gram-negative bacteria. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 49, WAKSMAN, S. A Mode of action of antibiotic substances. J. Bact., 47, WAKSMAN, S. A Microbial antagonism and antibiotic substances. Commonwealth Fund, New York. Downloaded from on May 14, 2018 by guest
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SPLEEN EXTRACT. been greatly extended. The latter work was instituted with a view to determining
FURTHER STUDES ON THE EFFECTS OF SPLEEN EXTRACT ON BACTERA LEO G. NUTN, CORNELUS W. KREKE, AND SR. M. PETRONELLA SCHROEDER nstitutum Divi Thomae, Cincinnati, Ohio Received for publication February 21,
More informationsubtilis, isolated from the air, readily lysed pneumococci, typhoid, CIDAL SUBSTANCES' (Hotchkiss and Dubos, 1940). BACTERIA WHICH PRODUCE BACTERI-
THE ISOLATION FROM SOIL OF SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA WHICH PRODUCE BACTERI- CIDAL SUBSTANCES' Research Laboratory, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J. Received for publication May 10, 1941 Within the past
More informationPRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES BY ACTINOMYCETES*
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-9 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue: Antimicrobial Therapeutics Reviews PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES BY ACTINOMYCETES* BY SELMAN A. WAKSMAN, ALBERT
More informationA Selective Medium for Bacillus anthracis
56 R~ORRIS, E. J. (955). J. gen. Microbiol. 3, 566 A Selective Medium for Bacillus anthracis BY E. J. MORRIS Microbiological Research Department, Ministry of Supply, Porton, Wiltshire SUMMARY: A medium
More informationTHE IDENTIFICATION OF TWO UNKNOWN BACTERIA AFUA WILLIAMS BIO 3302 TEST TUBE 3 PROF. N. HAQUE 5/14/18
THE IDENTIFICATION OF TWO UNKNOWN BACTERIA AFUA WILLIAMS BIO 3302 TEST TUBE 3 PROF. N. HAQUE Introduction: The identification of bacteria is important in order for us to differentiate one microorganism
More informationbacterial agents of infectious diseases, until the conclusion was reached that these do not survive long in the soil.
THE SOIL AS A SOURCE OF MICROORGANISMS ANTAG- ONISTIC TO DISEASE-PRODUCING BACTERIA*,1 SELMAN A. WAKSMAN AND H. BOYD WOODRUFF New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey Received
More informationaffected by the ph of the medium, the dependence of the bacteriostasis by dyes
THE BACTERICIDAL AND BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET C. E. HOFFMANN AND OTTO RAHN Bacteriological Laboratory, New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Received for
More informationEffect of Coliform and Proteus Bacteria on Growth
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Jan., 19 Copyright @ 19 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 14, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Coliform and Proteus Bacteria on Growth of Staphylococcus aureus1 J. V. DiGIACINTO2
More informationprinciple occurs in greatest concentration in samples of sea water recently collected
ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION BY MARINE MICROORGANISMS' WILLIAM D. ROSENFELD' AND CLAUDE E. ZoBELL Scripp8 Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California Received for publication June
More informationSUSPENSION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI. Strebel (1900), Aschkinass and Caspari (1901), Crooks (1903), and Pfeiffer and
THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS UPON A SUSPENSION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI CLARENCE F. SCHMIDT Research Department, Continental Can Company, Chicago, Illinois Received for publication February 4, 1948
More informationSELECTIVE ANTIBIOTIC ACTION OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES OF. this action. The active agent has been isolated, purified, and crystallized only
SELECTVE ANTBOTC ACTON OF VAROUS SUBSTANCES OF MCROBAL ORGN' SELMAN A. WAKSMAN AND H. BOYD WOODRUFF New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Received for publication, January 9,
More informationBIOL 3702L: MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY SCHEDULE, SUMMER 2015
BIOL 3702L: MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY SCHEDULE, SUMMER 2015 Week of May 18 th Introduction to the Microbiology Laboratory: Become familiar with the laboratory and its safety features Review safety rules
More informationANTIMICROBIAL TESTING. E-Coli K-12 - E-Coli 0157:H7. Salmonella Enterica Servoar Typhimurium LT2 Enterococcus Faecalis
ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING E-Coli K-12 - E-Coli 0157:H7 Salmonella Enterica Servoar Typhimurium LT2 Enterococcus Faecalis Staphylococcus Aureus (Staph Infection MRSA) Streptococcus Pyrogenes Anti Bacteria effect
More informationEvaluation of the efficiency of Mxxxx as a barrier against microrganisms crossing
Evaluation of the efficiency of as a barrier against microrganisms crossing A) composition of filter The filter of has the following characteristics: 1. An outer layer, which is composed by a medical,
More informationofl several bacterial species have been investigated, particularly Shigella
THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC SALTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SMALL COLONY VARIANTS BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Department of Bacteriology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois Received for publication
More informationThe Effect of Static Magnetic Field on E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis Viability
The Effect of Static Magnetic Field on E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis Viability Khaled A. Al-Khaza'leh 1* Abdullah T. Al-fawwaz 2 1. Department of Physics, Al-albayt University, PO box 130040, Mafraq,
More informationMicrobiology. Definition of a Microorganism. Microorganisms in the Lab. The Study of Microorganisms
Microbiology The Study of Microorganisms Definition of a Microorganism Derived from the Greek: Mikros, «small» and Organismos, organism Microscopic organism which is single celled (unicellular) or a mass
More informationENTEROBACTER AEROGENES UNKNOWN BACTERIA FLOW CHART UNKNOWN LAB REPORT, MICROBIOLOGY ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES
ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES UNKNOWN BACTERIA PDF UNKNOWN LAB REPORT, MICROBIOLOGY ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN BACTERIAL SPECIES OF 1 / 5 2 / 5 3 / 5 enterobacter aerogenes unknown bacteria
More informationThermal Injury and Recovery of Salmonella typhimurium and Its Effect on
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1969, p. 332-336 Copyright @ 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Thermal Injury and Recovery of Salmonella typhimurium and Its Effect on
More informationUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Received for publication June 6, 1955
TELLURITE-GLYCINE AGAR: A SELECTIVE PLATING MEDIUM FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETECTION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCII EUGENE ZEBOVITZ, JAMES B. EVANS, AND C. F. NIVEN, JR. Division of Bacteriology, American
More informationdecomposition of hydrogen peroxide is accelerated by the presence mechanism of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by ferric
THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN INORGANIC SALTS ON THE GERMICIDAL ACTIVITY OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H. R. DITTMAR, I. L. BALDWIN AND S. B. MILLER Laboratories of General Chemistry and Agricultural Bacteriology, University
More informationparatyphi. Second, a systematic comparison of media developed in recent years. Among investigations in which this
A COMPARISON OF COBALT AND NICKEL SALTS WITH OTHER AGENTS FOR THE DETECTION OF HY- DROGEN SULFIDE IN BACTERIAL CULTURES WILLIAM P. UTERMOHLEN, JR.1 AND CARL E. GEORGI Departments of Chemistry and Bacteriology,
More informationWorksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology
Worksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology Ex. 13-1: INVESTIGATING CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA Lab Study A: Colony Morphology Table 13.1 Characteristics of Bacterial Colonies Name of Bacteria
More informationResistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to Carbenicillin
J. gen. Microbiol. (1969, 58, 301-305 Printed in Great Britain 301 Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to Carbenicillin By H. C. NEU AND H. S,WARZ Department of Medicine, College
More informationCoolidge-type molybdenum-target x-ray tube, the x-rays being
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN X-RAYS ON THE ELECTRO- PHORETIC MOBILITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI1 MARGARET E. SMITH AND MARTIN W. LISSE Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry AND WHEELER P. DAVEY Department
More informationEffects of wood ash on the growth of known strains of Bacillus subtilis
ISSN: 2319-776 Volume 3 Number 11 (214) pp. 633-639 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Effects of wood ash on the growth of known strains of Bacillus subtilis T.R.Omodara* and E.Y.Aderibigbe
More informationLaboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique
Laboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to acquaint the student with the procedures of aseptic transfer of microbiological cultures. ntroduction:
More informationPRODUCTION OF SPORANGIA BY PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN PURE CULTURE
California Avocado Society 1969 Yearbook 53: 103-107 PRODUCTION OF SPORANGIA BY PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN PURE CULTURE G. A. Zentmyer and Dah-wu Chen Department of Plant Pathology, University of California,
More informationLab Exercise 5: Pure culture techniques
Lab Exercise 5: Pure culture techniques OBJECTIVES 1. Perform a streak-plate to separate the cells of a mixed culture so that discrete colonies can be isolated. 2. Perform a pour-plate (loop) dilution
More informationThe bactericidal potential of silver nanoparticles
International Research Journal of Biotechnology (ISSN: 2141-5153) Vol. 1(3) pp.044-049, October, 2010 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/irjob Copyright 2010 International Research Journals
More informationPharmaceutical Microbiology Forum Newsletter Vol. 12 (4) Page 3 of 14 (NCIMB 8545, CIP NBRC. Salmonella enterica ssp typhimurium
Page 3 of 14 Continued from page 2 Table 2. Absence of Specified Details Media Growth Promotion Organisms for Trypticase Soy Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella Staphylococcus
More information1942). The second, designated as streptothricin, was obtained from a strain. (and other microorganisms) has recently been fully reviewed by Waksman
BACTERIOSTATIC AND BACTERIOLYTIC PROPERTIES OF ACTINOMYCETES' MAURICE WELSCH2 Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Received for publication, April 7, 1942 Investigations on the antimicrobial properties
More informationKilling of Bacillus Spores by High-Intensity Ultraviolet Light
Killing of Bacillus Spores by High-Intensity Ultraviolet Light STUDY ON EFFECTS OF PULSED LIGHT Abraham L. Sonenshein, PhD Professor and Deputy Chair Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology Tufts
More informationChapter 6 Microbial Growth With a focus on Bacteria
Chapter 6 Microbial Growth With a focus on Bacteria Temperature Minimum growth temperature Optimum growth temperature Maximum growth temperature Usually within a 30-40 degree range Microbial growth = increase
More informationUltraviolet Bactericidal Irradiation of Ice
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1968, p. 463-467 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Ultraviolet Bactericidal Irradiation of Ice P. A. LADANYI AND S. M. MORRISON
More informationPlant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
4.1 Cell biology Cells are the basic unit of all forms of life. In this section we explore how structural differences between types of cells enables them to perform specific functions within the organism.
More informationTHE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. XXXVIII SEPTEMBER, 1938 No. 5 STUDIES IN ANTIBIOSIS BETWEEN BACTERIA AND FUNGI 1 CONST. J. ALEXOPOULOS, R. ARNETT, and A. V. McINTOSH Department of Biology, Kent State
More informationHAEMOPHILUS MODULE 29.1 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 29.2 MORPHOLOGY. Notes
29 HAEMOPHILUS 29.1 INTRODUCTION The genus Haemophilus contains small, nonmotile, nonsporing, oxidase positive, pleomorphic, gram negative bacilli that are parasitic on human beings or animals. Haemophilus
More informationencountered. Gnezda (1899) first described the oxalic acid test. These have been ably discussed and compared by Fellers and Clough in
THE PHOTOELECTRIC DETERMINATION OF INDOLE IN BACTERIAL CULTURES ALFRED R. STANLEY AND ROBB SPALDING SPRAY Department of Bacteriology and Public Hygiene, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantoum
More informationCharacteristics of Salmonella'
APuLED MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 19, p. 636-640 Vol. 18, No. 4 Copyright 19 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Repeated Irradiation on Various Characteristics of Salmonella' J. J. LICCIARDELLO,
More informationSTUDIES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BACTERIA ASSIGNED TO
STUDIES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BACTERIA ASSIGNED TO THE GENUS CHROMOBACTERIUM' JAMES P. GILMAN" Department of Biology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio Received for publication May 20,1952 Certain of the
More informationAgriculture, Washington, Received for publication February 18, 1922
III. SALT EFFECTS IN BACTERIAL GROWTH SALT EFFECTS IN RELATION TO THE LAG PERIOD AND VELOCITY OF GROWTH 1 J. M. SHERMAN, G. E. HOLM AN) W. R. ALBUS From the Research Laboratories of the Dairy Division,
More informationsurface of each plate and spread evenly with a sterile glass rod. Inoculated media were incubated The stock cultures of the C. perfringens strains
STUDIES OF THE L-FORMS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS I. RELATIONSHIP OF COLONY MORPHOLOGY AND REVERSIBILITY TOSHIO KAWATOMARI Department of Bacteriology, 406th Medical General Laboratory, APO 343, San Francisco,
More informationActivity of ampicillin in vitro compared with
J. clin. Path. (), 7, Activity of ampicillin in vitro compared with other antibiotics R. SUTHERLAND AND G. N. ROLINSON From the Beecham Research Laboratories Limited, Research Division, Betchworth, Surrey
More informationSupporting information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 209 Supporting information Na 2 S promoted reduction of azides in water: Synthesis
More informationpractically colorless. The red color of the. coli colonies, according belief. Harding and Ostenberg (1912) have shown that the reaction
THE FUCHSIN-ALDEHYDE REAC..ENDO MEDIUM GEORGE G. DE BORDI From the Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, Iowa Received for publication November 1, 1916 ON ON THE tate College, Ames, Iowa Endo (1904)
More informationTheGytology of Smooth and Rough Variation in Bacteria
83 TheGytology of Smooth and Rough Variation in Bacteria BY K. A. BISSET Department of Bacteriology, University of Birmingham SUMMARY: In those members of the genera Bacterium and Bacillus studied, the
More informationThe Influence of Magnesium on Cell Division
480 WEBB, M. (1951). J. gen. Mimobiol. 5, 480-484. The Influence of Magnesium on Cell Division 4. The Specificity of Magnesium BY M. WEBB Chemistry Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham 15,
More informationOriginally published as:
Originally published as: Hedderich, R., Müller, R., Greulich, Y., Bannert, N., Holland, G., Kaiser, P., Reissbrodt, R. Mechanical damage to Gram-negative bacteria by surface plating with the Drigalski-spatula
More informationmembranes, that is, which could not be plasmolyzed, he placed, organisms with impermeable membranes, that is, capable of 43
SODUM CHLORDE MEDA FOR THE SEPARATON OF CERTAN GRAM-POSTVE COCC FROM GRAM- NEGATVE BACLL JUSTNA H. HLL AND EDWN C. WHTE From the James Buchanan Brady Urological nstitute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore,
More informationerected by man, such as the pre-inca pyramids in Peru. His explanation of their presence, if correct, has considerable significance.
BACTERIA IN COAL VICTOR BURKE AND AVERILL J. WILEY Bacteriological Laboratories State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington Received for publication April 5, 1937 Dr. Charles B. Lipman (1931, 1932,
More informationINTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS
Evaluation of Three Bacterial Transport Systems, The New Copan M40 Transystem, Remel Bactiswab And Medical Wire & Equipment Transwab, for Maintenance of Aerobic Fastidious and Non-Fastidious Organisms
More informationA QUANTITATIVE GRAM REACTION
A QUANTITATIVE GRAM REACTION J. F. BARBARO AND E. R. KENNEDY Department of Biology, Catholic University, Washington, D. C. Received for publication November 16, 1953 At the present time there is no satisfactory
More informationInfluence of Food Microorganisms on Staphylococcal Growth and Enterotoxin Production in Meat
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, May, 1966 Copyright 1966 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 14, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Influence of Food Microorganisms on Staphylococcal Growth and Enterotoxin Production in
More informationANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL COMPETITION
ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL COMPETITION Eric Pomper Microbiology 9 Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School Grade 9 Introduction Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast) were grown together
More informationX-rayed culture of the human type of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They
THE EFFECTS OF X-RAYS ON A STRAIN OF EBERTHELLA TYPHOSA THOMAS H. GRAINGER, JR. Department of Biology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Received for publication October 9, 1946 The study of the
More informationComparative Bacteriology Analysis: Source, cultivation, and preparation of bacterial samples:
Silver Hydrosol Info Home Articles Comparative Bacteriology Analysis: Particulate vs. Ionic Silver December 22, 2004 Andrew Martin, B.S. John W. Roberts, Ph.D. Natural-Immunogenics Corp Purpose Claims
More information_ + Discriminates aerobic organisms that produce catalase to degrade hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Lab 11 Goals and Objectives: Catalase Test Exercise 39: Oxidation and Fermentation Tests (Catalase) Exercise 67: Staphylococci Identification (MSA & Coagulase) Exercise 68: Streptococci & Enterococci Identification
More informationMICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD
MICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD Precaution processes are extremely important when working with cultures in the lab for the safety of the microbiologist from getting diseases from bacteria
More informationSPORE FORMATION BY THERMOPHILIC FLAT SOUR ORGANISMS
SPORE FORMATION BY THERMOPHILIC FLAT SOUR ORGANISMS I. THE EFFECT of NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND THE PRESENCE OF SALTS CLARENCE F. SCHMIDT Research Department, Continental Can Company, Chicago, Illinois
More informationCell Shape coccus bacillus spirillum vibrio
wrong 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 right 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 score 100 98.2 96.4 94.6 92.9 91.1 89.3 87.5 85.7 83.9 82.1 80.4 78.6 76.8 75 73.2 71.4
More informationConcentrated Milk. Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin data generated by this study would enable the
APPLIED MIcRosaoLOGY, Feb. 1972, p. 415-420 Vol. 23, No. 2 Copyright @ 1972 American Society for Microbiology Printed in USA. Heat Resistance of Salmonellae in Concentrated Milk C. A. DEGA, J. M. GOEPFERT,
More informationDISINFECTION IN A DAIRY MILKING PARLOUR USING ANOLYTE AS DISINFECTION
DISINFECTION IN A DAIRY MILKING PARLOUR USING ANOLYTE AS DISINFECTION Prof T E Cloete and M S Thantsha, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, South Africa INTRODUCTION
More informationALKEN-MURRAY CORPORATION P. O. Box 400, New Hyde Park, NY TELEPHONE Fax
PAGE 1 OF 5 ALKEN-MURRAY CORPORATION P. O. Box 400, New Hyde Park, NY 11040 TELEPHONE 540-636-1236 - Fax 540-636-1770 QUALITY CONTROL METHOD - 8 Detection of Staphylococcus PURPOSE This procedure is designed
More informationSterilization. The complete killing of all forms of living organisms including bacterial spores.
Sterilization The complete killing of all forms of living organisms including bacterial spores. Disinfection: The Killing of pathogenic microorganisms from objects. Disinfectant: A chemical agent used
More informationNUT-TTC/EMB Code 5541
NUT-TTC/EMB Code 5541 COMING SOON! BioPaddles Colony Identification App Nutrient-TTC Agar (NUT-TTC) Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) USE: Isolation and differentiation of Gram (-) enteric bacilli. Coliform
More informationGUJARAT UNIVERSITY Syllabus for First Year Microbiology Semester I and II Effective from June 2017
GUJARAT UNIVERSITY Syllabus for First Year Microbiology Semester I and II Effective from June 2017 1. A student offering Microbiology programme will be offered two theory papers of core course MI 101 and
More informationEffects of ph, Temperature, Metal Ions and Organic Matters on the Bactericidal Action of Clupeine Sulfate*1
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 51(5), 811-815 (1985) Effects of ph, Temperature, Metal Ions and Organic Matters on the Bactericidal Action of Clupeine Sulfate*1 Nazrul MD. ISLAM,*2
More informationIn vitro the effect of intestinal normal flora on some pathogenic bacteria.
In vitro the effect of intestinal normal flora on some pathogenic bacteria. Abstract: Dr.abbass shaker Ali adel Leena abd Al-Redha The effect of two types of intestinal bacterial normal floral ( and klebsiella)
More informationIdentification of Bacillu-s polymyxa. The identification of Bacillus polymyxa. galley proofs of edition 6 were found helpful.
STUDIES ON POLYMYXIN: ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACILLUS POLYMYXA AND DIFFERENTIATION OF POLYMYXIN FROM CERTAIN KNOWN ANTIBIOTICS P. G. STANSLY AND M. E. SCHLOSSER Chemotherapy Division, Stamford
More informationActa Medica Okayama. Selective staining of cytoplasmic membrane and nuclear apparatus of bacteria. Yasuhiro Kanemasa FEBRUARY 1962
Acta Medica Okayama Volume 16, Issue 1 1962 Article 5 FEBRUARY 1962 Selective staining of cytoplasmic membrane and nuclear apparatus of bacteria Yasuhiro Kanemasa Okayama University, Copyright c 1999 OKAYAMA
More informationmolds, and pollen. AGGLUTINATING PROPERTIES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AGGLUTINATION OF ERYTHROCYTES, LEUCOCYTES, THROMBOCYTES, SPERMA-
AGGLUTINATING PROPERTIES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AGGLUTINATION OF ERYTHROCYTES, LEUCOCYTES, THROMBOCYTES, SPERMA- TOZOA, SPORES OF MOLDS, AND POLLEN BY STRAINS OF E. COLI L. ROSENTHAL Department of Laboratories,
More informationKILGORE COLLEGE BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT Biology 2421 Syllabus
COURSE: BIOL 2421 (4-3-4) TITLE: CATALOG DESCRIPTION: Microbiology and Pathology A study of the morphology, physiology, genetics, taxonomy and control of microorganisms. This course includes a study of
More informationOverview of the major bacterial pathogens The major bacterial pathogens are presented in this table:
Practical Microbiology 30/11/2018 University of Sulaimani college of Pharmacy Year2 Lab. 5: Overview of the major bacterial pathogens The major bacterial pathogens are presented in this table: Major Bacterial
More informationMechanisms of Actions of Hypochlorous Acid as Cleaning and Disinfecting Agents in Relation to Injury to Bacteria
Jpn. J. Food Microbiol., 26(2), 76 80, 2009 Symposium 1 Control of microorganisms in stress environment Mechanisms of Actions of Hypochlorous Acid as Cleaning and Disinfecting Agents in Relation to Injury
More informationHYDROGEN. technique. uptake/co2 uptake, which according to equation (1) should equal 4, has
184 BA CTERIOLOG Y: H. A. BARKER PROC. N. A. S. STUDIES ON THE METHANE FERMENTATION. VI. THE IN- FLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION BY MOLECULAR HYDROGEN By
More informationGreen Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
International Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Research. ISSN 2231-1238, Volume 4, Number 4 (2013), pp. 341-346 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ ijbbr.htm Green Synthesis
More informationKinetics of Escherchia coli Destruction by Microwave Irradiation
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1992, p. 92-924 99-224/92/392-5$2./ Copyright X) 1992, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 58, No. 3 Kinetics of Escherchia coli Destruction by Microwave
More informationExperiences with the Coulter Counter in Bacteriology1
Experiences with the Coulter Counter in Bacteriology1 ELLEN M. SWANTON, WILLIAM A. CTJRBY, AND HOWARD E. LIND Sias Laboratories, Brooks Hospital, Brookline, Massachusetts Received for publication May 24,
More informationUNCLASSIFIED ADL DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION CAMERON STATION ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED ADL 4 5 2981 DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION CAMERON STATION ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA UNCLASSIFIED NOTICE: When goverment or other drawings, specifications
More informationdevelop in a medium having considerable variation in reaction.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION OF MEDIUM ON THE REPRODUCTION OF ALFALFA BACTERIA E. B. FRED AND N. E. LOOMIS Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsit The value of the hydrogen electrode
More informationNursing college, Second stage Microbiology Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi L4: Sterilization & Disinfection
1 L4: Sterilization & Disinfection Sterilization is the killing of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores, which are highly resistant. Sterilization is usually carried out by there are three methods:
More informationBAIRD-PARKER RPF AGAR ready-to-use
BAIRD-PARKER RPF AGAR ready-to-use INTENDED USE Baird Parker RPF (RPF = Rabbit Plasma Fibrinogen) Agar is used for the direct detection and enumeration of coagulase positive staphylococci. The medium has
More informationSolutions With Formaldehyde-Water Solutions
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Vol., No., p. 9- May, 96 Copyright 96 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Comparison of Sterilizing Properties of Formaldehyde-Methanol Solutions With Formaldehyde-Water
More informationCulture Medium for Selective Isolation and Enumeration of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Ground Meatst
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1981, p. 303-307 0099-2240/81/090303-05$02.00/0 Vol. 42, No. 2 Culture Medium for Selective Isolation and Enumeration of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Ground
More informationof the work reported here was to define the point in the developmental process at which the curing salts act to prevent outgrowth.
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1968, p. 406-411 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Chloride, and Sodium Nitrate on Germination
More information3M Food Safety Technical Bulletin
3M Petrifilm Aqua Heterotrophic Count Plate Performance Summary 3M Petrifilm Aqua Heterotrophic Count (AQHC) Plates are sample ready media plates used in the microbial testing of bottled water. Each plate
More informationTHE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIA- TION ON ESCHERICHIA COLI IN LIQUID SUSPENSIONS
THE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIA- TION ON ESCHERICHIA COLI IN LIQUID SUSPENSIONS BY ALEXANDER HOLLAENDER AND WALTER D. CLAUS (From tke Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Botany,
More informationMetabolic Properties of Some L Forms Derived
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June, 1965 Copyright 0 1965 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 89, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Metabolic Properties of Some L Forms Derived From Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
More informationING MOBILE COLONIES ON THE SURFACE
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS BACILLUS EXHIBIT- ING MOBILE COLONIES ON THE SURFACE OF NUTRIENT AGAR Department of Botany and Bacteriology, The Univer8ity of Texa8 Received for publication, July 23, 1934 During
More informationEffect of static electric field treatment on multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Antimicrobial J Microbiol Immunol effects of Infect electric fields 25;38:394-398 Effect of static electric field treatment on multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
More informationMETABOLIC ACTIVITY OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM WHEAT RHIZOSPHERE AND CONTROL SOIL'
METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM WHEAT RHIZOSPHERE AND CONTROL SOIL' A. C. ZAGALLO2 AND H. KATZNELSON Bacteriology Division, Science Service, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa Received
More information3M Food Safety Technical Bulletin
3M Petrifilm Aqua Enterobacteriaceae Count Plates Performance Summary 3M Petrifi lm Aqua Enterobacteriaceae (AQEB) Count Plates are sample ready media plates used in the microbial testing of bottled water.
More informationpglo/amp R Bacterial Transformation Lab
pglo/amp R Bacterial Transformation Lab Name: Date: Purpose: To gain an understanding of the techniques of culturing E. coli bacteria and transforming E. coli bacteria using genetic engineering. Introduction:
More informationCYTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AGING BACTERIAL CULTURES
CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AGING BACTERIAL CULTURES B. R. CHATTERJEE AND ROBERT P. WILLIAMS Department of Microbiology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Received for publication March
More informationBACILLUS MEGATERIUM. The lysozyme consisted of purified egg white
THE ACTION OF LYSOZYME ON THE CELL WALL AND CAPSULE OF BACILLUS MEGATERIUM H. J. WELSHIMER Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia Received for publication
More informationTSC AGAR (base) INTENDED USE / HISTORY
TSC AGAR (base) INTENDED USE / HISTORY Tryptone Sulfite Cycloserine Agar was described by Harmon for the selective isolation and enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in water and food samples. The medium
More informationstudy of these organisms have been applied in the present work to Streptobacillus
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE L1 OF KLIENEBERGER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO STREPTO- BACILLUS MONILIFORMIS' L. DIENES Department of Pathology and Bacteriology of the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Robert
More informationTHE DISINFECTANT ACTION OF CERTAIN ORGANIC ACIDS.*
THE DISINFECTANT ACTION OF CERTAIN ORGANIC ACIDS.* BY JAMES D. REID. (Received for publication January 22, 1932.) The disinfectant value of strongly dissociated mineral acids, such as hydrochloric and
More information5 Efrotomycin. [Summary of efrotomycin] ET A 2 ET A 1 ET B 2 ET B 1 C 59 H 88 N 2 O 20 MW: 1145
5 Efrotomycin H H N H N H ET A 1 ET A 2 H H N N H NH H H ET B 1 ET B 2 H C 59 H 88 N 2 20 MW: 1145 [Summary of efrotomycin] Efrotomycin (ET) is an antibiotic obtained by the incubation of Nocardia lacamduranns,
More information