An Introduction to Anatomy

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1 C h a p t e r 1 An Introduction to Anatomy PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2 Introduction All specific functions are performed by specific structures. Structure, therefore, determines function.

3 Microscopic Anatomy Microscopic anatomy is defined as structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used. Light microscope Electron microscope Cytology study of cells Histology study of tissues

4 Microscopic Anatomy Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales

5 Gross Anatomy Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye. Surface anatomy refers to the general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings. Regional anatomy considers all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep. Systemic anatomy is the study of anatomy one organ system at a time.

6 Other Perspectives on Anatomy Developmental anatomy examines structural changes over time Embryology study of the first two months of development Comparative anatomy considers different types of animals Clinical anatomy focuses on pathological changes during illness.

7 Other Perspectives on Anatomy Surgical anatomy studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures Radiographic anatomy involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body Cross-sectional anatomy uses graphs from radiographic techniques like CT and MRI scans to look at cross sections of the body

8 Other Perspectives on Anatomy Figure 1.2a Comparative Anatomy

9 Other Perspectives on Anatomy Figure 1.2b,c Comparative Anatomy

10 Levels of Organization Chemical/Molecular 12+ elements in the body 4 of them make up 99% of the body: Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen Major classes of compounds: Water Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

11 Levels of Organization

12 Levels of Organization Cells are the smallest living units in the body. Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material. Organs are combinations of tissues. Organs combine to form organ systems. The human is composed of 11 organ systems.

13 Levels of Organization

14 Levels of Organization The movie reviews the levels of organization from high to low. Levels of Organization

15 An Introduction to Organ Systems Responsiveness (irritability) is a change activity based upon a stimulus. Adaptability is long-term responsiveness. Growth is the increase in size of an organism. Differentiation is becoming specialized to perform particular functions. Reproduction is the production of new generations of the same organism. Movement is the ability to change the position of something.

16 An Introduction to Organ Systems Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body. Anabolism is the bonding of chemicals together. Catabolism is the breaking of chemical bonds. Absorption is the process of bringing chemicals into the body. Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells. Excretion is the removal of wastes. Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.

17 An Introduction to Organ Systems

18 An Introduction to Organ Systems

19 An Introduction to Organ Systems

20 An Introduction to Organ Systems

21 An Introduction to Organ Systems

22 An Introduction to Organ Systems

23 An Introduction to Organ Systems

24 An Introduction to Organ Systems

25 An Introduction to Organ Systems The movie reviews the 11 organ systems. Organ Systems

26 The Language of Anatomy Superficial Anatomy anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures. Anatomical landmarks Anatomical position is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead. Supine is lying down with the face up. Prone is lying down with the face down.

27 The Language of Anatomy

28 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks

29 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks

30 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

31 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

32 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

33 The Language of Anatomy

34 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.10 Directional References

35 The Language of Anatomy

36 The Language of Anatomy Sectional Anatomy A way to illustrate relationships between parts of threedimensional objects The development of electronic imaging techniques allows us to see inside the living body without surgery Planes and sections Body cavities

37 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.11 Planes of Section

38 The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization

39 The Language of Anatomy

40 The Language of Anatomy Sectional Anatomy Body cavities: Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed in the ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity. The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by a two-layer membrane system called serous membranes.

41 Body Cavities

42 Body Cavities

43 Body Cavities Figure 1.14 The Ventral Body Cavity

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